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How Does UnitedHealth Group Make Money?

How Does UnitedHealth Group Make Money?

Forbes6 days ago

CHONGQING, CHINA - APRIL 14: In this photo illustration, the UnitedHealthcare logo is displayed on a ... More smartphone screen, with the company's latest stock price performance and candlestick chart visible in the background, reflecting market volatility and investor sentiment on April 14, 2025, in Chongqing, China. (Photo by)
UnitedHealth Group stock (NYSE: UNH) has recently faced significant scrutiny, with its stock experiencing a decline of over 50% since April. While the reasons for this drop are explored in more detail here – What Sparked UNH Stock Crash? – this analysis focuses on how UnitedHealth Group generates its revenue by examining its key segments. We'll also assess the size of the Medicare segment, which is currently under criminal investigation.
UnitedHealth Group operates two primary businesses: UnitedHealthcare and Optum.
UnitedHealthcare encompasses four divisions:
Optum consists of three main segments:
UNH Value Breakdown
Revenue generation is roughly balanced between these two main businesses. In 2024, Optum accounted for 46% of total revenues, while UnitedHealthcare contributed 54%. However, Optum's contribution to overall sales has been growing, increasing from 41% in 2021 to 46% in 2024. Conversely, UnitedHealthcare's share decreased from 59% to 54% over the same period. Our dashboard on How Does UnitedHealth Group Make Money has more details. We will delve into the specific performance and contributions of each segment. For investors looking for potential gains with less volatility, the High Quality portfolio has comfortably outperformed the S&P 500, delivering over 91% returns since inception.
The UnitedHealthcare segment within UnitedHealth Group primarily focuses on providing a full range of health benefits and insurance products. This is also the business currently facing the pressure on its profit margins, amid rising medical costs.
This division serves individuals aged 65 and older with Medicare Advantage plans, Medicare Part D (prescription drug plans), Medicare Supplement plans, and group retiree services. This is the segment currently under criminal investigation for possible fraud. In 2024, Medicare & Retirement generated $139.5 billion in revenue and $8.4 billion in EBITDA, representing 25% of the company's total revenue and 23% of its EBITDA.
This segment offers health benefit plans and services to large national employers, small businesses, and individuals. It garnered $74.5 billion in gross revenue and $4.5 billion in EBITDA in 2024, accounting for 13% of the company's revenue and 12% of its total EBITDA.
This division serves state programs for economically disadvantaged and medically underserved populations, primarily managing Medicaid programs. In 2024, Community & State reported $80.6 billion in revenue and $4.9 billion in EBITDA, making up 15% of the company's total revenue and 13% of its EBITDA.
This segment provides international health insurance benefits and related services to multinational companies and globally mobile populations. In 2024, International revenues were $3.7 billion with EBITDA of approximately $222 million. This segment now accounts for less than 1% of the company's sales and profits, following UnitedHealth Group's exit from Brazil in the first quarter of 2024.
The Optum segment of UnitedHealth Group is focused on modernizing and improving the healthcare system through technology, data, and direct care delivery. Unlike UnitedHealthcare, which primarily deals with health insurance and benefits, Optum provides a range of health services and solutions to various stakeholders, including patients, providers, payers, employers, and life sciences companies.
Optum's business can be broken down by its three key sub-segments:
This segment delivers comprehensive, patient-centered care through its own medical groups, clinics, and physician practices. It emphasizes value-based care models, behavioral health services, in-home care, and population health management. Optum Health has been a key growth driver for UnitedHealth Group, with sales rising at an average rate of 25% since 2021 (compared to 14% for the overall company). Its contribution to overall sales increased from 14% to 19% over this period. Last year, it generated $105.4 billion in gross revenue and, notably, enjoys higher margins, accounting for 24% of the company's total EBITDA.
This segment focuses on data, analytics, and technology-enabled services for the healthcare industry. It provides solutions for revenue cycle management, data analytics, consulting, and software to enhance efficiency and decision-making for healthcare organizations. Last year, Optum Insight sales were $18.8 billion, accounting for just 3% of total revenues. However, it garnered $3.6 billion in EBITDA, contributing an estimated 9% of the company's total EBITDA.
This segment operates as a pharmacy benefit manager (PBM), aiming to provide access to affordable prescription medications. Optum Rx manages pharmacy benefits, negotiates with drug manufacturers, operates home delivery pharmacies, and offers programs to control specialty drug costs and promote medication adherence. Potential calls to eliminate or significantly curtail PBM services could have a profound impact on Optum Rx. In 2024, this segment generated $133.2 billion in gross revenue and $6.8 billion in EBITDA, accounting for 24% of the company's overall revenues and 18% of total EBITDA. This segment operates on high volume and thin margins.
Overall, UnitedHealth Group is at a pivotal moment, with intense scrutiny directly impacting its stock. Our analysis has highlighted the clear division of its core businesses: UnitedHealthcare, which provides a wide array of health benefits (including Medicare & Retirement), and Optum, the innovative engine behind healthcare services, technology, and pharmacy management.
While UnitedHealth Group's diverse structure has historically offered stability, the current climate demands significant strategic shifts. Optum's increasing contribution to overall sales underscores its crucial role in the company's future growth and innovation. However, this growth faces considerable challenges, particularly from the potential political dismantling or major changes to the PBM landscape impacting Optum Rx.
Separately, the outcome of the criminal investigation into Medicare fraud, which falls under UnitedHealthcare, also presents a significant challenge that could independently alter the company's trajectory.
In fact, regulatory risk is just a small part of risk assessment framework we apply while constructing the Trefis High Quality (HQ) Portfolio which, with a collection of 30 stocks, has a track record of comfortably outperforming the S&P 500 over the last 4-year period. Why is that? As a group, HQ Portfolio stocks provided better returns with less risk versus the benchmark index; less of a roller-coaster ride as evident in HQ Portfolio performance metrics.

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The president expects good deals, and we are on track for that." Bloomberg cited a "recipient of the letter" who said it was "framed as a way to steer ongoing talks rather than an ultimatum. President Trump will sign an executive order doubling duties on steel and aluminum imports to 50%, the White House said Tuesday. Trump first announced plans to up the duties last Friday during an event with steelworkers in Pennsylvania. White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt didn't confirm the exact timing of the escalation Tuesday. Trump's most sweeping "reciprocal" tariffs are locked in legal limbo. But duties on specific sectors or commodities, like those on steel and aluminum, are so far unaffected because Trump has imposed them under a different legal authority. President Trump and his team have touted for weeks that deals are right around the corner. But progress has been less forthcoming. Yahoo Finance Washington Correspondent Ben Werschkul reports: Read more here. The aerospace industry is urging the Trump administration to hold off on adding new tariffs, as they could risk air safety and further disrupt the supply chain. Reuters reports: A group representing major U.S. and global aeropsace companies on Tuesday warned new tariffs on imported commercial aircraft, jet engines and parts could put air safety and the supply chain at risk or have unintended consequences. The Commerce Department last month opened a "Section 232" investigation that could be used as a basis for even higher tariffs on imported planes, engines and parts. The Aerospace Industries Association, which represents Boeing, Airbus, RTX, GE Aerospace and hundreds of other companies, urged the Commerce Department to extend public comments by 90 days and impose no new tariffs for at least 180 days. They urged further consultation with industry on "any Section 232 tariffs to ensure they accurately reflect national security concerns and do not put the supply chain and aviation safety at risk." Read more here. A new survey out Tuesday by insurance brokerage Gallagher showed that a majority of US business owners see tariffs as a top risk to be worried about. Reuters reports that President Trump's trade wars have already cost companies more than $34 billion in lost sales and higher costs, according to an analysis of corporate disclosures. "Our survey showed supply chain disruptions were a concern to business owners, with 90% reporting they are concerned about the impact of tariffs on their businesses," Gallagher CEO J. Patrick Gallagher told Reuters. "Global supply chains, strained by geopolitical conflicts and extreme weather events, remain vulnerable to disruptions." The findings come as tensions with China and other key trading partners ratcheted up again after President Trump threatened to double steel and aluminum tariffs. Also on Tuesday, the OECD warned of slowing growth due to trade disputes. Read more here. Taiwan's government said on Tuesday that it is continuing to "communicate closely" with the US in order to reach a trade deal, but cannot give any more information at this point on the negotiations. Reuters reports: Read more here. Consumer-facing multinationals are moving their China supply chains as trade wars continue to add uncertainty for businesses. Yahoo Finance's Brian Sozzi broke down what he heard from three major companies: Read more here. President Trump's tariffs on steel and aluminum imports are set to double starting Wednesday. That could present a problem for the only deal the US has so far agreed to during its 90-day "reciprocal" tariff pause. From Bloomberg: Under that "economic prosperity agreement," US tariffs on UK metal imports are set to be slashed to zero. But Starmer's spokesman said he doesn't know whether the looming doubling of steel levies will apply to UK imports while the two sides work on implementing the deal. Read more here. Yahoo Finance's senior reporter Hamza Shaban looks at how the American-made company Boeing has become a tool in the US government's trade negotiations: Read more here. A survey conducted by Reuters has revealed that Trump's tariffs will likely cause a slowdown in US home construction. Reuters reports: Read more here Yahoo Finance's senior legal reporter Alexis Keenan looks at what could make or break President Trump's "Liberation Day" tariffs. Read more here. Traders are taking advantage of Trump's trade war and looking at how to ride tariff-driven sell-offs and rallies. Bloomberg News reports: Read more here. Reuters reports in an exclusive: Read more here. The Bank of Japan Governor Kazuo Ueda said that the country's economy can take the hit from US tariffs and sustain a cycle of rising inflation accompanied by wage growth, indicating the banks readiness to raise interest rates further. Reuters reports: Read more here. President Donald Trump is eager to land more trade deals, but talks with China and the EU are stalling amid communication breakdowns and renewed tariff threats. Bloomberg News reports: Read more here. Reuters reports: Read more here. Global economic growth is weakening faster than expected, the the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) said on Tuesday, as Trump's trade war starts to take a toll on the US economy. The OECD cut its outlook for global output for the US and most of the G20 leading economies and warned that agreements to ease trade barriers are key to reviving investment and avoid higher prices. Global growth is expected to be 2.9% in 2025 and 2026, the OECD said in its latest full outlook. The figure has exceeded 3% every year since 2020, when output plunged because of the pandemic. The OECD said that US growth will slow sharply, falling from 2.8% in 2024 to 1.6% in 2025 and 1.5% next year. The OECD said that the Federal Reserve likely won't cut rates this year because inflation will remain too high. The latest assessment represents a downgrade to its March interim forecasts, which preceded Trump's 'Liberation Day' tariff announcements on April 2. Even then, the OECD warned of a 'significant toll' stemming from the levies and associated uncertainty over policy. The OECD also cut 2025 forecast for G20 countries, which include China, France, Japan, India, UK, and South Africa. Álvaro Pereira, the OECD's chief economist, said countries need to strike deals that would lower trade barriers. 'Otherwise, the growth impact is going to be quite significant,' he said. 'This has massive repercussions for everyone.' Compared with the OECD's last full outlook in December, growth prospects for almost all countries have been downgraded, said Pereira. 'Weakened economic prospects will be felt around the world, with almost no exception,' the OECD said. While the Trump administration appeals a court's decision to block many wide-ranging tariffs, the small businesses that brought the case are seeking to keep the tariffs from going back into effect as the legal battle plays out. From Bloomberg Read more here. From Reuters: Read more here. Federal Reserve policymakers are debating whether they should "look through" Trump tariff effects, paving the way for lower rates, or remain cautious should tariffs prove to be more long-lasting and bump inflation higher. Yahoo Finance's Jennifer Schonberger reports: Read more here. 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