Living Near Golf Courses May Double Parkinson's Risk, Study Finds
Residents living within one mile of golf courses may face more than double the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) compared to those living farther away, according to new research.
Potentially Due to Groundwater Contamination
The case-control study, recently published in
Researchers looked at how close the individuals lived to golf courses and whether their drinking water came from groundwater sources, especially in regions vulnerable to groundwater contamination from pesticide or herbicide use.
The findings show that those living within one mile of a golf course had more than twice the odds of developing Parkinson's compared to those living more than six miles away.
The study also found that residents whose tap water was supplied from groundwater sources, particularly in regions prone to groundwater pollution, faced nearly twice the risk of developing Parkinson's if their water source was near a golf course.
While the study did not measure the type of pesticides used at the golf courses, the authors wrote that studies have linked pesticides used to treat golf courses with the development of PD. Examples of these pesticides include chlorpyrifos, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Mancozeb (maneb), and so on.
Pesticides have been linked to nerve cell damage associated with Parkinson's, and are still commonly applied to golf courses to keep turf healthy and aesthetically pleasing.
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These can enter the environment through runoff or groundwater
Parkinson's is progressive and currently has no cure. Risk of developing the degenerative condition increases with age, and most patients are diagnosed when more than 50 years old.
Dr. M. Maral Mouradian, distinguished professor of neurology and director of Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and not involved in the study, told The Epoch Times that the study adds to growing evidence that environmental exposures may play a role in the disease's development.
An unrelated
This can be due to golf courses striving for a visually appealing, uniform appearance that can be achieved using large amounts of
pesticides to control weeds, insects, and diseases that could compromise this look.
'We were contacted by a golf community of approximately 2200 people because of a concern that PD was unusually prevalent in their community,' wrote the researchers of the 2020 study.
They discovered that among the multiple pesticides used on the golf course, there were three previously linked with Parkinson's risk: Mancozeb, 2,4-D, and manganese oxide.
Significant Limitations of the Study: Expert
Independent experts, not involved in the study, urge caution over interpreting the results.
Dr. Michael Genovese, physician and chief medical adviser at Ascendant New York, told The Epoch Times that researchers didn't directly measure pesticide exposure, such as testing people's blood or checking the water for chemicals.
'That means we cannot say pesticides caused the increase in Parkinson's,' he said. 'We can say that the results are very suspicious and match what other research has shown about pesticides being harmful to the brain.'
Professor David Dexter, director of research at Parkinson's UK, explained other significant limitations of the JAMA study in a
'Firstly, Parkinson's starts in the brain 10-15 years before diagnosis and the study didn't only use subjects who permanently lived in the area,' he said. 'This would not only affect participants' exposure, but also suggests their Parkinson's could have started before they moved around a golf course.'
Additionally, the population was not matched for location, with 80 percent of the Parkinson's subjects living in urban areas, compared to only 30 percent of controls, Dexter continued 'hence other factors like air pollution from motor vehicles, etc. could also account for some of the increases in Parkinson's incidence.'
Genovese said this study should still be considered a 'wake-up call,' even if it does not offer absolute proof. 'The pattern it shows is tough to ignore.'
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