Volcanic Rocks Reveal How Gold Reaches Earth's Surface

Forbes

23-05-2025

Crystallized gold in rocky matrix.
getty
Gold is a surprisingly common metal (it is more common than lead if we consider the bulk composition of Earth), but more than 99.999 percent of Earth's stores of gold and other precious metals lie buried under 3,000 kilometers of solid rock, locked away within Earth's mantle and metallic core and far beyond the reaches of humankind.
A new study published by researchers from the University of Göttingen suggests that at least some of the supplies of gold and other precious metals that we rely on for their value and applications in modern technology may have come from Earth's core.
Compared to Earth's rocky mantle, the metallic core contains a slightly higher abundance of a particular isotope known as rubidium-100. When Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago the rubidium was locked in the core together with gold and other precious metals.
Standard rock analysis methods aren't sensitive enough to identify and quantify rubidium isotopes. The researchers were able to amplify the signal by first dissolving rocks in hot acid, condense the resulting steam back to a liquid, and finally measuring the rubidium signal in the concentrated samples.
Analyzing lava from Hawaiʻi, the researchers found an unusually high rubidium-100 signal in the samples. Hawaiʻi's active volcanism is feed by large plumes of molten rock rising up in Earth's mantle. The origin, dynamics and composition of such mantle plumes is still debated among geologists. The rubidium signal suggests that these rocks ultimately originated from the core-mantle boundary.
"Our findings not only show that Earth's core is not as isolated as previously assumed. We can now also prove that huge volumes of super-heated mantle material—several hundreds of quadrillion metric tons of rock—originate at the core-mantle boundary and rise to Earth's surface to form ocean islands like Hawaiʻi," explains study coauthor Professor Matthias Willbold, researcher at Göttingen University's Department of Geochemistry and Isotope Geology.
'When the first results came in, we realized that we had literally struck gold. Our data confirmed that material from the core, including gold and other precious metals, is leaking into Earth's mantle above, ' explains study author Dr. Nils Messling, a geochemist working at the same department, the
Pure gold is inert in Earth's mantle and tends to stay there. However, gold atoms can bound with three sulfur atoms forming a gold-trisulfur complex. This complex is highly mobile in the molten sections of the mantle called magma.
Where material from Earth's core-mantle zone has the opportunity to rise to the surface, like along subduction zones or in a mantle plume, it can mix with sulfur-rich fluids and form gold-bearing magmas.
As the magma rises to the surface, degassing and circulation of hydrothermal fluids further concentrate the gold in veins and clusters, forming a deposit that can be mined.
The study,"Ru and W isotope systematics in ocean island basalts reveals core leakage," was published in the journal Nature.
Additional material and interviews provided by the University of Göttingen.