Trump Lauds B-2 Bombers Flawless Iran Strikes At 4th Of July Celebrations At White House
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Business Standard
37 minutes ago
- Business Standard
Mines, magnets and Mao: How China built its global rare earth dominance
Rare earth metals were an afterthought for most world leaders until China temporarily suspended most exports of them a couple of months ago. But for almost half a century, they have received attention from the very top of the Chinese government. During his 27-year rule in China, Mao Zedong focused often on increasing how much iron and steel China produced, but seldom on its quality. The result was high production of weak iron and steel that could not meet the needs of the industry. In the late 1940s, metallurgists in Britain and the United States had developed a fairly low-tech way to improve the quality of ductile iron, which is widely used for pipelines, car parts and other applications. The secret? Add a dash of the rare earth cerium to the metal while it is still molten. It was one of the early industrial uses of rare earths. And unlike most kinds of rare earths, cerium was fairly easy to chemically separate from ore. When Deng Xiaoping emerged as China's paramount leader in 1978, he moved quickly to fix the country's iron and steel industry. Deng named a top technocrat, Fang Yi, as a vice premier and also as the director of the powerful State Science and Technology Commission. Fang immediately took top geologists and scientists to Baotou, a city in China's Inner Mongolia that had vast steel mills and the country's largest iron ore mine nearby. Baotou had already made much of the iron and steel for China's tanks and artillery under Mao, but Fang's team made an important decision to extract more than iron from the mine. The city's iron ore deposit was laced with large quantities of so-called light rare earths. These included not just cerium, for ductile iron and for glass manufacturing, but also lanthanum, used in refining oil. The iron ore deposit also held medium rare earths, like samarium. The United States had started using samarium in the 1970s to make the heat-resistant magnets needed for electric motors inside supersonic fighter jets and missiles. 'Rare earths have important application value in steel, ductile iron, glass and ceramics, military industry, electronics and new materials,' Fang declared during his visit to Baotou in 1978, according to an exhibit at the city's museum. At the time, Sino-American relations were improving. Soon after his Baotou visit, Fang took top Chinese engineers to visit America's most advanced factories, including Lockheed Martin and McDonnell Douglas assembly plants near Los Angeles. Rare earth metals are tightly bound together in nature. Prying them apart, particularly the heavier rare earths, requires many rounds of chemical processes and huge quantities of acid. During the 1950s and 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union had each developed similar ways to separate rare earths. But their techniques were costly, requiring stainless steel vats and piping as well as expensive nitric acid. China ordered government research institutes to devise a cheaper approach, said Constantine Karayannopoulos, a chemical engineer and former chief executive of several of the largest North American rare earth companies. The Chinese engineers figured out how to separate rare earths using inexpensive plastic and hydrochloric acid instead. The cost advantage, together with weak enforcement of environmental standards, allowed China's rare earth refineries to undercut competitors in the West. Facing increasingly stiff environmental regulations, almost all of the West's refineries closed. Separately, China's geologists discovered that their country held nearly half the world's deposits of rare earths, including rich deposits of heavy rare earths in south-central China, valuable for magnets in cars as well as for medical imaging and other applications. In the 1990s and 2000s, Chinese refinery engineers mastered the task of prying apart heavy rare earths. That gave China an almost total monopoly on heavy rare earth production. 'The Middle East has oil,' Deng said in 1992. 'China has rare earths.' By then, he and Fang had already trained the next leader to guide the country's rare earth industry: a geologist named Wen Jiabao. He had earned a master's degree in rare earth sciences in the late 1960s at the Beijing Institute of Geology, when most of the rest of China was paralyzed during the upheaval of the Cultural Revolution. Wen went on to become a vice premier in 1998 and then China's premier from 2003 to 2013. During a visit to Europe in 2010, he declared that little happened on rare earth policy in China without his personal involvement.
The Print
39 minutes ago
- The Print
Nirav Modi's brother Nehal held in US on CBI, ED extradition requests; Justice Dept to oppose bail
Nehal, a Belgian national, has been named as an accused in charge sheets filed by both CBI and ED in the bank loan fraud, amounting to an excess of Rs 13,000 crore, which was borrowed fraudulently from the Punjab National Bank. His elder brother Nirav Modi and uncle Mehul Choksi have been named as the prime accused in the case. The Indian agencies have been informed by their American counterparts about the arrest, as well as given assurances from the US Justice Department that his bail plea will be opposed during the next date of hearing in the extradition proceedings. The next hearing is scheduled for 7 July, sources privy to the developments told ThePrint. New Delhi: Authorities in the United States Friday arrested Nehal Modi, brother and alleged co-conspirator of fugitive diamond businessman Nirav Modi, on the request for extradition submitted by India's agencies, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Enforcement Directorate (ED), which have been probing the 2018 PNB loan fraud case. Notably, Nirav Modi has been in custody in the United Kingdom since March 2019, on account of pending extradition proceedings, while Mehul Choksi was detained by authorities in Belgium, where his extradition is also pending. Indian agencies managed to obtain a Red Corner Notice against Nehal in July 2019, based on which Interpol requested all its 192 member states to arrest or detain him upon spotting him in their countries, after which extradition or deportation proceedings could begin. In its charge sheet, the CBI has alleged that Nehal Modi attended a meeting with senior managers of the Punjab National Bank on 26 January, 2018, days before the CBI booked Nirav Modi, his family, Choksi, and retired deputy manager of the bank Gokulnath Shetty. Additionally, the agency found in the probe, through statements from individuals associated with Modis' firms, that after the registration of the CBI's case, Nehal Modi took overall control of the various companies' affairs. In the probe, agencies also allegedly found that Nehal Modi directed and facilitated the movement of funds and dummy directors of the firms of Nirav Modi from Dubai to Cairo, in an attempt to avoid arrest or criminal proceedings. He also allegedly instructed those directors to make false statements in the event of arrest by agencies, including claiming that they did not work for Nirav Modi. The ED also highlighted that Nehal allegedly took around 50 kg of gold and AED 3.5 million from a Dubai-based firm, Firestar Diamond FZE, as well as 150 boxes of pearls worth USD 6 million from Hong Kong, following investigations in India. Additionally, the agency alleged he was personally overseeing attempts to erase accounts and records that established the money trail of firms established by his brother, Nirav Modi, and his associates. 'He intimidated witnesses and sent them to Cairo, where their passports were taken over, and they were forced to sign some false papers. He offered a witness Rs 20 lakh for tendering false testimony before the judicial authorities of Europe,' the agency has alleged. (Edited by Viny Mishra) Also read: Rs 22,280 cr black & laundered money recovered, including from Mallya & Nirav Modi, says Sitharaman
Mint
40 minutes ago
- Mint
Melania copies Trump's signature dance as first couple marks Fourth of July at White House
First Lady Melania Trump marked the Fourth of July celebrations by joining President Donald Trump in his signature dance on the White House balcony, a moment that quickly gained traction on social media. The 'Trump Dance,' often performed by the former president at his campaign rallies to hits like the 'YMCA,' involves rhythmically punching the air and swaying his hips. On Friday night, Trump showed his familiar moves when Melania joined in, waving her open palms and bouncing on her feet, while Trump watched on affectionately. The celebration coincided with Trump signing the sweeping 'One Big Beautiful Bill Act' into law, as America marked its 249th Independence Day. The First Couple's lively moment captured the attention of netizens, who flooded social media with praise. 'SO deserve this moment,' one supporter wrote. Another added, 'A true leader and definitely for the American people! America First!' A third person commented, 'Absolutely love how he pulls her in close and kisses her. ❤️' 'Our First Lady is absolutely radiant! She's glowing. She never glowed like that in the first term,' another user remarked. The dance has also gained popularity beyond political rallies. Supporters have used it to celebrate key moments, such as a flash mob in Staten Island following Trump's re-election in November. The energetic moves have even been adopted as a victory dance by athletes in the UFC and WWE.
