James Webb Space Telescope captures ghostly images of clouds on Saturn's largest moon Titan
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission.
The James Webb Space Telescope has peered into the atmosphere of Saturn's largest moon Titan, capturing the first evidence of cloud formation in this moon's northern hemisphere. Titan is the second largest moon in the solar system, right behind Jupiter's Ganymede.
A team of scientists pointed the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) at Titan in November of 2022 and July of 2023. With some help from the twin telescopes at the W.M. Keck Observatory on the dormant Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii, the JWST found evidence of cloud convection, the process through which warmer air rises and brings moisture upward to form clouds. Clouds have been seen in Titan's southern hemisphere before, but never in the northern hemisphere, where most of the moon's seas and lakes are found.
Titan has lakes and seas of liquid methane, and the moon features dynamic weather patterns just like our own planet does. That makes it unique among all of the other celestial bodies in our cosmic neighborhood, scientists say. "Titan is the only other place in our solar system that has weather like Earth, in the sense that it has clouds and rainfall onto a surface," said Conor Nixon of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and lead author of a new study about Titan's weather, in a statement.
These new observations of Titan were made during the moon's summer season. NASA's Cassini–Huygens spacecraft studied Titan between 2004 and 2017 and observed cloud convection during late summer months in the southern hemisphere, but this new study is the first to watch this phenomenon during summer in Titan's northern hemisphere.
Scientists say the new data could help solve some of the outstanding mysteries about Titan. "Together with ground-based observations, Webb is giving us precious new insights into Titan's atmosphere, that we hope to be able to investigate much closer-up in the future with a possible ESA mission to visit the Saturn system," said the European Space Agency's Thomas Cornet, a co-author of the new study.
In addition to watching clouds form in the moon's northern hemisphere, the data gathered by the JWST's observations of Titan also helped identify a "key missing piece" of the moon's chemistry: a new organic molecule known as a methyl radical that has a "free," or unbonded, electron.
Because the lakes and seas on Titan are filled with methane, this compound is a key component of many of the moon's chemical processes. Sunlight and electrons from nearby Saturn split methane molecules in Titan's atmosphere, where they then combine with other molecules to make more complex substances.
Scientists are thrilled about this discovery of methyl radical in Titan's atmosphere, as it offers a window into these active chemical processes as they occur.
"For the first time we can see the chemical cake while it's rising in the oven, instead of just the starting ingredients of flour and sugar, and then the final, iced cake," said astrochemist and study co-author Stefanie Milam of the Goddard Space Flight Center, in a NASA statement.
RELATED STORIES:
— Surf's up! Liquid methane waves on Saturn moon Titan may erode shores of alien lakes and rivers
— There's liquid on Titan, Saturn's largest moon. But something's missing and scientists are confused
— NASA's Dragonfly nuclear-powered helicopter clears key hurdle ahead of 2028 launch toward huge Saturn moon Titan
But the story won't end here, as scientists still want to know more about Titan and its chemistry. While the Cassini-Huygens mission revealed a great deal about the moon, nothing can surpass actually sending a spacecraft onto the moon itself to perform in-situ, or on-location, science.
To accomplish this, NASA is planning the ambitious Dragonfly mission, which will send a nuclear-powered octocopter onto the surface of Titan, where it will spend three years "hopping" from location to location and studying the moon's chemistry. Dragonfly is scheduled to launch atop a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket in 2028, and reach the Titan in 2034, if all goes according to plan.
Dragonfly recently passed its Critical Design Review test, meaning it can now move on to being manufactured. The explorer will study Titan's potential habitability, seeking out signs of prebiotic chemistry as well as keeping a robotic eye out for any signs of life.
A study of the summer atmosphere of Titan's northern hemisphere has been published in the journal Nature Astronomy.
Try Our AI Features
Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:
Comments
No comments yet...
Related Articles
Yahoo
20 minutes ago
- Yahoo
65 Absolutely Breaktaking Historical Pictures That Will Completely And Totally Change Your Perspective On The Universe
is a picture of Earth from ONE HOUR ago: Do you see yourself? this is a picture of Mars that was taken THIS WEEK: Weather looks nicer than New York City, not going to lie. is how big Earth is compared to Jupiter's Great Red Spot: I would hesitate to call that giant thing a "spot." It's disrespectful to Big Jupey. of which, the Great Red Spot on Jupiter is shrinking: According to NASA, "Some unknown activity in the planet's atmosphere may be draining energy and weakening the storm, causing it to shrink." while we're talkin' Jupiter, this is what Jupiter would look like if it were as close as the moon: Petition to replace the moon with Jupiter. Get on it, Biden. is what the Korean penisula — North Korea on top, South Korea on bottom – looks like from space: That arrow is pointing to Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. 2001, there was a huge dust storm on Mars that obscured the whole planet from the outside: Imagine leaving your windows open on Mars that day. is what Florida looks like from space: To paraphrase Carl Sagan: Every Floridian you love, every Floridian who has robbed a gas station, every Floridian who has unwisely kept an exotic animal as a pet, every Floridian who has ever been seriously hurt flying off a jump in a backyard go-kart accident, has lived out their lives on that peninsula. this is what the Himalayas look like from International Space Station: Not so tall now, are you! is the last image NASA's InSight rover sent from Mars before running out of power at the end of its mission last December: we're on the subject, this is the last picture the Mars Opportunity rover took: Well, one of the final few. Goodnight, sweet prince. is what a volcano erupting looks like from space: Neat! to scale, is how far apart the Milky Way galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy are: FYI, the Milky Way is about 100,000 light-years across. is how big Earth is compared to Saturn: Earth is PUNY. this is how big the Moon and Pluto's moon Charon are compared to the Earth: You know what? I'm glad that puny little dwarf planet doesn't count as a planet anymore. is what Antarctica looks like from space: Read more about how this image was made here. is what the inside of a 1970s spacesuit looked like: Specially the Russian Orlan suit. Looks comfortable and not horrifying at all! can see volcanic eruptions on Jupiter's moon Io from space: Some are large enough to be seen from Earth, too. of IO, here's a picture of one of the moon's most unique mountains, named "Steeple Mountain:" It's about four miles high. is what the Pacific Ocean looks like from space: There are at least ten fish pictured here. is a picture of Pluto and its moons taken in 2006... Related: 13 Tweets From Women This Week That Made Me Laugh So Hard I Might Need Medical Attention this is a much, much clearer picture of Pluto taken only a decade later, in 2015: By NASA's New Horizons spacecraft from 476,000 miles out. is what the Space Shuttle Endeavour looked like as it left Earth and traveled into orbit: It looks like a little toy. is what a typhoon looks like from space: Specifically, Super Typhoon Maysak in 2015. picture was taken shortly after David Scott and Neil Armstrong's Gemini 8 space capsule landed in the Pacific Ocean: Some cool-looking extra-terrestrial dudes. is what the United Kingdom looked like from space during the winter of 2010: Likes like one of those Games of Thrones. is what a sunset looks like from space: Hmmm. Is this more or less impressive than the sunset your mom has as the background on her iPhone lock screen? Weigh in on this in the comments, please. Feb. 7, 1984, Bruce McCandless II performed the first-ever untethered space walk, and folks, it looks absolutely terrifying: He used a jet-propelled backpack to maneuver around. It was apparently very, very cold. is a picture of the ice mountains of Pluto as seen from the New Horizons space probe: The photo is 230 miles across, to put things into perspective. is what New Zealand looks like from space: I think I see Tom Bombadil. is how big an average-sized comet is compared to Paris: Specifically the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet. Very chill, though. is a REAL picture of the moon crossing in front of the Earth: The image was taken by the DSCOVR spacecraft about a million miles away from Earth. Related: 18 People Who Took A Picture Of Something That — Oops — Is Super Dangerous is what a solar eclipse looks like from space: Like a pen blew up all over Earth. 1972, astronaut Charles Duke left behind a picture of his family on the moon's surface. It's been there ever since: The back of the photo reads, "This is the family of Astronaut Duke from Planet Earth, who landed on the Moon on the twentieth of April 1972." is how big everyone's favorite telescope, the Hubble Telescope, is: KRGEAC The Hubble Space Telescope at the Lockheed assembly plant 8913987 picture, taken in 1946, is one of the first images of Earth ever taken from space: It was captured from a 35-millimeter camera attached to a V-2 rocket. this is the first picture of Earth from the moon, taken in 1966 by Lunar Orbiter 1: Mars rovers are way, way bigger than you thought they were: This is the Perseverance rover. It's not a little RC car! is what a piece of the moon and a piece of Mars looks like: Read and see more here. are two of the earliest known photographs of Saturn and Jupiter, taken in the 19th century: probably familiar with the "Face on Mars," an image of a formation on Mars from the 1970s that launched a million conspiracy theories... this is what a much less blurry, much more recent photograph of that same "face" looks like: I still want to believe. is home to the tallest mountain in the solar system, the 72,000-foot-tall Olympus Mons: It's over 372 miles wide. That's bigger than Arizona. of Mars, this is what a sunset looks like on that there planet: Not as nice as Key West, but what are you gonna do. Martians make do. a bunch of trash left by humans on the moon. In fact, if you really want to know, there are 96 bags of human waste on that big pie in the sky: Now, THAT'S amore. might recognize Eugene from this iconic picture of his moon walk: recently captured one of the clearest pictures of Jupiter yet: Look at my boy Jupey! is the Willamette meteorite, the largest meteorite that's ever been found in the United States: It is the sixth largest in the world and weighs 15.5 tons. this is the Hoba meteorite, the largest meteorite on Earth: The largest that we know of, that is. It's located in Namibia. out on the edge of the Solar System is this big ol' hunk of rock called Ultima Thule, Arrokoth, or (486958) 2014 MU69 — the farthest thing from Earth humanity has ever "explored up close": Reminds me of two peanuts I ate earlier today. Those were some good peanuts. Aldrin took humanity's first "space selfie" while on a spacewalk in 1966: Never heard of a "space selfie"? Well, it's got its own Wikipedia page. is what the moon looks like in the Northern Hemisphere... this is what the moon looks like in the Southern Hemisphere. It's upside down: Well, I guess that just depends on the moon you lived your life with. is what Ireland looks like from space: I think I see Bono. finally, this is the statement President Jimmy Carter wrote and put aboard the Voyager 1 spacecraft, intended for any aliens the probe might encounter: It reads: "This Voyager spacecraft was constructed by the United States of America. We are a community of 240 million human beings among the more than 4 billion who inhabit the planet Earth. We human beings are still divided into nation states, but these states are rapidly becoming a single global civilization. "We cast this message into the cosmos. It is likely to survive a billion years into our future, when our civilization is profoundly altered and the surface of the Earth may be vastly changed. Of the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, some — perhaps many — may have inhabited planets and spacefaring civilizations. If one such civilization intercepts Voyager and can understand these recorded contents, here is our message: "This is a present from a small distant world, a token of our sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts, and our feelings. We are attempting to survive our time so we may live into yours. We hope someday, having solved the problems we face, to join a community of galactic civilizations. This record represents our hope and our determination, and our good will in a vast and awesome universe." is Eugene Cernan, who is, as of 2023, the last man to ever walk on the moon: He did it way back in 1972. It's been that long, folks! let's end by looking at the TRUE color of every planet in our solar system. This is what color Mercury really is: this is what Venus looks like to the naked eye: where you are, Earth, in true color: No surprise here. is what Mars looks like in real color: this is what Jupiter looks like without any filters: Saturn in all its true-color glory: this is Uranus in real color: Neptune in true color: finally, here's our little dwarf planet warrior, Pluto, in real color: Also in Internet Finds: The History We're Taught Is Wildly Sanitized, So Here 28 Disturbing Historical Events Everyone Should Be Aware Of Also in Internet Finds: Tattoo Artists Are Sharing The Tattoos They Felt REALLY Uncomfortable Doing, And I Have No Words Also in Internet Finds: "I've Worked In Various Prisons. I Will Take A Men's Over Women's Any Day Of The Week. Shit Is Scary": Former Female Inmates Are Sharing Their Most Disturbing Prison Experiences, And My Jaw Is Literally On The Floor
Buzz Feed
32 minutes ago
- Buzz Feed
65 Extremely Rare Historical Pictures That Will Completely And Totally Change Your Perspective On The Universe
This is a picture of Earth from ONE HOUR ago: Do you see yourself? And this is a picture of Mars that was taken THIS WEEK: Weather looks nicer than New York City, not going to lie. This is how big Earth is compared to Jupiter's Great Red Spot: I would hesitate to call that giant thing a "spot." It's disrespectful to Big Jupey. Speaking of which, the Great Red Spot on Jupiter is shrinking: According to NASA, "Some unknown activity in the planet's atmosphere may be draining energy and weakening the storm, causing it to shrink." And while we're talkin' Jupiter, this is what Jupiter would look like if it were as close as the moon: Petition to replace the moon with Jupiter. Get on it, Biden. This is what the Korean penisula — North Korea on top, South Korea on bottom – looks like from space: That arrow is pointing to Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. In 2001, there was a huge dust storm on Mars that obscured the whole planet from the outside: Imagine leaving your windows open on Mars that day. This is what Florida looks like from space: To paraphrase Carl Sagan: Every Floridian you love, every Floridian who has robbed a gas station, every Floridian who has unwisely kept an exotic animal as a pet, every Floridian who has ever been seriously hurt flying off a jump in a backyard go-kart accident, has lived out their lives on that peninsula. And this is what the Himalayas look like from International Space Station: Not so tall now, are you! This is the last image NASA's InSight rover sent from Mars before running out of power at the end of its mission last December: While we're on the subject, this is the last picture the Mars Opportunity rover took: Well, one of the final few. Goodnight, sweet prince. This is what a volcano erupting looks like from space: Neat! This, to scale, is how far apart the Milky Way galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy are: FYI, the Milky Way is about 100,000 light-years across. This is how big Earth is compared to Saturn: Earth is PUNY. And this is how big the Moon and Pluto's moon Charon are compared to the Earth: You know what? I'm glad that puny little dwarf planet doesn't count as a planet anymore. This is what Antarctica looks like from space: Read more about how this image was made here. This is what the inside of a 1970s spacesuit looked like: Specially the Russian Orlan suit. Looks comfortable and not horrifying at all! You can see volcanic eruptions on Jupiter's moon Io from space: Some are large enough to be seen from Earth, too. Speaking of IO, here's a picture of one of the moon's most unique mountains, named "Steeple Mountain:" It's about four miles high. This is what the Pacific Ocean looks like from space: There are at least ten fish pictured here. This is a picture of Pluto and its moons taken in 2006... And this is a much, much clearer picture of Pluto taken only a decade later, in 2015: By NASA's New Horizons spacecraft from 476,000 miles out. This is what the Space Shuttle Endeavour looked like as it left Earth and traveled into orbit: It looks like a little toy. This is what a typhoon looks like from space: Specifically, Super Typhoon Maysak in 2015. This picture was taken shortly after David Scott and Neil Armstrong's Gemini 8 space capsule landed in the Pacific Ocean: Some cool-looking extra-terrestrial dudes. This is what the United Kingdom looked like from space during the winter of 2010: Likes like one of those Games of Thrones. This is what a sunset looks like from space: Hmmm. Is this more or less impressive than the sunset your mom has as the background on her iPhone lock screen? Weigh in on this in the comments, please. On Feb. 7, 1984, Bruce McCandless II performed the first-ever untethered space walk, and folks, it looks absolutely terrifying: He used a jet-propelled backpack to maneuver around. It was apparently very, very cold. This is a picture of the ice mountains of Pluto as seen from the New Horizons space probe: The photo is 230 miles across, to put things into perspective. This is what New Zealand looks like from space: I think I see Tom Bombadil. This is how big an average-sized comet is compared to Paris: Specifically the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet. Very chill, though. This is a REAL picture of the moon crossing in front of the Earth: The image was taken by the DSCOVR spacecraft about a million miles away from Earth. This is what a solar eclipse looks like from space: Like a pen blew up all over Earth. In 1972, astronaut Charles Duke left behind a picture of his family on the moon's surface. It's been there ever since: The back of the photo reads, "This is the family of Astronaut Duke from Planet Earth, who landed on the Moon on the twentieth of April 1972." This is how big everyone's favorite telescope, the Hubble Telescope, is: KRGEAC The Hubble Space Telescope at the Lockheed assembly plant 8913987 This picture, taken in 1946, is one of the first images of Earth ever taken from space: It was captured from a 35-millimeter camera attached to a V-2 rocket. And this is the first picture of Earth from the moon, taken in 1966 by Lunar Orbiter 1: The Mars rovers are way, way bigger than you thought they were: This is the Perseverance rover. It's not a little RC car! This is what a piece of the moon and a piece of Mars looks like: Read and see more here. These are two of the earliest known photographs of Saturn and Jupiter, taken in the 19th century: You're probably familiar with the "Face on Mars," an image of a formation on Mars from the 1970s that launched a million conspiracy theories... ...well, this is what a much less blurry, much more recent photograph of that same "face" looks like: I still want to believe. Mars is home to the tallest mountain in the solar system, the 72,000-foot-tall Olympus Mons: It's over 372 miles wide. That's bigger than Arizona. Speaking of Mars, this is what a sunset looks like on that there planet: Not as nice as Key West, but what are you gonna do. Martians make do. There's a bunch of trash left by humans on the moon. In fact, if you really want to know, there are 96 bags of human waste on that big pie in the sky: Now, THAT'S amore. You might recognize Eugene from this iconic picture of his moon walk: NASA recently captured one of the clearest pictures of Jupiter yet: Look at my boy Jupey! This is the Willamette meteorite, the largest meteorite that's ever been found in the United States: It is the sixth largest in the world and weighs 15.5 tons. And this is the Hoba meteorite, the largest meteorite on Earth: The largest that we know of, that is. It's located in Namibia. Way out on the edge of the Solar System is this big ol' hunk of rock called Ultima Thule, Arrokoth, or (486958) 2014 MU69 — the farthest thing from Earth humanity has ever "explored up close": Reminds me of two peanuts I ate earlier today. Those were some good peanuts. Buzz Aldrin took humanity's first "space selfie" while on a spacewalk in 1966: Never heard of a "space selfie"? Well, it's got its own Wikipedia page. This is what the moon looks like in the Northern Hemisphere... ...and this is what the moon looks like in the Southern Hemisphere. It's upside down: Well, I guess that just depends on the moon you lived your life with. This is what Ireland looks like from space: I think I see Bono. And finally, this is the statement President Jimmy Carter wrote and put aboard the Voyager 1 spacecraft, intended for any aliens the probe might encounter: It reads: "This Voyager spacecraft was constructed by the United States of America. We are a community of 240 million human beings among the more than 4 billion who inhabit the planet Earth. We human beings are still divided into nation states, but these states are rapidly becoming a single global civilization."We cast this message into the cosmos. It is likely to survive a billion years into our future, when our civilization is profoundly altered and the surface of the Earth may be vastly changed. Of the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, some — perhaps many — may have inhabited planets and spacefaring civilizations. If one such civilization intercepts Voyager and can understand these recorded contents, here is our message:"This is a present from a small distant world, a token of our sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts, and our feelings. We are attempting to survive our time so we may live into yours. We hope someday, having solved the problems we face, to join a community of galactic civilizations. This record represents our hope and our determination, and our good will in a vast and awesome universe." This is Eugene Cernan, who is, as of 2023, the last man to ever walk on the moon: He did it way back in 1972. It's been that long, folks! Finally, let's end by looking at the TRUE color of every planet in our solar system. This is what color Mercury really is: And this is what Venus looks like to the naked eye: Here's where you are, Earth, in true color: No surprise here. This is what Mars looks like in real color: And this is what Jupiter looks like without any filters: Here's Saturn in all its true-color glory: And this is Uranus in real color: Here's Neptune in true color: And, finally, here's our little dwarf planet warrior, Pluto, in real color:
Yahoo
2 hours ago
- Yahoo
A 'Strawberry Moon' is coming to June's skies — and it holds a special record for 2025
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. Stargazers, get ready for some low-hanging fruit: The full Strawberry Moon is about to rise! In addition to being the final full moon of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, June's Strawberry Moon will be the lowest full moon of the year as seen from north of the equator, as well as one of the farthest from the sun. The moon will become full at 3:45 a.m. EDT Wednesday (June 11), but because that's so early in the day, the best time to see it will be Tuesday (June 10) evening, when it rises during dusk. As you watch the moon appear, look to its upper right to spot Antares, a bright star 550 light-years away, in the constellation Scorpius. June's full moon is always one of the lowest-hanging of the year, as seen from the Northern Hemisphere. That's because a full moon is, by definition, opposite the sun, so it mirrors our star's position in the sky. Because the summer solstice occurs on the night of June 20 (or June 21 GMT), when the sun is as high in the sky as it can get, the closest full moon is the lowest of the year. That means it will rise during dusk in the southeastern sky; drift across the southern sky, never getting too far above the southern horizon; and set in the southwest at dawn. RELATED STORIES —The 10 best stargazing events of 2025 —Best telescopes 2025: Explore planets, galaxies and beyond —Best binoculars for stargazing 2025: Take a walk through space The Strawberry Moon is one of the farthest full moons from the sun simply because Earth's orbit of the sun is slightly elliptical. That means there's a closest point and a farthest point in its orbit. The farthest point, called aphelion, occurs on July 3 this year. Because a full moon is opposite the sun, this is when the moon is at its farthest from the sun all year. June's full moon will be approximately 94,600 miles (152,200 kilometers) from the sun. The Strawberry Moon is named for the wild strawberries that ripen in some areas of the Northern Hemisphere this month, according to Other Native American names for this month's full moon include the Berries Ripen Moon, Green Corn Moon, Hot Moon and Blooming Moon. English names include the Flower Moon, Planting Moon and Mead Moon, while some Celtic names for it are the Horse Moon, Dyan Moon and Rose Moon.
