Exponential Rise In Synthetic Drug Production And Trafficking In The Golden Triangle
27 May 2025
According to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the production and trafficking of methamphetamine – an illegal synthetic stimulant – have risen sharply since 2021, particularly in Myanmar's Shan State.
UNODC emphasised that both the scale of production and the flow of trafficking in Shan State have 'significantly' increased over the past few years.
Record seizures
A record 236 tons of methamphetamine (commonly known as meth) was seized in East and Southeast Asia in 2024, a 24 per cent increase from 2023.
However, 'the 236 tons represent only the amount seized' and it's likely that much more is reaching the streets and illicit market, said Benedikt Hofmann from UNODC, describing the amount as 'unprecedented.'
Seizures in Southeast Asia represent 85 per cent of the total, with Thailand alone seizing one billion meth tablets.
Conducive conditions
While Thailand remains the main transit and destination point, the drug is mostly produced in Myanmar's Shan State.
Amid the ongoing civil war involving multiple armed groups, Myanmar's military regime is experiencing instability and governance challenges that are fuelling the illicit production of synthetic and other drugs.
Although certain areas of Myanmar have been spared from the ongoing conflict and remain stable, 'the ongoing crisis in Myanmar is further increasing the need for proceeds from the drug trade,' said Mr. Hofmann.
'This combination of conflict and stability has created favourable conditions for the expansion of drug production impacting countries across the region and beyond,' he said.
Expanding trafficking routes
One of the fastest-growing meth trafficking routes in East and Southeast Asia stretches from Myanmar's Shan State to Cambodia.
Cambodian authorities notably reported seizing nearly 10 tons of methamphetamine in 2024, representing 'by far the largest methamphetamine seizure in history,' said UNODC.
'The trafficking route connecting Cambodia with Myanmar, primarily through Lao People's Democratic Republic, has been rapidly expanding,' said Inshik Sim, an analyst with UNODC.
As transnational drug trafficking groups continue to exploit new routes to avoid law enforcement, the trafficking corridors connecting Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines are becoming another 'increasingly significant corridor,' Mr. Sim added.
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Bangkok (Thailand), 28 May 2025 – The illicit manufacture and trafficking of synthetic drugs from the Golden Triangle have grown exponentially, according to a report released today by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The explosive growth has led to a record amount of methamphetamine seizures in East and Southeast Asia, totaling 236 tons, marking a 24 per cent increase compared to 2023. 'The 236 tons represent only the amount seized, and just so much methamphetamine is actually reaching the market,' said Benedikt Hofmann, UNODC Acting Regional Representative for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. 'While these seizures reflect, in part, successful law enforcement efforts, we are clearly seeing unprecedented levels of methamphetamine production and trafficking from the Golden Triangle, in particular Shan State.' The report, titled Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: Latest Developments and Challenges, shows that the production and trafficking of methamphetamine in Shan State, Myanmar, have significantly increased since 2021. 'The ongoing crisis in Myanmar is further increasing the need for proceeds from the drug trade, but at the same time there is a degree of stability in certain parts of the country, especially those known for large-scale synthetic drug production,' Hofmann said. 'This combination of conflict and stability has created favourable conditions for the expansion of drug production, impacting countries across the region and beyond.' Thailand remained the main transit and destination point for methamphetamine trafficked from Myanmar and recorded the largest quantity of methamphetamine seizures in the region, including one billion tablets of yaba – a combination of methamphetamine and caffeine popular in many parts of Southeast Asia due to its easy availability and low price. At the same time, transnational drug trafficking groups have increasingly exploited emerging trafficking routes to evade law enforcement detection. 'The trafficking route connecting Cambodia with Myanmar, primarily through Lao PDR, has been rapidly expanding,' said Inshik Sim, Lead Analyst at the UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. 'Another increasingly significant corridor involves maritime trafficking routes linking Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, with Sabah in Malaysia serving as a key transit hub.' The report highlights the evolving nature of transnational drug trafficking groups operating in East and Southeast Asia. These groups have demonstrated remarkable agility in reacting to law enforcement pressure, as shown by the spread of production sites for ketamine and related precursor chemicals, which has now reached most of the lower Mekong countries. Authorities in Viet Nam dismantled an industrial-scale facility in March 2025. Another example is the rise in the illicit manufacture of pharmaceutical products, especially etomidate and its analogues, designed to evade controls on novel substances. The report also underscores the growing use of technology across the entire chain of drug-related crimes, from planning, coordination, and the execution of trafficking to financial transactions and money laundering linked to the synthetic drug trade. 'With the surge in synthetic drug production and trafficking in the region, most countries report an overall increase in the use of methamphetamine and ketamine,' Hofmann said. 'However, in some countries, we are seeing a decline in the number of younger drug users admitted to treatment facilities, which may be attributable to drug use prevention campaigns targeting youth populations,' he added. 'It will be key for the region to increase investment in both prevention and supply reduction strategies.'
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Exponential Rise In Synthetic Drug Production And Trafficking In The Golden Triangle
27 May 2025 According to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the production and trafficking of methamphetamine – an illegal synthetic stimulant – have risen sharply since 2021, particularly in Myanmar's Shan State. UNODC emphasised that both the scale of production and the flow of trafficking in Shan State have 'significantly' increased over the past few years. Record seizures A record 236 tons of methamphetamine (commonly known as meth) was seized in East and Southeast Asia in 2024, a 24 per cent increase from 2023. However, 'the 236 tons represent only the amount seized' and it's likely that much more is reaching the streets and illicit market, said Benedikt Hofmann from UNODC, describing the amount as 'unprecedented.' Seizures in Southeast Asia represent 85 per cent of the total, with Thailand alone seizing one billion meth tablets. Conducive conditions While Thailand remains the main transit and destination point, the drug is mostly produced in Myanmar's Shan State. Amid the ongoing civil war involving multiple armed groups, Myanmar's military regime is experiencing instability and governance challenges that are fuelling the illicit production of synthetic and other drugs. Although certain areas of Myanmar have been spared from the ongoing conflict and remain stable, 'the ongoing crisis in Myanmar is further increasing the need for proceeds from the drug trade,' said Mr. Hofmann. 'This combination of conflict and stability has created favourable conditions for the expansion of drug production impacting countries across the region and beyond,' he said. Expanding trafficking routes One of the fastest-growing meth trafficking routes in East and Southeast Asia stretches from Myanmar's Shan State to Cambodia. Cambodian authorities notably reported seizing nearly 10 tons of methamphetamine in 2024, representing 'by far the largest methamphetamine seizure in history,' said UNODC. 'The trafficking route connecting Cambodia with Myanmar, primarily through Lao People's Democratic Republic, has been rapidly expanding,' said Inshik Sim, an analyst with UNODC. As transnational drug trafficking groups continue to exploit new routes to avoid law enforcement, the trafficking corridors connecting Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines are becoming another 'increasingly significant corridor,' Mr. Sim added.
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