
Staying prepared for future pandemics ‘absolutely vital'
It is absolutely vital that scientists and governments keep preparations 'alive and well' in case of any future pandemic, an epidemiologist has said.
Professor Mark Woolhouse said it is important to keep the memory of the last pandemic alive to ensure readiness for what might happen in the future.
The University of Edinburgh academic was speaking on the fifth anniversary of the UK going into the first lockdown on March 24 2020.
In an interview on BBC Radio Scotland's Good Morning Scotland programme, Prof Woolhouse was asked whether lessons have been learned from the pandemic and whether we are prepared for another.
He said: 'My view, and the view of the public health community generally, is that memories are short, but if you think about it, very few of the politicians who were in power, who were making decisions during the pandemic are still there, and some of them weren't even in ministerial posts, so they don't have the memory the academic institutions do, the public health bodies do, but we really need to keep that memory alive.'
Prof Woolhouse, who advised the Scottish Government during the pandemic, said there is still a lot of discussion about related topics in Scotland and described how pandemic response is still 'ticking over' in the scientific community.
He said the chief medical officer chaired a meeting last week at the Royal Society of Edinburgh where issues such as pandemic preparedness and what Scotland could do better in the future were discussed.
Prof Woolhouse joined the Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Modelling (SPI-M-O), a sub-group of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (Sage), in 2020.
The professor of infectious disease epidemiology said it is important the issue of pandemics is not forgotten, adding: 'It is absolutely vital that the scientists and the public health agencies and the machinery of government are still thinking about it and still keeping the preparedness and preparations alive and well.'
Public Health Minister Jenni Minto said: 'Our deepest sympathies go out to all those who have lost a loved one to Covid-19.
'Health boards continue to offer vaccination for Covid, and I urge all those who are eligible to protect themselves when the next vaccination round opens in the spring.
'We also take the issue of long Covid very seriously and recognise the impact it can have on the health and wellbeing of those affected, which is why since April 2022 we have allocated more than £6.8 million to health boards to support their response to long Covid.
'The 2025/26 budget also includes new investment of £4.5 million to deliver specialist support across the country for long Covid, chronic fatigue and other similar conditions.
'There remains a great deal to be learned about long Covid, which is why we are contributing to the worldwide research effort to better understand the condition.
'Our Chief Scientist Office has awarded around £3.1 million for 11 projects considering its long-term effects.'
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NBC News
6 hours ago
- NBC News
How RFK Jr. is quickly changing U.S. health agencies
WASHINGTON — In just a few short months, Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has begun to transform U.S. health policy: shrinking staff at health agencies, restructuring the focus of some regulators and researchers, changing Covid vaccine regulations and reshaping the mission of his department to focus more on alternative medicine. The directives are all part of the same issue set that drove a slice of health-conscious, left-leaning Americans to eventually vote for a Republican president whose favorite meal is from McDonald's, Trump and Kennedy catered to a type of voter who has grown distrustful of America's health care establishment — but possibly fomented a new type of distrust in federal health policy along the way. Bernadine Francis, a lifelong Democrat who backed Joe Biden for president in 2020 before supporting Donald Trump in 2024, told NBC News in an interview that she approves of Kennedy's efforts so far, despite his 'hands being tied' by entrenched forces in the administration and in Congress. 'From what I have seen so far with what RFK has been trying to do,' she said, 'I am really, really proud of what he's doing.' Francis is among the voters who left the Democratic Party and voted for Trump because 'nothing else mattered' apart from public health, which they — like Kennedy — felt was going in the wrong direction. Concerns about chemicals in food and toxins in the environment, long championed by Democrats, has become a galvanizing issue to a key portion of Trump's Republican Party, complete with an oversaturation of information that in some cases hasn't been proven. It's wrapped up, as well, in concerns about the Covid vaccine, which was accelerated under Trump, administered under Biden and weaponized by anti-vaccine activists like Kennedy amid lockdowns and firings in the wake of the devastating pandemic. 'We knew in order to get RFK in there so he can help with the situation that we have in the health industry, we knew we had to do this,' said Francis, a retired Washington, D.C., public school administrator, who said she left her 'beloved' career because she had refused the vaccine. 'It seemed to me, as soon as [Biden] became president, the vaccine was mandated, and that was when I lost all hope in the Democrats,' Francis told NBC News, referring to vaccination mandates put in place by the Biden administration for a large portion of the federal workforce during the height of the pandemic. There are not currently any federal Covid vaccine mandates. There have been 1,228,393 confirmed Covid deaths in the United States since the start of the pandemic, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How RFK Jr.'s picks are changing public health agencies Dr. Marty Makary, Kennedy's hand-picked commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration and a John Hopkins scientist and researcher, told NBC News in an interview that he wants to transform the agency, which he said faced 'corruption' over influence from the pharmaceutical and food industries. 'I mean, you look at the food pyramid, it was not based on what's best for you, it was based on what companies wanted you to buy,' he said, referring to the 1992 and later iterations of official government nutritional guidance. He said there would be 'entirely new nutrition guidance' released later this year, as soon as this summer. He praised the FDA's mission of research and regulation, saying the agency is 'incredibly well-oiled, and we've got the trains running on time.' He also highlighted the 75-page 'Make America Healthy Again' commission report — which focused on ultraprocessed foods and toxins in the environment — as having set 'the agenda for research' at the FDA, HHS and agencies overseeing social safety net programs such as Medicare and food stamps moving forward. (The MAHA report initially cited some studies that didn't exist, a mistake that Kennedy adviser Calley Means said was a 'great disservice' to their mission.) 'I think there's a lot we're going to learn. For example, the microbiome, which gets attention in the MAHA report, needs to be on the map. We don't even talk about it in our medical circles,' Makary said. 'The microbiome, food is medicine, the immune response that happens when chemicals that don't appear in nature go down our GI tract.' Pressed on other areas of the administration, like the Environmental Protection Agency, making decisions that run counter to the pro-regulatory ideas presented in the MAHA report, Makary said he can 'only comment on the FDA' where they are 'committed to Secretary Kennedy's vision.' But Kennedy's public health agenda goes beyond looking at the food supply and chemicals. Recently, Kennedy said in a video posted on X last month that the Covid vaccine is no longer recommended for healthy children and pregnant women, a change in CDC guidance that skipped the normal public review period. Days later, after critics questioned the decision and raised concerns over a lack of public data behind the move, the administration updated its guidance again, urging parents to consult with their doctors instead. Pressed about the confusion and whether Americans are now trading one side of public distrust in the health system for another, Makary defended Kennedy, who has been criticized for spreading misinformation. 'My experience with Secretary Robert F. Kennedy is that he listens. He listens to myself, he listens to Jay Bhattacharya, listens to Dr. Mehmet Oz, he listens to a host of scientists that are giving him guidance,' Makary argued, referring to the director of the National Institutes of Health and the administrator for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, respectively. 'So he may have big questions, but the questions he's asking are the questions most Americans are asking.' The intersection of medicine and healthy lifestyle choices Dr. Dawn Mussallem, a breast cancer oncologist and integrative medicine doctor — a physician who combines conventional treatments with research-based alternative therapies — has tried to help her patients wade through medical misinformation they encounter online and in their social circles. Mussallem has an incredible story of personal survival: While in medical school, she was diagnosed with Stage IV cancer and, after conventional therapies like chemo saved her life, was diagnosed with heart failure. After undergoing a heart transplant, Mussallem ran a 26-mile marathon just one year later. 'I learned a lot in medical school, but nothing compared to what I learned being a patient,' said Mussallem, who dedicates, on average, 90 minutes each in one-on-one sessions with her patients. 'This is not about any one political choice. But we know lifestyle matters.' For example, a new study from the American Society of Clinical Oncology that finds eating food that lowers inflammation in the body may help people with advanced colon cancer survive longer. Mussallem's mission, along with her colleagues, is to elevate the modern medicine that saved her life, as well as encouraging her patients to live healthy lifestyles, including regular exercise, minimally processed foods, less screen time, more social connection and better sleep. But politics do get in the way for millions of Americans who are inundated daily with social media influencers and 'nonmedical experts,' as Mussallem puts it, who stoke fear in her patients. 'Patients come in with all these questions, fears,' she said. 'I've heard this many times from patients, that their nervous system is affected by what they're seeing happening in government.' Mussallem acknowledges that 'a lot of individuals out there' have questioned traditional medicine. For her, it isn't one or the other — it's both. 'We have to trust the conventional medicine,' she said. 'With the conventional care that marches right alongside more of an integrative modality to look at the root causes of disease, as well as to help to optimize with lifestyle, is where we need to be.'


The Herald Scotland
10 hours ago
- The Herald Scotland
Inside the Edinburgh firm on a mission to end fuel poverty
Urban Tide is a data company focused on unlocking information to deliver targeted solutions to businesses looking to improve sustainability outcomes. The founders met while delivering an ambitious 'Future Cities' programme that made them realise combining datasets was the future of targeted decision-making, but that many barriers stood in the way. Now the 15-strong company is a key partner in a five-year research project looking to link health data with household data to improve children's health. Specifically, it's looking at preventing the respiratory problems caused by damp and mould in poorly insulated or poorly ventilated homes. It's led by Dr Olivia Swann who is both a paediatrician and a researcher at the University of Edinburgh. 'The work that Livvy [Dr Swann] is doing is pretty fascinating,' Tricker said. 'The UK has the leakiest homes in Europe. It's a combination of having a lot of old stock, the way we build them is not that efficient and we're not really considering the thermal efficiency of buildings. 'The retrofit programme at scale needs to really be ramped up because if we reduce energy, we reduce our bills and make our homes more comfortable. But – and here comes the but –there's a risk if you clad a home and make it nice and insulated, it's not well ventilated. If you don't consider the ventilation systems, you can increase the risk of mould build-up, which can then lead to the risk of black mould, which, if you've children in the house, can lead to an increase in asthma and a whole host of health implications for later life.' Thanks to Urban Tide's unique access to system data from electricity smart meters, it can provide the research team with information that uses AI and household-level information to predict the risk of fuel poverty. Added to this is the Scotland-wide health data, held securely and strictly anonymised, which Swann's team can overlay with the data provided by Tricker's team, as well as other advanced data sets. This research, inspired by the children coming into Dr Swann's clinic with respiratory infections, is only possible now that all the pieces of the data jigsaw are available. Currently, it would not be possible even over the border in England, and interest from partners has exceeded all Swann's expectations. 'I've been really overwhelmed not just with the amount of interest but also just how incredibly collaborative and how much goodwill there is from industry, from policymakers and from third sector,' Swann said. 'We arranged a project launch event and I thought it would be 20 people and some sandwiches. Instead, we had 130 people and 50 different organisations. Most of those people I had met on Zoom or Teams, and then they had come in person because they felt so strongly about this issue. I think that is a real testament to how important people think this issue is and the will for it to be better.' It's the Goldilocks analogy of 'just right' as it applies to the population of Scotland and the quality of the data, alongside the expertise of companies and researchers and the involvement of Scottish government in potentially turning this research into policy that inspires Tricker. 'We're always looking at how we can use data to help solve a number of these large societal challenges,' he said. "So we wanted to build a platform that could bring in real-time data,' he said. 'We work across the transport sector as well, because they collect lots of real-time information. By combining that with other static data sets, you can start to see patterns. 'In the transport sector, for example, we're working with Cycling Scotland and other partners across local authorities and regional transport partners to try and help put in infrastructure where it's needed.' With this research project involving so many datasets from different partners, including, for the first time, Scottish government data on every intervention made so far to make houses warmer, the ethics of data use have been a priority. 'This data could not be harder to bring together,' Swann said. 'All of the data goes into the National Safe Haven, which is incredibly well protected. The data is then linked there, and it's anonymised before we begin to access it. So we never know who anybody is. 'We have a fantastic patient and public engagement group too and a lot of the discussions we've had with them have been about the acceptability of using these different kinds of data, bringing them together and all of the security measures around them.' Tricker adds that the anonymity of the data Urban Tide is using is absolutely key. It is not interested in personal details but looking for patterns in usage so the right interventions can be made. It will shortly be launching which will open up the data it has collected on transport across Scotland, including cycling networks, so it can be used to make local and national decisions. 'I'm quite excited about launching to really showcase some of our AI technologies and obviously help to promote more open data generally as well,' he said. Urban Tide is already working internationally from its Edinburgh base. It is leading an open data training programme for Ireland's public sector to comply with a European directive to make public data more accessible, and the team is also working on smart city plans in the middle-east and Australia. After 11 years of organic growth, bootstrapping and pivoting as the technology and AI capabilities develop, it is now looking to raise some investment. Assisting with this is Mountside Ventures, which it sees as a 'badge of honour' as it selects a only handful of companies to work with each year. 'The next three years are about really consolidating the business and the technology that we've built across UK and Europe and the next round after that would be to expand into America. We're on the journey of the 'three I's, so there's the identification piece, then there's the intervention and then how do you measure impact? We are also cross-sector. It's one of the challenges of our business, having to work in the energy sector, the transport sector, and then combining data from across the different sources. 'But that's also the opportunity because as more data are being opened up and used, the convergence of all these different types of data really unlocks new opportunities.'


The Independent
11 hours ago
- The Independent
Labour pledges to lower A&E waiting times and end NHS ‘corridor care'
The government has pledged to drastically reduce the number of patients facing long waits in A&E, with plans also set out to end "corridor care". According to the Department of Health and NHS England, almost £450 million will be invested in creating better care and more facilities, with an emphasis on caring for people closer to their homes. The new Urgent and Emergency Care Plan for England states that more needs to be done to drive down long waits, cut delayed discharges, and improve care for patients. An earlier version of the document said NHS trusts would need to show how, by this winter, systems will "improve flow through hospitals, with a particular focus on patients waiting over 12 hours, and eliminate corridor care". The later version does not commit to a timescale for ending corridor care, instead stating that systems must "improve flow through hospitals, with a particular focus on reducing patients waiting over 12 hours and making progress on eliminating corridor care". Ministers have also set an ambition for a minimum of 78% of patients who attend A&E to be admitted, transferred, or discharged within four hours, up from the current 75%, meaning "over 800,000 people a month will receive more timely care". There will also be a focus on seeing more children. The Government wants to slash the number of patients waiting more than 12 hours for a hospital bed – or to be discharged from A&E – so this occurs 'less than 10% of the time', according to the new document. Around 1.7 million attendances at A&E every year currently exceed this time frame. Further measures in the plan are intended to drive down delayed discharges from hospital, which occur when people are medically fit to leave but care in their homes or community has not yet been put in place. Local performance targets will be set to improve patient discharge times, and 'eliminate internal discharge delays of more than 48 hours in all settings', the plan said. Experts said A&E 'league tables' will be published to drive up performance. Those patients who need an overnight emergency admission will also have their overall stay reduced where appropriate – the average is 'currently nearly a day longer than in 2019'. The plan further sets out how ambulance waiting times for category 2 patients – such as those suffering stroke, heart attack, sepsis or major trauma – will be cut by more than 14%, from 35 to 30 minutes. A previous target of 18 minutes has been repeatedly missed. In the document, there is an aim to 'eradicate' last winter's lengthy ambulance handover delays by meeting a maximum 45-minute target for patients to be handed over to A&E. This should help 'get 550,000 more ambulances back on the road for patients', it says. According to the document, around 40 new same day emergency care and urgent treatment centres will also be established to treat and discharge patients the same day, avoiding unnecessary admissions to hospital. Almost 500 new ambulances will also be rolled out across the country by March 2026. The plan details 15 mental health crisis assessment centres, which are designed to ensure mentally ill people do not have to wait in A&E for hours for care. It comes after the NHS experienced a crisis over winter, with patients waiting hours for beds and regularly being treated in corridors – so-called corridor care. A&E waiting time targets have not been met for more than a decade, while the 18-minute target for category 2 ambulance calls has never been hit outside the pandemic. Health Secretary Wes Streeting said: 'No patient should ever be left waiting for hours in hospital corridors or for an ambulance which ought to arrive in minutes. 'We can't fix more than a decade of underinvestment and neglect overnight. 'But through the measures we're setting out today, we will deliver faster and more convenient care for patients in emergencies. 'Far too many patients are ending up in A&E who don't need or want to be there, because there isn't anywhere else available. 'Because patients can't get a GP appointment, which costs the NHS £40, they end up in A&E, which costs around £400 – worse for patients and more expensive for the taxpayer. 'The package of investment and reforms we are announcing today will help the NHS treat more patients in the community, so they don't end up stuck on trolleys in A&E.' Under the plans, paramedics will play a bigger role in the community, with patients given 'more effective treatment at the scene of an accident or in their own homes from ambulance crews'. More patients will also be seen by urgent community response teams in their own homes to try to avoid hospital admission. The NHS is also pledging better use of virtual wards, where patients are monitored by hospital staff from their home, and there are plans to drive up vaccination rates among NHS staff to help protect patients. The Liberal Democrats claimed the Government had listened to their calls to end corridor care, but called on ministers to follow through on their promises. Lib Dem health spokesperson Helen Morgan MP said: 'Patients have heard these kinds of promises before only to be led up the garden path. 'We can't bear any more of the shameful neglect and failed delivery that we saw for a decade under the Conservatives. 'It's good to see ministers finally listen to Liberal Democrat demands to end corridor care but the misery in our A&Es will only be prolonged if they continue to move at a snail's pace on social care. 'Until they grasp this nettle, millions are at risk of dangerously long waits in A&E. 'They must see sense and conclude their review into social care by the end of this year.'