A century later: A renewed open letter against the return of fascism

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On May 1, 1925, with Mussolini already in power, a group of Italian intellectuals publicly denounced Mussolini's fascist regime in an open letter.
The signatories – scientists, philosophers, writers, and artists – took a stand in support of the essential tenets of a free society: the rule of law, personal liberty, and independent thinking, culture, art, and science. Their open defiance to the brutal imposition of the fascist ideology – at great personal risk – proved that opposition was not only possible, but necessary.
Today, a hundred years later, the threat of fascism is back – and so we must summon that courage and defy it again.
Fascism emerged in Italy a century ago, marking the advent of modern dictatorship. Within a few years, it spread across Europe and the world, taking different names but maintaining similar forms. Wherever it seized power, it undermined the separation of powers in the service of autocracy, silenced opposition through violence, took control of the press, halted the advancement of women's rights, and crushed workers' struggles for economic justice.
Inevitably, it permeated and distorted all institutions devoted to scientific, academic, and cultural activities. Its cult of death exalted imperial aggression and genocidal racism, triggering the Second World War, the Holocaust, the death of tens of millions of people, and crimes against humanity.
At the same time, the resistance to fascism and the many other fascist ideologies became a fertile ground for imagining alternative ways of organising societies and international relations. The world that emerged from the Second World War – with the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the theoretical foundations of the European Union, and the legal arguments against colonialism – remained marked by deep inequalities.
Yet, it represented a decisive attempt to establish an international legal order: an aspiration toward global democracy and peace, grounded in the protection of universal human rights, including not only civil and political, but also economic, social, and cultural rights.
Fascism never vanished, but for a time it was held at bay. However, in the past two decades we have witnessed a renewed wave of far-right movements, often bearing unmistakably fascist traits: attacks on democratic norms and institutions, a reinvigorated nationalism laced with racist rhetoric, authoritarian impulses, and systematic assaults on the rights of those who do not fit a manufactured traditional authority, rooted in religious, sexual and gender normativity.
These movements have re-emerged across the globe, including in long-standing democracies, where widespread dissatisfaction with political failure to address mounting inequalities and social exclusion has once again been exploited by new authoritarian figures.
True to the old fascist script, under the guise of an unlimited popular mandate, these figures undermine national and international rule of law, targeting the independence of the judiciary, the press, institutions of culture, higher education, and science; even attempting to destroy essential data and scientific information. They fabricate 'alternative facts' and invent 'enemies within'; they weaponise security concerns to entrench their authority and that of the ultra-wealthy 1%, offering privileges in exchange for loyalty.
This process is now accelerating, as dissent is increasingly suppressed through arbitrary detentions, threats of violence, deportations and an unrelenting campaign of disinformation and propaganda, operated with the support of traditional and social media barons – some merely complacent, others openly techno-fascist enthusiasts.
Democracies are not flawless: they are vulnerable to misinformation and they are not yet sufficiently inclusive. However, democracies by their nature provide fertile ground for intellectual and cultural progress and therefore always have the potential to improve. In democratic societies, human rights and freedoms can expand, the arts flourish, scientific discoveries thrive, and knowledge grow. They grant the freedom to challenge ideas and question power structures, propose new theories even when culturally uncomfortable, which is essential to human advancement.
Democratic institutions offer the best framework for addressing social injustices, and the best hope to fulfil the post-war promises of the rights to work, education, health, social security, participation in cultural and scientific life, and the collective right of peoples to development, self-determination and peace. Without this, humanity faces stagnation, growing inequality, injustice and catastrophe, not least from the existential threat caused by the climate emergency that the new fascist wave negates.
In our hyper-connected world, democracy cannot exist in isolation. As national democracies require strong institutions, international cooperation relies on the effective implementation of democratic principles and multilateralism to regulate relations between nations, and on multi-stakeholder processes to engage a healthy society.
The rule of law must extend beyond borders, ensuring that international treaties, human rights conventions, and peace agreements are respected. While existing global governance and international institutions require improvement, their erosion in favor of a world governed by raw power, transactional logic and military might is a regression to an era of colonialism, suffering and destruction.
As in 1925, we scientists, philosophers, writers, artists and citizens of the world, have a responsibility to denounce and resist the resurgence of fascism in all its forms. We call on all those who value democracy to act:
Defend democratic, cultural and educational institutions. Call out abuses of democratic principles and human rights. Refuse preemptive compliance.
Join collective actions, locally and internationally. Boycott and strike when possible. Make resistance impossible to ignore and costly to repress.
Uphold facts and evidence. Foster critical thinking and engage with your communities on these grounds.
This is an ongoing struggle. Let our voices, our work, and our principles be a bulwark against authoritarianism. Let this message be a renewed declaration of defiance.
Signatories include
Richard J Roberts, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1993)
Leland Hartwell, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2001)
Paul Nurse, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2001)
Barry James Marshall, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2005)
Craig C Mello, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2006)
Mario R Capecchi, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2007)
Jack W Szostak, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2009)
Edvard I Moser, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2014)
May-Britt Moser, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2014)
Peter J Ratcliffe, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2019)
Charles Rice, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2020)
Harvey James Alter, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2020)
Victor Ambros, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2024)
Gary Ruvkun, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2024)
Wolfgang Ketterle, Nobel Prize in Physics (2001)
Anthony James Leggett, Nobel Prize in Physics (2003)
John C Mather, Nobel Prize in Physics (2006)
Brian P Schmidt, Nobel Prize in Physics (2011)
François Englert, Nobel Prize in Physics (2013)
Michel Mayor, Nobel Prize in Physics (2019)
Takaaki Kajita, Nobel Prize in Physics (2015)
Giorgio Parisi, Nobel Prize in Physics (2021)
Pierre Agostini, Nobel Prize in Physics (2023)
Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2016)
Joachim Frank, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2017)
Eric Maskin, Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (2007)
Roger B Myerson, Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (2007)
Alvin E Roth, Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (2012)
Lars Peter Hansen, Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (2013)
Oliver Hart, Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (2016)
Daron Acemoglu, Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (2024)