It's All 'Relative'! Are Cousin Marriages Among British Pakistanis Causing Birth Defects?

News18

10-07-2025

Last Updated:
The primary driver of this renewed debate is alarming statistics about the increased risk of genetic disorders in children born to consanguineous couples
The United Kingdom is currently witnessing in a vigorous debate regarding the legality and cultural implications of marriages between first cousins.
While such unions are not explicitly illegal in the UK, unlike in many other countries and some states in the US, they have come under intense scrutiny recently due to concerns over public health and social issues.
What studies show
The primary driver of this renewed debate is alarming statistics about the increased risk of genetic disorders in children born to consanguineous couples. Studies, notably the 'Born in Bradford" project, which has extensively researched childhood outcomes in a city with a significant British Pakistani population, have highlighted these risks.
For example, children of first cousin parents are found to have double the risk of serious birth defects or genetic conditions compared to those born to unrelated parents. While the overall risk for children of unrelated parents is around 2-3%, it rises to approximately 4-6% for children of first cousins. These conditions can include congenital heart problems, blood disorders like thalassaemia, and various metabolic or neurological conditions.
Some reports suggest that in certain areas, up to 30% of paediatric referrals are linked to issues arising from cousin marriages.
Despite these figures, it's important to note that the vast majority (94-96%) of children born to first cousins are healthy. However, the increased incidence of recessive genetic disorders, where both parents might unknowingly carry the same faulty gene, is a central concern for those advocating for a ban or increased awareness.
Reasons for this practice often include strengthening family bonds, preserving family wealth and property, maintaining cultural values, and ensuring a sense of familiarity and support for the bride within her new family. For many, it is seen as an ideal match that fosters close-knit communities.
Tory MP sparks debate
The debate in the UK Parliament, notably sparked by a Private Members' Bill proposed by Tory MP Richard Holden in late 2024, has been highly contentious. Proponents of a ban, like Holden, argue that the health risks alone warrant prohibition and suggest that the practice can also be linked to issues of freedom and control, implying potential connections to forced marriages or honour-based abuse, though critics dispute this conflation.
Opponents of a ban, including some community leaders and experts, argue that criminalising cousin marriage would be culturally insensitive and discriminatory, primarily targeting specific ethnic communities. They emphasise that a ban could stigmatise these groups, drive the practice underground, and deter individuals from seeking essential genetic counselling or healthcare services. Instead, they advocate for public health campaigns focused on education and awareness about genetic risks, coupled with accessible genetic screening and counselling services.
They also highlight that other factors, such as parental age, smoking, or alcohol consumption, can also increase the risk of birth defects, yet these are not subject to marriage bans. The nuanced discussion continues, balancing public health concerns with cultural sensitivities and individual reproductive rights.
(With agency inputs)
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