Parts of UK could see half a month's rainfall in next 24 hours

How flood-ravaged Boston took on the climate deniers

The Guardian

an hour ago

The Guardian

How flood-ravaged Boston took on the climate deniers

Patrick Devine, a captain for Boston Harbor City Cruises, shows me on his phone the scenes here in September 2024. The water was ankle-deep outside the door to his office on Long Wharf, one of the US city's oldest piers, obscuring the pavements and walkways, surging into buildings and ruining vehicles in the car parks. 'It just gets worse and worse each year,' says Devine, who has worked here, on and off, since 1995. 'I've gotten used to it, so it's just knowing your way around it.' Much of Boston has got used to this. Devine has his own supply of sandbags now, for example. Next door to his office is the Chart House restaurant – when Long Wharf flooded last September, customers merrily sat at outside tables, holding their feet above the waterline, as servers with black bin bags for trousers waded over to bring them their lunches. The restaurant's floor level is lower than that of the wharf, so the water came up to knee level in some areas. 'It's just part of business,' says one waiter, as he points out how the plug sockets are all at waist height. The place has flooded three times in the year he's worked here. 'We just clean it up, squeeze it out, open the doors, dry it out. It is what it is.' In Boston they call them 'wicked high tides', also known as king tides – when the moon is at its closest to the Earth and pulling in the same direction as the sun, creating a tide 60 to 120cm (2-4ft) higher than usual. Combined with rising sea levels, fiercer storms and higher precipitation, events like this are making the climate crisis a visible threat in the city. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boston experienced 19 days of flooding in 2024; it is expected to be similar this year. Unless things change, sea levels here are projected to be 20cm higher than 2000 levels by 2030, 46cm higher by 2050, and a metre or two higher by 2100. Boston is by no means the only US city at risk, but it is very much on the frontline of a problem America seems determined to ignore. Flash flooding killed more than 130 people in Texas this month, but the Trump administration remains in denial about the climate emergency. It has removed vital data (such as previous national climate assessment reports), funding and personnel from important agencies such as the NOAA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema). In January, Trump proposed 'getting rid of' Fema altogether; he has axed a quarter of its staff since he became president. Even TV weather presenters are warning that the cuts have reduced their ability to track and predict hurricanes and storms, and they are now 'flying blind'. Meanwhile, Fema's new acting head, David Richardson, reportedly told staff members last month he did not even know the US had a hurricane season. Boston may be more vulnerable than most cities, but it is also leading the way in preparedness. In 2016, the city released a comprehensive report, Climate Ready Boston, assessing its vulnerabilities to coastal and storm flooding and extreme heat. Last August, city mayor Michelle Wu set up the US's first dedicated Office of Climate Resilience (OCR). 'We needed an office solely focused on delivering climate resilience infrastructure, because otherwise it won't get done,' says Brian Swett, the city's new chief climate officer. We meet at a cafe in East Boston, just across the water from Long Wharf, along with OCR director Chris Osgood, and councillor Gabriela Coletta Zapata, who represents this vulnerable district. 'I have residents that live right on the waterfront that are soon going to be displaced if we don't do something,' she says. Sea levels are rising globally, due to thermal expansion and the melting of glaciers and polar ice (caused by global heating as a result of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels), but the east coast of the US experiences higher rises than other areas. As Swett explains: 'The Gulf of Maine is the fastest-warming body on Earth, so we tend to have significant expansion of water, plus fairly high variation between low and high tide.' Also, Boston harbour faces north-east, so it bears the brunt of 'nor'easters' – the infamously powerful storms that hit New England, which the climate emergency is making ever stronger. In 1768, British soldiers disembarked here to take control of the city (it didn't work out so well: the Boston Tea Party came five years later). Today, the threat coming down the pier is harder to counter: the sea itself. At the same time, the city is sinking. Sea levels have risen 25cm over the past century but half of that is from subsidence. What's now downtown Boston was a small peninsula at the mouth of three rivers, surrounded by tidal wetlands. Since the 18th century, Bostonians have filled in the harbour and the riverbanks, usually by simply dumping soil and waste material to just above the level of high tide. This landfill has compacted over time, so when high tides sweep in or it rains heavily, the water has nowhere to go. Downtown Boston is no stranger to huge puddles. Hurricane Sandy, in October 2012, was a wake-up call, says Swett. According to reports, it killed 97 people within a 65-mile radius of New York City, destroying thousands of homes and cars, and registering the highest tides ever recorded in Manhattan. Had Sandy hit Boston, it would have been even more catastrophic. 'It wasn't 300 miles of a miss; it was five hours,' Swett says. 'If it had been at our high tide, which was five hours earlier, we would have had a 100-year flooding event in Boston.' There have been more wake-up calls since. In January 2018, a 'bomb cyclone' swept snow and seawater far into the slushbound city, bringing ice floes, garbage bins and even cars with it. 'There's pictures of people kayaking in the street,' recalls councillor Zapata. A similar storm hit again three months later. It isn't only the old parts of the city that are vulnerable. In 2010, the Seaport district, a $3bn waterfront redevelopment in south Boston covering 20 city blocks, was greenlit under a previous administration, with no consideration for future sea-level rises – despite warnings and protests. Already it floods regularly. Home to corporate headquarters and grand public buildings such as the Institute of Contemporary Art, its developers attempted to brand it the 'innovation district' but its critics call it 'inundation district'. A 2021 report predicted that all of Seaport's buildings and 90% of its roads were at risk of becoming inoperable by the mid-21st century as a result of flooding – a cautionary tale for other cities. Boston's current climate resilience plan consists of more than 100 projects along the city's 47-mile coastline between now and 2070. On the broad scale, the strategy is to identify critical points where seawater could flood in and effectively plug them up, but not at the expense of civic life. Zapata says: 'The harbour itself is a treasure, and anybody, no matter who you are, where you come from, should have access to that waterfront.' So rather than sea walls, the city is building elevated public parks and promenades, which bring added social benefits. Boston has also updated its building codes. Standard practice in the US has been to set regulations according to the worst historical flooding; here, they're working to an assumption of a one-metre sea-level rise some time in the future. 'That's the standard that every new building in that future flood zone has to be prepared for,' says Swett. We take a walk to see what this looks like in practice. This part of East Boston was redeveloped in 2019, to the new guidelines. Before, it was industrial wasteland – former shipyards. 'This is where I learned how to drive a car, because nobody was down here,' says Zapata. At first glance, it looks like any other new neighbourhood, apart from the yellow street signs warning, 'ROAD MAY FLOOD' (it did, indeed, flood here last year, Zapata points out). On closer inspection, the ground-floor level of the apartment blocks is about a metre above street level (and three metres above actual sea level). Swett points out solid steel flanges attached to the sides of the entrances to the underground car parking – if a flood is imminent, a barrier can be slotted into them to stop water getting in. Further along the waterfront is a new section of Piers Park, which opened in 2023. Again, it looks like an ordinary park at first glance, with great views of the Boston skyline across the water, but it is higher than the older park and the streets behind it – effectively a sea wall in disguise. 'It doubles as a way to fortify the coastline, but it brings so many families here, celebrating birthdays, christenings,' says Zapata. 'It's awesome.' Another aspect of Boston's grand plan is to use nature-based defences where possible, working with local groups such as the Stone Living Lab, a partnership between government agencies, universities and non-profit bodies such as Boston Harbor Now. 'We're doing more what's often called green infrastructure, instead of grey,' says Joe Christo, co-director of Stone Living Lab. Christo was working for mayor Michael Bloomberg in New York when Hurricane Sandy struck, so he has experienced coastal devastation first-hand. 'It was heartbreaking and sobering, but it was transformative,' he says. 'I was seeing entire neighbourhoods shut down, people having to leave their homes and sleep in the school gymnasium … the city was just wildly unprepared.' But they noticed that residential areas behind wetlands were less affected by Sandy. 'Those salt marshes created a natural buffer and a natural wave mitigation. They absorbed the energy, unlike the sea walls that were trying to fight against it.' Wetlands bring other benefits, Christo adds, including: 'increased carbon sequestration, better quality of life for area residents, more opportunities for biodiversity'. Have the Trump administration's cuts derailed Boston's well-laid plans? Less than feared, it turns out. For one thing, Boston's funding is coming from city and state budgets, rather than central government. The city has a dedicated $75m reserve for climate resilience projects, Osgood explains, 'which helps us leverage the second pool of funding, which is competitive state and federal grants'. There is also private-sector funding, coming from developers and industry. On the federal level, a key agency is the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), which carries out big civil works nationally, including flood protection. Trump's spending bill has cut $1.4bn from the USACE's non-defence spending, capriciously targeting blue states more than red ones. But accessing USACE funds is a drawn-out process, taking years and requiring congressional approval, and Boston had already secured some substantial grants in the past few years. Osgood believes they can make up the rest of the federal shortfall, such as the Fema cuts: 'This is a slice of the pie that we thought we had checked off, and now we've got to go back and find more money to fill that back in. But that said, from a fundamental standpoint, what we're seeing out of Washington is confusion around what is the federal government's role in climate resilience writ large. And if you take the administration at their word of wanting to redefine what Fema is about, that's a gamechanger.' Other coastal cities ought to be more concerned. Some are in danger of leaving it too late; some are going in the opposite direction. In Florida, one of the states most vulnerable to sea-level rises, governor Ron DeSantis introduced legislation last July that erased the words 'climate change' from the state's laws, even as Florida has experienced floods, record rainfall and a succession of hurricanes in the past 12 months – with more of the same expected this year. 'Here-and-now political expediency is outweighing the reality of the science and the reality on the ground,' says Swett. If some US politicians are refusing to learn, broader society is at least increasingly aware of the threat. 'The cat is out of the bag in Boston,' says Osgood, who says that educating and informing the public is an important part of the plan. 'There is not a developer worth their salt that can attract a tenant by ignoring coastal resilience. It just can't happen, regardless of government policy. Any major tenant who's going to be occupying a building in the downtown, or in the Seaport, who's being asked to sign a 10-year lease, is saying, 'All right: and how are you prepared for Boston's changing climate?' It is now a market-driven force.' If science and reality aren't enough to get the message through, maybe the economics can. Hurricane Sandy cost nearly $30bn in repairs in New York City. A 'once in a hundred years' flood in Boston would inundate more than 2,000 buildings and cause more than $2.3bn of damage, according to the city's estimates. Money spent up front 'has a massively high return on investment,' says Swett. 'So these are projects that should be eminently fundable. The question is, how do we get that done in time to provide the protection that people are counting on?' Rather than running away from the problem, Boston is running towards it, treating it with the urgency it demands. 'We have to finish these projects sooner rather than later to solve a problem that is coming at us very quickly,' says Swett. As everyone in Boston knows, the only real solution is to address the causes of climate change itself – global heating, increased CO2 levels, fossil fuel emissions. That is a conversation that still feels a long way off in the US, but like the sea itself, it is surely getting closer all the time. Do you have an opinion on the issues raised in this article? If you would like to submit a response of up to 300 words by email to be considered for publication in our letters section, please click here.

The Guardian

3 hours ago

The Guardian

How flood-ravaged Boston took on the climate deniers

Patrick Devine, a captain for Boston Harbor City Cruises, shows me on his phone the scenes here in September 2024. The water was ankle-deep outside the door to his office on Long Wharf, one of the US city's oldest piers, obscuring the pavements and walkways, surging into buildings and ruining vehicles in the car parks. 'It just gets worse and worse each year,' says Devine, who has worked here, on and off, since 1995. 'I've gotten used to it, so it's just knowing your way around it.' Much of Boston has got used to this. Devine has his own supply of sandbags now, for example. Next door to his office is the Chart House restaurant – when Long Wharf flooded last September, customers merrily sat at outside tables, holding their feet above the waterline, as servers with black bin bags for trousers waded over to bring them their lunches. The restaurant's floor level is lower than that of the wharf, so the water came up to knee level in some areas. 'It's just part of business,' says one waiter, as he points out how the plug sockets are all at waist height. The place has flooded three times in the year he's worked here. 'We just clean it up, squeeze it out, open the doors, dry it out. It is what it is.' In Boston they call them 'wicked high tides', also known as king tides – when the moon is at its closest to the Earth and pulling in the same direction as the sun, creating a tide 60 to 120cm (2-4ft) higher than usual. Combined with rising sea levels, fiercer storms and higher precipitation, events like this are making the climate crisis a visible threat in the city. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boston experienced 19 days of flooding in 2024; it is expected to be similar this year. Unless things change, sea levels here are projected to be 20cm higher than 2000 levels by 2030, 46cm higher by 2050, and a metre or two higher by 2100. Boston is by no means the only US city at risk, but it is very much on the frontline of a problem America seems determined to ignore. Flash flooding killed more than 130 people in Texas this month, but the Trump administration remains in denial about the climate emergency. It has removed vital data (such as previous national climate assessment reports), funding and personnel from important agencies such as the NOAA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema). In January, Trump proposed 'getting rid of' Fema altogether; he has axed a quarter of its staff since he became president. Even TV weather presenters are warning that the cuts have reduced their ability to track and predict hurricanes and storms, and they are now 'flying blind'. Meanwhile, Fema's new acting head, David Richardson, reportedly told staff members last month he did not even know the US had a hurricane season. Boston may be more vulnerable than most cities, but it is also leading the way in preparedness. In 2016, the city released a comprehensive report, Climate Ready Boston, assessing its vulnerabilities to coastal and storm flooding and extreme heat. Last August, city mayor Michelle Wu set up the US's first dedicated Office of Climate Resilience (OCR). 'We needed an office solely focused on delivering climate resilience infrastructure, because otherwise it won't get done,' says Brian Swett, the city's new chief climate officer. We meet at a cafe in East Boston, just across the water from Long Wharf, along with OCR director Chris Osgood, and councillor Gabriela Coletta Zapata, who represents this vulnerable district. 'I have residents that live right on the waterfront that are soon going to be displaced if we don't do something,' she says. Sea levels are rising globally, due to thermal expansion and the melting of glaciers and polar ice (caused by global heating as a result of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels), but the east coast of the US experiences higher rises than other areas. As Swett explains: 'The Gulf of Maine is the fastest-warming body on Earth, so we tend to have significant expansion of water, plus fairly high variation between low and high tide.' Also, Boston harbour faces north-east, so it bears the brunt of 'nor'easters' – the infamously powerful storms that hit New England, which the climate emergency is making ever stronger. In 1768, British soldiers disembarked here to take control of the city (it didn't work out so well: the Boston Tea Party came five years later). Today, the threat coming down the pier is harder to counter: the sea itself. At the same time, the city is sinking. Sea levels have risen 25cm over the past century but half of that is from subsidence. What's now downtown Boston was a small peninsula at the mouth of three rivers, surrounded by tidal wetlands. Since the 18th century, Bostonians have filled in the harbour and the riverbanks, usually by simply dumping soil and waste material to just above the level of high tide. This landfill has compacted over time, so when high tides sweep in or it rains heavily, the water has nowhere to go. Downtown Boston is no stranger to huge puddles. Hurricane Sandy, in October 2012, was a wake-up call, says Swett. According to reports, it killed 97 people within a 65-mile radius of New York City, destroying thousands of homes and cars, and registering the highest tides ever recorded in Manhattan. Had Sandy hit Boston, it would have been even more catastrophic. 'It wasn't 300 miles of a miss; it was five hours,' Swett says. 'If it had been at our high tide, which was five hours earlier, we would have had a 100-year flooding event in Boston.' There have been more wake-up calls since. In January 2018, a 'bomb cyclone' swept snow and seawater far into the slushbound city, bringing ice floes, garbage bins and even cars with it. 'There's pictures of people kayaking in the street,' recalls councillor Zapata. A similar storm hit again three months later. It isn't only the old parts of the city that are vulnerable. In 2010, the Seaport district, a $3bn waterfront redevelopment in south Boston covering 20 city blocks, was greenlit under a previous administration, with no consideration for future sea-level rises – despite warnings and protests. Already it floods regularly. Home to corporate headquarters and grand public buildings such as the Institute of Contemporary Art, its developers attempted to brand it the 'innovation district' but its critics call it 'inundation district'. A 2021 report predicted that all of Seaport's buildings and 90% of its roads were at risk of becoming inoperable by the mid-21st century as a result of flooding – a cautionary tale for other cities. Boston's current climate resilience plan consists of more than 100 projects along the city's 47-mile coastline between now and 2070. On the broad scale, the strategy is to identify critical points where seawater could flood in and effectively plug them up, but not at the expense of civic life. Zapata says: 'The harbour itself is a treasure, and anybody, no matter who you are, where you come from, should have access to that waterfront.' So rather than sea walls, the city is building elevated public parks and promenades, which bring added social benefits. Boston has also updated its building codes. Standard practice in the US has been to set regulations according to the worst historical flooding; here, they're working to an assumption of a one-metre sea-level rise some time in the future. 'That's the standard that every new building in that future flood zone has to be prepared for,' says Swett. We take a walk to see what this looks like in practice. This part of East Boston was redeveloped in 2019, to the new guidelines. Before, it was industrial wasteland – former shipyards. 'This is where I learned how to drive a car, because nobody was down here,' says Zapata. At first glance, it looks like any other new neighbourhood, apart from the yellow street signs warning, 'ROAD MAY FLOOD' (it did, indeed, flood here last year, Zapata points out). On closer inspection, the ground-floor level of the apartment blocks is about a metre above street level (and three metres above actual sea level). Swett points out solid steel flanges attached to the sides of the entrances to the underground car parking – if a flood is imminent, a barrier can be slotted into them to stop water getting in. Further along the waterfront is a new section of Piers Park, which opened in 2023. Again, it looks like an ordinary park at first glance, with great views of the Boston skyline across the water, but it is higher than the older park and the streets behind it – effectively a sea wall in disguise. 'It doubles as a way to fortify the coastline, but it brings so many families here, celebrating birthdays, christenings,' says Zapata. 'It's awesome.' Another aspect of Boston's grand plan is to use nature-based defences where possible, working with local groups such as the Stone Living Lab, a partnership between government agencies, universities and non-profit bodies such as Boston Harbor Now. 'We're doing more what's often called green infrastructure, instead of grey,' says Joe Christo, co-director of Stone Living Lab. Christo was working for mayor Michael Bloomberg in New York when Hurricane Sandy struck, so he has experienced coastal devastation first-hand. 'It was heartbreaking and sobering, but it was transformative,' he says. 'I was seeing entire neighbourhoods shut down, people having to leave their homes and sleep in the school gymnasium … the city was just wildly unprepared.' But they noticed that residential areas behind wetlands were less affected by Sandy. 'Those salt marshes created a natural buffer and a natural wave mitigation. They absorbed the energy, unlike the sea walls that were trying to fight against it.' Wetlands bring other benefits, Christo adds, including: 'increased carbon sequestration, better quality of life for area residents, more opportunities for biodiversity'. Have the Trump administration's cuts derailed Boston's well-laid plans? Less than feared, it turns out. For one thing, Boston's funding is coming from city and state budgets, rather than central government. The city has a dedicated $75m reserve for climate resilience projects, Osgood explains, 'which helps us leverage the second pool of funding, which is competitive state and federal grants'. There is also private-sector funding, coming from developers and industry. On the federal level, a key agency is the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), which carries out big civil works nationally, including flood protection. Trump's spending bill has cut $1.4bn from the USACE's non-defence spending, capriciously targeting blue states more than red ones. But accessing USACE funds is a drawn-out process, taking years and requiring congressional approval, and Boston had already secured some substantial grants in the past few years. Osgood believes they can make up the rest of the federal shortfall, such as the Fema cuts: 'This is a slice of the pie that we thought we had checked off, and now we've got to go back and find more money to fill that back in. But that said, from a fundamental standpoint, what we're seeing out of Washington is confusion around what is the federal government's role in climate resilience writ large. And if you take the administration at their word of wanting to redefine what Fema is about, that's a gamechanger.' Other coastal cities ought to be more concerned. Some are in danger of leaving it too late; some are going in the opposite direction. In Florida, one of the states most vulnerable to sea-level rises, governor Ron DeSantis introduced legislation last July that erased the words 'climate change' from the state's laws, even as Florida has experienced floods, record rainfall and a succession of hurricanes in the past 12 months – with more of the same expected this year. 'Here-and-now political expediency is outweighing the reality of the science and the reality on the ground,' says Swett. If some US politicians are refusing to learn, broader society is at least increasingly aware of the threat. 'The cat is out of the bag in Boston,' says Osgood, who says that educating and informing the public is an important part of the plan. 'There is not a developer worth their salt that can attract a tenant by ignoring coastal resilience. It just can't happen, regardless of government policy. Any major tenant who's going to be occupying a building in the downtown, or in the Seaport, who's being asked to sign a 10-year lease, is saying, 'All right: and how are you prepared for Boston's changing climate?' It is now a market-driven force.' If science and reality aren't enough to get the message through, maybe the economics can. Hurricane Sandy cost nearly $30bn in repairs in New York City. A 'once in a hundred years' flood in Boston would inundate more than 2,000 buildings and cause more than $2.3bn of damage, according to the city's estimates. Money spent up front 'has a massively high return on investment,' says Swett. 'So these are projects that should be eminently fundable. The question is, how do we get that done in time to provide the protection that people are counting on?' Rather than running away from the problem, Boston is running towards it, treating it with the urgency it demands. 'We have to finish these projects sooner rather than later to solve a problem that is coming at us very quickly,' says Swett. As everyone in Boston knows, the only real solution is to address the causes of climate change itself – global heating, increased CO2 levels, fossil fuel emissions. That is a conversation that still feels a long way off in the US, but like the sea itself, it is surely getting closer all the time. Do you have an opinion on the issues raised in this article? If you would like to submit a response of up to 300 words by email to be considered for publication in our letters section, please click here.

Which plants need to be watered while you're away, and which can fend for themselves

Telegraph

6 hours ago

Telegraph

Which plants need to be watered while you're away, and which can fend for themselves

It may have rained in recent days, but much of the country is experiencing a drought and millions of us are in the middle of a hosepipe ban that may go on for months. Rest assured, there's no need to water everything. Ignore the lawn, it will recover once the rain returns, and don't worry about established aromatic and silvery plants either. They have their own built-in sunscreen. Leaf shape matters too. If the foliage is long and linear, like an iris, kniphofia or hemerocallis, or if it's highly divided, like rosemary or dianthus, these plants will survive because transpiration is minimal. The following plants do need our help though. Most can get by on a thorough twice-a-week soaking in the morning, or in the evening. If you're going away, neighbours are often willing to help. Do encourage them to pick the beans, courgettes and tomatoes, so that they keep on cropping. Recycle as much water as possible, rather than putting it down the plug hole, because it can be tipped on to the garden. Soak the area around the plants. Dribbling water on is worse than no water, because it encourages the roots to surface. Thorough spot watering is the way to go. The eight essentials Greenhouse Tomatoes Every day The greenhouse is the hottest place in the garden, but applying water-soluble white shading helps to keep it much cooler. It's quick and easy to apply with a brush. Greenhouse tomatoes will need watering daily, preferably in the morning if possible. Keep the water well away from the fruit and foliage, to prevent fungal disease, and ventilate the greenhouse because tomatoes dislike extreme heat. If you're going away, feed just before you go using a soluble tomato food. This will help to prevent blossom end rot, a stress disease that blackens the underside of the fruit. Irregular watering is often a cause. Greenhouse cucumbers need less water than tomatoes, I find. Overwatering can cause them to wilt. Every other day is the way to go with these – but it does depend on temperature. Outdoor tomatoes also benefit from plenty of water. Move them into an area that gets afternoon sun, if you're going away. Runner beans Every couple of days These come into their own as the days begin to shorten, due to their South American equatorial provenance. Watering them now will help them to crop for the next couple of months, so these are top priority too. Tripods suffer less from drought and wind damage than straight lines of beans. Choosing the correct varieties also helps. Hybrid runner x French beans, such as 'Moonlight' and 'Firestorm', are able to crop heavily in drier, hotter conditions. They won't shed their flowers on hot nights, when temperatures go above 16C, but this is a real problem with traditional runner beans. Gently watering them every couple of days is the way to go. The following vegetables can be left to their own devices. Carrots and beetroot have fleshy moisture-seeking roots and brassicas have leathery foliage, so they'll be fine. Onions and shallots should be ripening now, rather than growing. Newly planted roses Twice a week or more These are very vulnerable in their first growing season, because most have been potted up in the spring, so their fibrous root system hasn't fully developed. Gently tipping a whole can of water round the base, a couple of times a week, is vital. If you're away, make sure your helpers know where your new rose is. Once roses are established, they are very tolerant of dry conditions and heat. Check newly planted clematis as well. The smaller-flowered viticellas are the most drought-tolerant ones, once established. Hydrangeas Twice a week Hydrangeas have suffered this year due to the unusually dry spring and many are still struggling. They include the shade-loving, fairly drought tolerant forms of Hydrangea paniculata such as 'Limelight' and 'Kyushu'. Keep all your hydrangeas hydrated with a twice weekly bucket, or can of water, otherwise you may lose them. Trees and woody shrubs planted in the last two years As required Keep an eye on these, because these are expensive items to replace. This year the ground has been so dry that the roots will not have penetrated into the surrounding soil, so watering may well be needed. When a tree, or shrub, is in distress the foliage tries to avoid transpiration in two ways. Sometimes the plant slants the leaves straight down and witch hazels, or hamamelis, often do this. Watch their foliage carefully. If the leaves turn to the vertical, this winter-flowering gem is water-stressed and you may lose it. Other woody plants close their leaves up. Both are distress signals, indicating that this tree or shrub needs water now. If the worst happens, and the foliage browns and drops, don't be too hasty to remove it. Woody plants can (and do) re-shoot next spring, but it's best not to put that one to the test. Geums and astrantias Twice a week These both flower in May, and both hate dry conditions so it's imperative to water them throughout dry summers. Otherwise, both will fade away and die. Red and dark-pink astrantias are generally more demanding on the moisture front. However, this year they've all suffered – even the normally drought-tolerant pale-pink 'Buckland' has shrivelled here. Flagging phloxes need our help too. If they've turned brown, cut the stems back and water to encourage regrowth. Shade-loving South American late-summer tender plants Every other day Fuchsias, impatiens and begonias stay vivid and colourful late into the year, so you don't want to lose them in summer. They thrive in cooler semi-shade and moist soil, so these will also need watering. If you're going away, move them into full shade and stand them in pot saucers. Even then, they will still need watering every other day when it's dry. Potted plants are always vulnerable, especially smaller potfuls. It's a good idea to use larger containers. The sun lovers, such as pelargoniums, could be left for a week, but not two. 'Pink Capricorn' is my star recommendation. It will get by on a weekly water if it has to. Later season perennials Three times a week They've caught the worst of the summer drought, but most will recover once the autumn rains come. The only three I'd specify, for resuscitation purposes, are echinaceas, heleniums and rudbeckias because a dry, hot spell can see them off. A three-times-weekly can or bucket, gently tipped over them in the morning or evening, will keep them going for another year.

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How flood-ravaged Boston took on the climate deniers

How flood-ravaged Boston took on the climate deniers

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Parts of UK could see half a month's rainfall in next 24 hours

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How flood-ravaged Boston took on the climate deniers

How flood-ravaged Boston took on the climate deniers

Which plants need to be watered while you're away, and which can fend for themselves

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