What is a 'roll cloud'? Experts explain the bizarre weather phenomenon behind tsunami-like wall of cloud over Portugal

Daily Mail​

01-07-2025

Beachgoers in Portugal were left terrified after spotting what appeared to a tsunami heading their way this week.
Images shared across social media showed a huge horizontal wall stretching from the horizon towards the shore, accompanied by a violent gust of wind when it reached land.
'Felt like a tsunami out of a movie!' one user tweeted, while another wrote: 'If this isn't the start of a disaster movie, I don't know what is.'
Thankfully, this strange phenomenon was not a tsunami after all.
Instead, meteorologists have confirmed that this was a strange type of cloud known as a 'roll cloud'.
Roll clouds - also known as arcus clouds - are low-level, wide ranging clouds that are typically associated with powerful storm clouds and thunderstorms.
'Arcus clouds are spectacular low-level, long and thin clouds associated with powerful thunderstorms,' the Met Office explained.
'They are sometimes seen beneath Cumulonimbus clouds.'
What are roll clouds?
Roll clouds are one of two forms of arcus clouds - low-level, wide-ranging clouds that are usually seen alongside thunderstorms.
'Shelf clouds are attached to the storm cloud, whereas Roll clouds are a horizontal column separated from the storm cloud,' the Met Office explained.
How do roll clouds form?
The 'roll cloud' phenomenon is the result of a rare combination of air masses interacting with different temperatures and sea breezes.
'When a cold downdraft from a cumulonimbus cloud reaches the ground, the cold air may spread rapidly along the ground, pushing existing warm moist air upwards,' the Met Office said.
'As this air rises, water vapour condenses into the patterns associated with Arcus clouds.
'The new cloud may roll if it experiences different wind directions above and below.'
What weather is associated with roll clouds?
Arcus clouds usually form with cumulonimbus clouds and downdrafts.
This means they tend to be associated with strong, gusty winds, heavy rain or hail showers, as well as thunder and lightning.
This was certainly the case in Portugal, where temperatures hit a record 46.6C, just days before the roll cloud appeared.
Where else have we seen roll clouds?
Roll clouds have previously been spotted in several locations around the world.
In March 2018, a colossal cloud was spotted above the sea off the coast of New Orleans, while just three months later, one was spotted in Tennessee.
Then, in July 2019, spectacular timelapse footage showed a roll cloud over County Mayo, Ireland.
And in December 2021, a massive roll cloud was caught off the coast of Melbourne, Australia.
WHAT IS A ROLL CLOUD AND HOW DOES IT FORM?
Roll clouds are horizontal and do not connect to the ground.
They are caused by a downdraft from an advancing storm causing moist warm air to rise, cool below its dew point and form a cloud.
When this happens uniformly along an extended front, a roll cloud may form.
The cloud species - similar to arcus - was last year officially named as a new species of cloud in the World Meteorological Organization's Cloud Atlas.
The new cloud species name will now be used by meteorologists operationally around the world.
The British Met Office and World Meteorological Organisation said it had made the decision after exhaustive research – with many pictures sent in by amateur cloudspotters around the world.
Going by the name volutus, the new species is described in the guidebook as 'long, typically low, horizontal, detached, tube-shaped cloud mass' and often appears to 'roll slowly about'.
The other subtype of arcus is a shelf cloud, which also often appear to precede storm fronts.
In March 11 new kinds of cloud were officially recognised by weathermen.