Sustainable Aviation Fuel : How is it relevant for UPSC Exam
The country's largest refiner and fuel retailer Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) expects to start producing sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) on commercial scale at its Panipat refinery by December, following the recent international certification received by the unit for manufacturing the biofuel from used cooking oil. In this context, it becomes essential to know about the SAF in detail.
1. Aircraft emit water vapour, soot, sulfur aerosols, nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), which contribute to the formation of contrails – clouds that form when water vapour condenses and freezes around small particles (aerosols) in aircraft exhaust. All of these factors have additional warming effects on the atmosphere. In this context, SAF has emerged as a credible alternative with the potential to reduce aviation-related emissions.
2. According to aviation industry and energy experts, SAF alone is likely to account for over 60 per cent of the global aviation industry's decarbonisation efforts.
3. SAF, also known as aviation biofuel, is a biofuel that is produced from sustainable feedstocks and has chemistry similar to conventional aviation turbine fuel (ATF) or jet fuel, which is derived from crude oil.
4. It is a 'drop in' fuel, meaning it can be blended with ATF without requiring any change in the existing machinery of aircraft.
5. SAF can be derived from a range of materials, including:
— Oils and fats such as Used Cooking Oil (UCO), oil-rich seeds from plants, algae oils, animal fats,
— Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
— Agricultural and forestry residues such as wood waste, sugarcane bagasse, corn stover, husks and straw, sugars and starches.
6. There are various methods to produce SAF, with each using different combinations of raw materials. However, for SAF to be truly sustainable, it is important that the feedstock used in its production does not compete with food production, cause deforestation, or harm biodiversity.
1. SAF offers multiple benefits. The primary advantage is its ability to significantly reduce emissions and its compatibility with the current global aircraft fleet. It means SAF can be used without modifications to existing planes, engines, or fueling infrastructure.
2. It is estimated that SAF has the potential to reduce GHG emissions in air travel by up to 80 per cent compared to conventional jet fuel.
3. Diversification of fuel sources in the aviation sector can help reduce import dependence and protect the sector from global oil price volatility. This, in turn, could lead to a more stable aviation sector, possibly making air travel accessible to larger sections of society
4. Moreover, SAF adoption will also generate employment opportunities in the sustainability sector.
1. The cost of producing these biofuels, which is more than double that of conventional fuels, makes its large-scale adoption difficult for airlines without passing the burden onto consumers.
2. The production, storage, blending, and transportation of SAF require the development of new infrastructure, which would add significantly to the initial cost of adoption.
3. Another key issue is the availability and sustainability of feedstock required for SAF production. The characteristics and variety of necessary feedstock mean that there is no guarantee of year-round supply.
2. ISCC CORSIA is a prerequisite for commercial SAF production. Notably, the year 2027 will be an important one for adoption of SAF globally with the mandatory phase of CORSIA kicking in.
3. CORSIA, which applies to international flights, would require airlines globally to offset any growth in carbon dioxide emissions beyond the 2020 levels. Using jet fuel blended with SAF is one of the ways through which carriers can keep their emissions under permissible levels.
4. India, too, will have to comply with the mandatory phase starting 2027. In line with the CORSIA framework, India's National Biofuel Coordination Committee (NBCC) has set the initial indicative targets for blending of SAF with jet fuel 2027 onwards, starting with international flights.
5. The indicative targets are: 1 per cent blending in 2027 and 2 per cent in 2028. The government is expected to announce SAF blending mandates for domestic flights in India as well, but only after blending for international flights begins 2027 onwards.
Consider the following statements with reference to sustainable aviation fuel:
1. SAF is a biofuel that is produced from sustainable feedstocks
2. ISCC CORSIA is a prerequisite for commercial SAF production.
3. India's National Biofuel Coordination Committee (NBCC) has set the initial indicative targets for blending of SAF with jet fuel 2027 onwards.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
(Sources: Used cooking oil to fuel for planes: India's first sustainable aviation fuel plant to start production by year-end, How India's biofuel potential complements its leadership in sustainable aviation fuel)
Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – Indian Express UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for July 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at manas.srivastava@indianexpress.com🚨
Try Our AI Features
Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:
Comments
No comments yet...
Related Articles
Indian Express
7 hours ago
- Indian Express
UPSC Mains 2025 Revision Checklist: Top 15 Social Issues topics aspirants shouldn't miss
Are You Mains Ready? With the UPSC CSE Mains 2025 beginning on August 22, Social Issues — often a neglected area in preparation—can be very rewarding if covered comprehensively and applied wisely in answers. Current affairs play a big role in shaping the content for social issues. And since there is no clearly defined syllabus—only broad themes mentioned by UPSC—the number of potential topics is quite large. Nevertheless, for revision purposes, you must have some general themes prepared beforehand to serve as solid fodder for your answers. Stampedes are in news quite often. At least 18 people were killed in a stampede at the New Delhi Railway Station, which happened following a surge in the crowd of passengers waiting to board trains for Prayagraj, which is hosting the Maha Kumbh festival. Earlier, a stampede occurred at the Sangam during the ongoing Maha Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj. Very recently, Bengaluru stampedes at the M Chinnaswamy stadium on June 4 during a celebration of RCB's first IPL crown hit the headlines. These incidents have highlighted the critical importance of crowd management and the need to address the issue of stampedes. Since, it directly involves administration and crowd control management, aspirants must prepare this theme for the upcoming exam. Points to ponder: What are the factors leading to stampedes? What are the NDMA guidelines for crowd management in India? What should be done for effective crowd management and preventing stampedes? Refer: How to prevent stampedes at mass gatherings — 4 Key Questions You Must Know for Prelims and Mains Last year, Australia approved a Bill to restrict social media for children under the age of 16, termed a 'world-first' set of measures. The Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Bill 2024 puts the onus on social media companies to prevent children from accessing their platforms. It says companies can be fined up to $32 million if they fail to do so. Social media has become a daily habit in our lives, especially among young people. Individuals from various age groups use social media platforms for communication and networking, indicating a growing dependency on these platforms. Thus, knowing about the social media and its impact becomes significant. Additionally, awareness in the field of information technology is mentioned in the UPSC CSE syllabus, and previously UPSC has asked questions on this topic. This topic is also relevant for essay writing and current affairs, making it important for candidates preparing for their personality tests. Points to ponder: Why social media is a double-edged sword? What is the regulatory framework for social media in India? What measures should be taken for better regulation of social Media? Refer: Social Media, the double-edged sword: 4 Key Questions You Must Know for Prelims and Mains Beyond scrolling, texting and posting Language has been at the centre of political and cultural debate in India. Keeping politics aside, India's multilingual landscape is the epitome of the country's diversity and heritage, having evolved into its present form after millennia of migrations and cultural mixing. It has been, in many ways, our greatest source of strength and yet, at times, the cause behind some bitter political skirmishes. In this context, it is importnat to look at India's linguistic landscape through constitutional mandate, classical languages and the challenge of extinction faced by various languages. Points to ponder: India speaks in many languages — But what does the Constitution say about it? What makes a language 'classical' in India—and why does it matter? What are the endangered languages? Can endangered languages be saved? What initiatives are in place to protect such languages? Refer: India's Linguistic Landscape – From constitutional safeguards to endangered languages India overtook China in terms of the size of its population, to become the most populous country in the world. Some of the factors which have contributed to overpopulation in India include poverty, illiteracy, ignorance about family planning and low contraceptive usage. Socio-cultural factors such as early marriage, near universality of marriage and strong male child preference also lead to more births. Patriarchy and the resultant lack of female sexual and reproductive autonomy too have significantly contributed towards a higher fertility rate. Culturally, children, particularly sons, are considered an asset and a gift of God. Till date, a popular blessing elders shower on a young woman is 'Doodho nahao, Pooto phalo' (May you be blessed with riches and many children!) Interestingly, our decadal population growth rate is modest. The problem of overpopulation can then be explained by the fact that we had a large population base to begin with. In other words, we are the largest population in the world because we have always been one of the largest populations in the world! Also, the reduction in death rate due to better nutrition and medical facilities and improved life expectancy since independence has also added to the overall size of the population. It is an important theme in GS I. Aspirants will find it relevant for Essays as well. With India becoming the most populous country, this topic becomes essential for UPSC preparation. Administration plays a vital role in societal transformation and in managing social change. Right now, major shifts are taking place in demographic patterns. Future bureaucrats will be change managers in that sense. Points to ponder: What are the major causes of overpopulation in India? What opportunities does a large population provide a nation? Is poverty the cause of population growth in India, or vice versa? What has been India's population policy since independence? What are some government schemes addressing the population growth challenge? How to critically assess India's population control policy? Is empowering women key to population control? Refer: Population and associated issues Illiteracy continues to pose a substantial burden on the nation despite several years of independence due to its multifaceted impact on various aspects of society. The literacy rate in the country is overall 74.04 per cent, 82.14 for males and 65.46 for females, as per the 2011 census. While the country has made significant progress in improving literacy over the years, it continues to be home to 313 million illiterate people; 59 per cent of whom are women. It is heartbreaking that 17.8 per cent of males and a staggering 34.5 per cent of females do not have basic literacy even after 75 years of independence. While literacy and education are related concepts, they are distinct from each other. Literacy focuses specifically on the ability to read, write, and communicate through written language. It is a fundamental skill that enables individuals to access, understand, and convey information. On the other hand, education is a broader concept encompassing a wide range of learning experiences and knowledge acquisition. Education includes formal schooling, but it extends beyond the classroom to encompass the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes through informal learning processes. Education, thus, encompasses a broader range of cognitive, social, and intellectual development. Points to ponder: How adult illiteracy and child illiteracy differ in terms of challenges? What is the impact of this digital divide on education in India? What are India's various initiatives towards increasing literacy rate, including education policies? Refer: Society and Social Justice — Literacy and associated issues According to 2024 data, over the past 15 years, a total of 94 people have died while cleaning sewers in Delhi. However, among the 75 cases for which records are available, only one has led to a conviction in court, as revealed by an investigation conducted by The Indian Express using data obtained under the Right to Information (RTI) Act. In this context, it is important to understand the broader issue of manual scavenging in India. It highlights critical concerns such as caste discrimination, human rights, sanitation, and government policies. Understanding this issue is essential for addressing contemporary challenges related to inclusive development and social justice. This topic is also relevant for essay writing and current affairs, making it important for candidates preparing for their personality tests. Points to ponder: What is manual scavenging? What are the legislative and policy measures taken by the government to eradicate manual scavenging? Why is manual scavenging still prevalent in India? What measures should be taken to eliminate manual scavenging in India? Refer: Manual Scavenging in India The issue of employment has been at the heart of economic policy discussions, especially in recent decades when the link between economic growth and employment generation has social dimension too. This topic has various dimensions: factual – reflected through surveys, government reports and think tank data and analytical- based on experts' analysis and debates revolving around them. One may have to make a note of important definitions and terminologies, data and changing trends along with connecting the dots with other related issues. Points to ponder: What is unemployment or who is an unemployed person? Is unemployment synonymous with joblessness? What are its causes? How is unemployment measured? What are the different types of unemployment, and why is it important to know about different forms? Why is youth unemployment seen as a major problem today? What are the various consequences of unemployment? What have been some of the measures or policy initiatives taken to control unemployment? Is AI going to be the new age cause of unemployment? How does the global economy affect national employment? 'Wages are the worry, not just unemployment.' Discuss. Refer: Unemployment and associated issues Dileep P Chandran writes: 'The Uttarakhand government implements the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) on Monday, becoming the first state in independent India to put into effect such a law. The UCC has been debated since the inception of the Indian Constitution. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has justified his government's efforts to formulate a 'secular civil code' by quoting Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and K.M. Munshi's statements made in the Constituent Assembly on November 23, 1948. Let's revisit how the Constituent Assembly debated the UCC, and what was the stance of noted figures on it. Reflecting on the extensive process of creating one of the world's largest written Constitutions, particularly on the Constituent Assembly debate on the UCC, allows us to appreciate how the framers of the Constitution built consensus despite political, cultural, religious, ideological, and other differences.' The Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (CCPA) on April 30 approved the inclusion of caste data in the upcoming population census. Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw made the announcement, underscoring the constitutional framework that makes Census a Union subject. The move revives a long-standing debate over caste-based enumeration and its use in governance, policy, and politics. In this context, it becomes essential for aspirants to understand caste and census from a broader perspective relevant for their upcoming exams. Irfanullah Farooqi writes: 'Following its social, economic, educational, employment, and political caste survey, the Telangana government is considering extending to the 14 Muslim groups similar benefits and schemes that it is planning for the BCs, SCs, and STs in the state. However, the BJP objects to it, saying the reservation is being proposed based on religion. These issues bring the spotlight back not only to the caste system but also to caste identity and caste-based politics. It calls for a deeper examination of India's caste system, specifically exploring how caste identity today is framed around the newer aspirational economic and political landscapes.' Point to ponder: Various features of the caste system in India, such as endogamy, hierarchy, and segmental division of society, operate along purity-pollution binary. Evaluate. What does caste identity mean in our times? What new theoretical frameworks do we have at our disposal to document shifts in that respect? Refer: A look at caste through Sanskritisation, politics, and identity From Caste to its Census: What you must know for UPSC Exam Gender is one of the most critical issues today, with wide-ranging implications across society. In India, empowering women in the startup ecosystem means tackling entrenched gender norms that often limit their autonomy—even in elected roles. Despite government initiatives like Startup India and milestones such as the 30th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration, gaps persist in education, leadership, agriculture, nutrition, and reproductive rights. The feminisation of agriculture, for instance, hasn't yet translated into greater decision-making power. Meanwhile, women continue to face inequality in access to nutrition and maternity benefits, highlighting the need for urgent, systemic reforms to close the gender gap. Points to ponder: Does the nature of a woman's business venture influence her societal and familial status? What factors contribute to the low female labor force participation rate in India, and how can entrepreneurship help address this issue? There are noted variations in state-level performance with regard to women's nutritional status. What does this say about the role of governance and socio-cultural context in improving gendered nutrition outcomes? Refer: Maternity benefits integral to right to life, health and equality What gender gap lens reveals about declining fertility rate For women, nutrition is not just about food but a socio-cultural construct How to ensure women empowerment in India's startup ecosystem How can feminisation of agriculture empower women? Urbanisation is the shift of populations from rural to urban areas, transforming not just landscapes but also social, economic, and cultural dynamics. It involves city expansion, rising population density, and increased demand for jobs, education, healthcare, and infrastructure. Urban areas, defined by their developed infrastructure and non-agricultural economies, contrast sharply with rural regions. As cities grow, managing the challenges of urbanisation calls for coordinated efforts from governments, NGOs, and citizens alike. Expect questions revolving around challenges and solutions. Points to ponder: How has urbanisation effected family, caste, women, village life and other social institutions? What is the way forward for city management and urban governance? Often seen in academic papers is the term 'Rurbanisation'. What is it and why is it being discussed? Refer: Society & Social Justice — Urbanisation and associated issues Ritwika Patgiri writes: 'The Union government has for the first time allowed the use of bike taxis through aggregators, subject to state government approval. The move is seen as bringing some relief to bike taxi operators, especially in states like Karnataka where a recent ban on bike taxis had reportedly stripped thousands of gig workers of their primary source of income. A significant number of bike taxi riders come from economically weaker backgrounds such as students, former daily-wage workers, and women who have returned to work post-pandemic. Riders claim that the flexibility and accessibility of the profession have made it a viable source of income in regions where formal employment opportunities are limited.' Point to ponder: What distinguishes gig work from traditional employment in terms of labour rights and protections? The classification of gig workers as 'self-employed' is considered problematic. Why? How have states like Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Telangana responded differently to the challenges faced by gig workers? Gig work is seen as especially significant for women in India and across the Global South. Do you agree? Support your answers with examples. Refer: How gig workers struggle between flexibility and insecurity Dileep P Chandran writes: 'Regionalism is an ambiguous concept that has both positive and negative connotations. In a positive sense, it denotes people's appreciation for their culture, language, region, etc. with a view to maintain an independent identity. In a negative sense, it implies excessive attachment to one's region, which may pose a threat to unity and integrity of the nation. In both cases, regionalism reflects a shared sense of identity among people in a specific geographical area. It often originates among groups in particular areas due to distinct ethnic, linguistic, economic and cultural consciousness.' Point to ponder: How do cultural, ethnic, religious, or linguistic identities influence regionalist aspirations in India? How did the concept of regionalism evolve in India following independence, particularly in relation to linguistic identity? Refer: Understanding regionalism — India's approach to managing diverse identities Ritwika Patgiri writes: 'The year 2025 marks two decades since the implementation of MGNREGS, which aimed to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to one member of every Indian rural household. The scheme was implemented against the backdrop of declining real agricultural wages after the 1991 economic liberalisation. MGNREGS (based on MGNREG Act, 2005) also came against the backdrop of rural development policies shaped for poverty reduction and capital formation. The scheme sustained over the years, and notably during Covid-19 lockdown absorbed a large number of returning migrant workers. However, in recent years, the scheme faced issues such as inadequate budget allocation and delayed wage disbursement. As of 2018-19, only 7.4 per cent of rural households, on average, availed of 100 days of work. In 2023-24, an average MGNREGS household worked only for 52 days.' Point to ponder: Examine the impact of the recent cap 60 per cent on MGNREGS spending on rural employment and livelihoods. What do you think could be the possible implications of spending cap on the scheme? Despite growth in agriculture, rural workers continue to face employment challenges. Discuss the structural issues underlying this paradox. Refer: What is driving rural distress in India? Ritwika Patgiri writes: 'Migration is seen as an important component of socio-economic development. The 2011 Census estimates that 37% of India's population comprises internal migrants, an increase from 31% in 2001. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) has also reported a rise in the migration rate from 25% in 1993 to 29% in 2007-08. In the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2020-21, the migration rate was estimated at 28.9%. While this indicates an overall increase in the migration rate, defined as the percentage of migrants in the population, understanding India's migration story requires a deeper engagement with data that captures its various dimensions.' Irfanullah Farooqi writes: 'One of the most talked about features of globalisation is movement. However, to study movement not merely as a feature but as a consequence of globalisation, it is better to use the term migration. While migration has been part and parcel of human civilisation for as long as one can remember, its reasons have varied across time and space. People migrated for food, livelihood, a more assuring sense of community, prosperity, or to escape persecution, among other reasons.' Points to ponder: What factors have contributed to the increase in India's internal migration rate over the past two decades? How does the rise in internal migration impact socio-economic development at the national and regional levels? What challenges do migrants face after moving to urban areas, and how can these be addressed? Refer: Internal migrants drive development but 'better life' remains elusive for them How urban migration is redefining womanhood and kinship UPSC Mains 2025 Revision: Top 15 Polity and Governance topics UPSC Mains 2025 Revision Checklist: Top 15 International Relations topics UPSC Mains 2025 Revision Checklist: Top 15 Science and technology topics UPSC Mains 2025 Revision Checklist: Top 15 Economy topics aspirants shouldn't miss What are 'directive words' in a UPSC Mains question paper and how do they help in scoring well? How to write effective answers for UPSC Mains Exam : 3 steps and 5 FAQsUPSC Mains UPSC Mains 2025 Ethics Paper Revision Checklist: Top 15 ethical issues aspirants shouldn't miss for theory and case studies Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – Indian Express UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X. Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for July 2025.
India.com
17 hours ago
- India.com
Meet gorgeous UPSC topper Poorva Chaudhary, who turns heads for her model-like beauty, she got selected as..., her AIR rank was...
UPSC Civil Services Examination is one of the toughest fields in India. A lot of these candidates are respected for their commitment and willingness to 'crack open' the exam. At the same time, among the aspirants who dominate attention are those who stand out as much for their personality and looks as for their keen minds. One of the names is Poorva Choudhary, who bagged AIR 533 in UPSC CSE 2024. She got half the country talking not only for cracking the exam but also about her charm and style too. So, what's her story? Let's dive in. Poorva Choudhary's roots in Rajasthan Poorva, a resident of Bolawali village in Rajasthan's Hanumangarh district, has her maternal home in Bhadra. Her father, Omprakash Saharan, is an officer in the Rajasthan Administrative Service (RAS). From childhood, Apoorva was known for her disciplined lifestyle and dedication. Along with her intelligence, she has also been admired for her personality. She is related to the region's current MLA, Sanjeev Beniwal. What is Poorva Choudhary's education qualification? Apoorva did her schooling at St. Xavier's School. After completing school, she moved to Delhi for higher education. She pursued her graduation from Lady Shri Ram College for Women (LSR), Delhi University. During her college years, she always dreamt of joining the Civil Services, and soon after graduation, she began preparing seriously for the UPSC Civil Services Examination. Poorva Choudhary's UPSC journey The journey of preparing for UPSC was not easy for Poorva. But she kept herself motivated and trusted her abilities. Her hard work finally paid off when she cleared the UPSC CSE 2024 with an All India Rank of 533. In the recently released cadre allocation list, Apoorva has been selected for the Indian Police Service (IPS). Poorva Choudhary's life on social media In addition to her accomplishments, Poorva also has a strong social media presence. She has approximately 49.4 k followers on Instagram, where she posts her pictures, musings and snippet of her life. Her posts regularly garner thousands of likes and comments. Today, Apoorva Choudhary serves as a role model for the youth aspiring to juggle between career and personality development. She's beautiful, yes, but more importantly, for the diligence and talent t,hat enabled her to succeed in one of India's most competitive examinations.
Indian Express
a day ago
- Indian Express
UPSC Mains 2025 Ethics Paper Revision Checklist: Top 15 ethical issues aspirants shouldn't miss for theory and case studies
Are You Mains Ready? With the UPSC CSE Mains 2025 beginning on August 22, Ethics paper is one which requires your special attention testing not just your ethical content but also writing skills. That's not all. UPSC has also been focusing on contemporary issues and raising ethical questions for candidates alongside conceptual themes. On closer observation, it appears that some recurring themes are indirectly related to the ethical dimensions of current affairs, even if UPSC does not mention them explicitly in the questions. Therefore, the least that is expected from a candidate is to be aware of the burning issues in the social, political, cultural, and economic spheres, and to be able to view them through an ethical lens. In a significant development, a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court reserved its interim order on managing the stray dog population in the National Capital Region (NCR). The court's move follows close on the heels of another bench's suo motu proceedings, which directed the relocation of stray dogs from public streets to designated shelters. The directive has sparked protests, particularly from dog lovers and animal welfare groups. Where is this heading? Only time will tell. But beyond the legal and logistical debates, a deeper question remains: What does true compassion look like? Be prepared to have your ethics tested — especially when comparing two simultaneous events through the lens of compassion. Recently, many lives were lost in the Uttarakhand landslide. But did cities like Delhi come together in empathy? Do we protest when one human hurts another? Do we cry out when stray dogs attack a child on the street? Why is compassion not a social behavior? So, isn't it time we reclaim compassion—not as a rare virtue, but as a defining trait of our humanity? Loving animals is human. But loving people, especially the elderly, the poor, and the vulnerable, is human too. Because compassion should never be selective. These are questions worth asking and you are not expected to take any side but reflect. Points to ponder: 1. When it comes to public policy, how can balance between compassion for animals and human safety and welfare be ensured? 2. How should a civil servant ensure that compassion plays an important role in decision-making during crises? Refer: Can compassion bridge the gap between humans and animals? A few months ago, when Infosys founder, Narayan Murthy talked about working seventy hours a week to fulfill the dream of a developed India, a debate erupted across the country about working hours. The chairman of Larsen & Toubro, SN Subrahmanyan, even said that if it were up to him, he would like to see his employees in the office even on Sundays—and not just for seventy hours, but for ninety hours a week. This debate has impacted the work-life balance of every employee who leaves for the office at 8 a.m. and returns home around 8 or 9 p.m.—a twelve-hour workday. And even at home, WhatsApp and phone calls keep him connected to the office. Work as a duty has ethical foundations. Work is worship, and it has been taught to all of us. But what about the modern day work-life? Why are work-life balance and leadership's role in fostering a healthy, productive, and humane work culture essential for work ethics? The debate also involves 'productivity vs. pressure', 'quantity vs. quality', role of leadership, stress, health, and the imbalance we ignore etc. when seeing work-life balance from the prism of work culture and work ethics. Points to ponder: 1. What is the link between work-life balance and work ethics? 2. The ethical case for work-life balance goes beyond just time management. How? Refer: Why is work-life balance vital for a healthy work culture? Why is it so easy to copy and so difficult to give credit to the people or cultures behind an idea? A traditional Indian craft that left both an aesthetic and commercial footprint in Milan is hitting the headlines. These are the Kolhapuri chappals we all are familiar with. But what has disappointed many is that a well known brand, Prada failed to initially acknowledge the geographical origin and original artisans behind the Kolhapuri design. Instead of giving the due credit to the deserving, Prada added a vague note: 'Inspired by traditional Indian footwear.' On any ethics meter it is disrespectful and questions the integrity of an international brand. The creative world has long battled issues of credit and originality. Today, we even have software to detect plagiarism and agencies to investigate such misconduct. So why is it so hard for people to think ethically before engaging in acts of malfeasance? Think on the lines of trust, credit, cultural integrity, and what it means when ethics are forgotten. Points to ponder: 1. If someone is engaging in sophistry or behaving insidiously, how should we view their actions? 2. To what extent does the Prada–Kolhapuri chappals controversy highlight issues of cultural appropriation and ethical oversight in global branding? Refer: The Prada–Kolhapuri chappals controversy: A case study in ethical branding 'Be you ever so high, the law is above you'. An incident in the news that has shocked both the legal world and society needs an ethical lens. The Supreme Court formally recommended the transfer of a Judge to his parent High Court following a fire at his residence on March 14. What turned the blaze into a national spectacle? Allegations that bundles of burnt currency were found in his home. Episodes like these challenge the collective integrity of institutions and society; they test not just individuals, but the entire framework of trust. And that is the underlying truth we must grasp when analyzing such news in the media. Moreover, as a student of ethics who is expected to lead an ethical public life, you are expected to closely observe such incidents through a moral lens. In such cases, you must ask—or UPSC might, indirectly, without mentioning the incident—its most popular ethics-style question: in the grand theatre of law and justice, what role does ethics really play? Even the Supreme Court recently reminded all of us about public trust and constitutional oath through a recent case related to the power of Governors to deal with Bills presented to them. The Court said, 'Hence, any action contrary to the express choice of the people, in other words, the state legislature, would be a renege of the constitutional oath…We find it apposite to observe that constitutional authorities occupying high office must be guided by the values of the constitution.' Point to ponder: What is the cornerstone of judicial integrity? Refer: What is the cornerstone of judicial integrity? The Ranveer Allahbadia controversy made headlines, news and noise. Apart from other things, the debate also revolved around a basic ethical question which is more relevant in today's time: Does being an influencer mean 'Free Thinking' minus the 'Values'? The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 19) states, 'Everyone has the right to freedom and opinion.' In simple ways, it affirms the right to freedom of expression but where to draw the moral boundaries? Morality in communication is similar to morality elsewhere, the ones which we have been reading and writing in the Ethics simplified series since the beginning. Family values in moral communication are an integral part too. Immoral communication can often be subjective and culturally relative, but universal values still exist. One of these values is human dignity, as well as the relationship between parents and children, which forms the foundation of family values. The YouTuber's comments challenged these values and sparked concern about the impact of online content on children. This incident also reminds us of the growing influence of social media and how it impacts our daily lives. If the expressions of influencers are the new 'normal' of the online world, are we ready for this shift? Point to ponder: Are the influencers' expressions merely reflections of society, or are they shaping it? Refer: Core of the Ranveer Allahbadia row: Who is an Influencer—and who isn't? The recent talks between the US and Ukrainian presidents have drawn global attention, sparking questions about whether this is the right approach for leaders to address a situation that continues to impact lives. Should leaders revisit the ethics of International Relations? How should global leadership address war or talk to opposing parties in conflicts? Many would argue that it should be with a combination of national interest, strategic foresight, and sharp diplomacy. After all, it is an opportunity to show that you are a 'world leader.' Is it? There are many aspects of ethics in international relations. We shall address the most urgent one today. When we discuss the ethics of war—jus ad bellum (when it's just to go to war) and jus in bello (how war should be conducted)—both emerge as perennial issues. In practice, we often focus on international diplomacy in these discussions, but perhaps we should begin by asking global leaders a more fundamental question: what is the moral ground for war? It's time for the heads of the states to revisit the basics of ethics in international relations. How can we shift the conversation of world leaders toward emphasizing peace over conflict in the context of ethics in international relations by reevaluating the fundamental principles that guide diplomatic interactions? Point to ponder: How can world leaders employ ethical principles to resolve global conflicts and prevent wars? Refer: What should world leaders know about ethics in International Relations? Whether it is Russia-Ukraine or the Middle East – wars have been in constant news. But it is not enough to read about the ongoing wars from the newspapers and update your current affairs notes. Go beyond the headlines and add an ethical dimension to your we justify war? Does Ethics have any role to play in any war? We saw our country too facing a conflict, yet again—one defined by terrorism and uncertainty. In response to terrorism, our armed forces carried out an unparalleled mission—Operation Sindoor—which successfully destroyed numerous terrorist hideouts. India stood united, demonstrating a powerful surge of patriotic fervour in one voice. Undoubtedly, the Indian Armed Forces once again proved to the world that a soldier embodies patriotism, and patriotism lives through the soldier. In India, patriotism wears a uniform. The daily press conferences served as a testament to this truth. A soldier is trained to fight and defend the nation—and, without hesitation, is prepared to lay down his or her life for the protection of the motherland. But what about the civilians? It is also important to address another pressing issue — unity and brotherhood in times of adversity, especially in the wake of the Pahalgam terror attacks. Point to ponder: What is patriotism? Is there a difference between the patriotism of a soldier and that of a civilian? Discuss. Discuss: 'Never think that war, no matter how necessary, nor how justified, is not a crime.' — Ernest Hemingway, 1946 Environment and ethics is one of the most important areas that we must be prepared to answer. One of the worrisome issues every year is air pollution. Let's try to see this dark world of man-created pollution. For a farmer, their fields, gardens, and nests are that piece of land under the open sky. Now the question is whether it is fair to put all the blame on them for that stubble burning. Many industries are using garbage for generating energy and thus helping the people and environment. Why can we not create a system through a public-private partnership to buy all Stubble from farmers in advance? Is it so difficult? We have witnessed the goodness in decision-making for human beings at the time of COVID when vaccination became a possibility for the whole nation. Recently the Supreme Court asked whether children of tenth and twelfth have different kinds of lungs. The Supreme Court asked all state governments in Delhi & NCR to close the schools. Why do we wait for the Supreme Court to take all calls for goodness and humanity too? Is compassion and care not a part of ethical decision-making at various levels in institutions? If yes, why then wait for the judiciary to intervene? Compassionate governance for a developing country like India is a must and decision-making must be done with a steadfast approach to human relationships. Law can be coded in letter and spirit by courts but general compassion and care have to be part of governance and normal life. Point to ponder: What ethical responsibilities do we owe future generations when it comes air quality? Refer: Why applying ethics to air pollution is the need of the hour? What fosters India's unity in diversity, bringing us all closer and making us happier? One answer to this question is — the culture of sports. The sports culture undoubtedly unifies us all, across lines of age, gender, class, religion, caste, socio-economic status, educational qualifications, and against all biases in our society. So the obvious questions that you must have answers when talking about sports ethics: Can sports entertain and enlighten? Can sports be a mirror of moral values? Also, what does sportsmanship mean for all those who are watching a sport? What must also be kept in mind that There was an unfortunate tragedy just after the IPL this year. The Bengaluru stampede, where joy turned tragic at the he cost of celebration. And yes, cricket won, but it would have been a great celebration if those lives had been saved. And more so if the celebration had paused and that sensitivity and urgency had emerged. Points to ponder: 1. Is sports more than a game — A reflection of ethics and the human spirit? Discuss. 2. Sports also teach us righteousness and responsible ways to handle defeat. Do the spectators across the globe and even in our country have shown that kind of maturity on the edge of defeat? What lessons of self-conduct do we take in times of failure or especially when we are victorious? Refer: What does IPL offer beyond entertainment, glamour and money? How should spectators behave according to sports ethics? Our society should be deeply rooted in the constitutional values that ensure the protection of the common citizen while paving a clear path for policies designed to uplift the nation. Constitution Day is not merely a commemoration; it is a profound reminder of our shared duty to uphold the ideals of freedom, equality, fraternity, and justice. It is a call to remember that the Constitution exists for the people, guaranteeing them safety, dignity, and a fair chance in a thriving, inclusive democracy like India. As we celebrate 75 years of the Indian Constitution, we witness an evolution in the very essence of justice. The image of the Goddess of Justice no longer requires a sword to enforce authority or a blindfold to signify impartiality. As former Chief Justice of India remarked, the law must not remain blind. Instead, it must gaze openly and equally upon all citizens, ensuring justice is administered with clarity, empathy, and fairness. This should lead us to think : Why must we embody these values, not just in actions but in ethical spirit? True justice does not reside in the vestiges of colonial legacies but in the relentless pursuit of civil rights and the moral compass outlined by our Constitution. For civil servants, this is not just an aspiration—it is a mandate. Their role is to work with integrity, selflessness, and unwavering commitment to the welfare of ordinary citizens. Constitutional values are the foundation of a just society, ensuring dignity, fairness, and equality for all, irrespective of identity. These values are not abstract ideals; they are the lifeblood of society. Integrity shapes public trust, and ethical decisions grounded in constitutional values manifest the democratic ideals we strive to uphold. These constitutional values indispensable. Also take a moment to remember the journey of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and how it offers profound lessons in justice and equality. Point to ponder: What ethical standards should civil servants hold themselves to in order to maintain the integrity of the Constitution, especially in a diverse democracy like India? Discuss in the light of Ambedkar's remark that a Constitution is only as good as the people who implement it. Refer: What should Civil Services aspirants know about constitutional values in contemporary times? No matter how difficult an issue is to be viewed through the lens of ethics, knowing the basics is most important. In reference to Ethics, Aptitude, and Integrity (GS Paper 4), understanding values is crucial not only for your exams but also for life in general. When it comes to aspiring for civil services, the foundational values of civil services should not be overlooked by an aspirant. News on corruption in bureaucracy is very common that you come across. At the same time there is no lack of success and positive stories of ethical civil servants. We must look for them too. The Indian Civil Service stands as a cornerstone of our democracy, deeply rooted in ethical values that ensure not only efficiency at work but also pave a clear path for service aimed at uplifting the nation, its institutions, and individuals. While searching for cardinal values in human life and governance, one often wonders whether they are different from each other — or if human life is somehow separate from the life of a civil servant. But before diving into this deeper question on ethics, one must start with the basics. The role of values in objective and ethical decision-making is huge in a life of a civil servant. Empathy, integrity, and commitment in public service is pre-requisite to remain true to one's job. Becoming a civil servant with integrity and purpose is what every candidate should eye for. These are some of the values in governance and life of a civil servant that aspirants are expected to know. Point to ponder: How are universal human values foundational to civil services as well? Discuss two such values with examples from the life of a civil servant. Refer: What are the foundational values of civil services? What makes a civil servant ethical? Ethical considerations and robust governance frameworks are essential as technology advances rapidly. Cybersecurity is the biggest challenge that the world faces today. Rising crime (financial fraud, identity theft, ransomware etc.) and weak regulatory framework doesn't just pose problems on governance level but is an ethical issue to be addressed. Ethical considerations extend to various facets of technology, including data privacy, surveillance, cybersecurity, intellectual property rights, and the digital divide. Dr BVR Mohan Reddy, founder chairman of Cyient, a multinational tech firm said (as reported in The Indian Express) that robust frameworks are 'essential for building trust, promoting equitable access, and safeguarding the well-being of individuals and society as a whole'. Noting that Artificial intelligence (AI) is a plausible 'ethical minefield', Dr Reddy added, 'AI algorithms possess tremendous power, capable of making critical decisions that impact our lives… The ethical dilemma lies in ensuring that these AI systems are fair, unbiased, and accountable. We must prevent the perpetuation of discrimination, preserve human dignity, and ensure transparency in AI decision-making by holding AI systems accountable for their actions…' Aspirants are expected to address concerns such as bias, privacy, security, and accountability. No one denies the power of technology to transform lives but recognising the ethical dilemmas is equally important. Point to ponder: In an increasingly digital world, how should ethical principles guide the handling of cybersecurity challenges? Can politics and ethics go hand in hand? This topic will always be relevant. As you know well, we are living in an age of politics. For Chanakya, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers, politics has been a central subject of discussion and even today it easily occupies the cognitive space of mortals. There is something unique even in a country like ours. People love to absorb themselves in political analysis and rarely refrain from passing any political opinion. However, for a bureaucrat, it is not the same. They keep a distance while in service to comment or pass an opinion, and focus more on becoming a bridge between politics and public or policies and benefits. Ideally we must firmly believe that politics and ethics can go together, particularly in a democracy like India or other democratic countries. However, there have been several incidents after independence in India and even globally which asserts this conviction a bit faintly. Point to ponder: Doing politics is different from being in politics. Do you agree? Do ethics and politics belong to different worlds? Refer: Politics and ethics: The concept This isn't a standalone topic. It is the most recurring theme in the paper. Ethical issues related to gender in India span across social, economic, political, legal, and cultural dimensions. A closer analysis reveals that they are deeply rooted in inequalities and moral questions about fairness, autonomy, justice, and dignity. Gender-based violence, female foeticide, pay gap and job inequality, political underrepresentation, personal law disparities, transgender marginalization, workplace harassment, menstrual stigma, and caste-gender intersection are a few examples. These gender issues raise many core ethical concerns: dignity, justice, bodily autonomy, health rights, safety, respect, right to life, fairness, economic justice, equality, participatory justice, inclusion, etc. Expect a question that may directly test your ethical response to a situation-based topic in the news (possibly through a case study) or a general question assessing your ethical foundations on gender issues. Point to ponder: Discuss the ethical challenges related to gender equality in India. How can public servants promote fairness and dignity across gender issues? There are several evolving ethical issues in parent–children relationships in today's time. These are mostly shaped by rapid social, cultural, and technological changes. These issues often revolve around autonomy, control, privacy, generational conflict, and value systems. Academic pressure and the mental health of children, neglect or abandonment of elderly parents, overparenting or helicopter parenting, enforcing choices, digital disconnect and value gaps, gender bias in parenting, and raising children in a materialistic world are some of the key concerns. Every day, the newspaper carries at least one headline mentioning a tragic episode related to one of the above issues. Deeply rooted in the society we live in, these issues require an ethical perspective. Point to ponder: What are the ethical responsibilities of parents in nurturing values and autonomy in their children in today's rapidly changing society? UPSC Mains 2025 Revision: Top 15 Polity and Governance topics UPSC Mains 2025 Revision Checklist: Top 15 International Relations topics UPSC Mains 2025 Revision Checklist: Top 15 Science and technology topics UPSC Mains 2025 Revision Checklist: Top 15 Economy topics aspirants shouldn't miss What are 'directive words' in a UPSC Mains question paper and how do they help in scoring well? How to write effective answers for UPSC Mains Exam : 3 steps and 5 FAQs Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – Indian Express UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X. Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for July 2025.
