How these beautiful Victorian books can cause liver damage and skin problems
Prolonged exposure to multiple volumes in a certain colour can be a health hazard - and there is an interesting explanation
A deadly fashion trend from the 1800s is haunting modern libraries, as Victorian-era books laced with poisonous pigments continue to pose a hidden risk to readers and staff.
During the 19th century, a striking emerald green, made by mixing copper with arsenic, was all the rage. It coloured everything from wallpaper to children's toys, and even made its way into sweets. But one of its most lasting legacies can be found on the shelves of historic libraries.
Bookbinders of the Victorian era used arsenic, mercury, and chrome to craft vibrant covers designed to catch the eye. While many other items from the time have vanished, these books remain, creating a very 21st century health hazard.
Prolonged exposure to multiple green-bound volumes can lead to low-level arsenic poisoning. Over time, this can cause damage to the liver and kidneys, skin problems, anaemia and a weakened immune system.
In 2019, the Poison Book Project launched in Delaware, with experts from the Winterthur Museum and Delaware's state university teaming up to investigate.
They identified several toxic titles, including four in the National Library of France, which were immediately removed from public access.
Inspired by their work, preservative conservator Erica Kotze at the University of St Andrews decided to take action. She reached out to her colleague Dr Pilar Gil, a trained biochemist working in Special Collections, to find a safer and more practical method of identifying dangerous volumes.
"The most important thing was to find a non-destructive, portable instrument that could tell us if it was a poisonous book or not," Dr Gil told the BBC. X-ray technology was ruled out due to the fragility of the books. Instead, she borrowed a spectrometer from the university's geology department, typically used to detect minerals in rocks.
After testing hundreds of books, Dr Gil noticed a distinctive pattern. 'It was a 'eureka' moment. I realised it was something that no one had seen before.'
The team then partnered with the physics department to create a bespoke testing tool. Dr Graham Bruce, senior research laboratory manager, describes how it works: 'It shines light on the book and measures the amount of light which shines back.
"It uses green light, which can be seen, and infrared, which can't be seen with our own eyes. The green light flashes when there are no fragments of arsenic present, the red light when there are pigments.'
Smaller, cheaper and faster than a full spectrometer, the new device has already been used to test thousands of books at both St Andrews and the National Library of Scotland. The aim now is to share the technology with libraries and museums worldwide.
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'We're lucky as a large institution to have expensive kit,' says Dr Jessica Burge, deputy director of library and museums at St Andrews.
'But other institutions with big collections may not have those resources, so we wanted to create something which was affordable and easy. It doesn't require a specialist conservator or analysis, and it's instant.'
As time passes, the risk may only increase, with toxic books breaking down and releasing more of their hazardous particles. The goal is not to lock these books away forever, but to handle them safely and preserve access for future generations.
Dr Burge adds: 'Any book that's got a green cover from the 19th century is being restricted because they don't know. And as libraries and museums, that's not really what we're about. We want people to be able to use the books and help bring back access to collections, rather than restricting their use.'
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Daily Record
10 hours ago
- Daily Record
How these beautiful Victorian books can cause liver damage and skin problems
Prolonged exposure to multiple volumes in a certain colour can be a health hazard - and there is an interesting explanation A deadly fashion trend from the 1800s is haunting modern libraries, as Victorian-era books laced with poisonous pigments continue to pose a hidden risk to readers and staff. During the 19th century, a striking emerald green, made by mixing copper with arsenic, was all the rage. It coloured everything from wallpaper to children's toys, and even made its way into sweets. But one of its most lasting legacies can be found on the shelves of historic libraries. Bookbinders of the Victorian era used arsenic, mercury, and chrome to craft vibrant covers designed to catch the eye. While many other items from the time have vanished, these books remain, creating a very 21st century health hazard. Prolonged exposure to multiple green-bound volumes can lead to low-level arsenic poisoning. Over time, this can cause damage to the liver and kidneys, skin problems, anaemia and a weakened immune system. In 2019, the Poison Book Project launched in Delaware, with experts from the Winterthur Museum and Delaware's state university teaming up to investigate. They identified several toxic titles, including four in the National Library of France, which were immediately removed from public access. Inspired by their work, preservative conservator Erica Kotze at the University of St Andrews decided to take action. She reached out to her colleague Dr Pilar Gil, a trained biochemist working in Special Collections, to find a safer and more practical method of identifying dangerous volumes. "The most important thing was to find a non-destructive, portable instrument that could tell us if it was a poisonous book or not," Dr Gil told the BBC. X-ray technology was ruled out due to the fragility of the books. Instead, she borrowed a spectrometer from the university's geology department, typically used to detect minerals in rocks. After testing hundreds of books, Dr Gil noticed a distinctive pattern. 'It was a 'eureka' moment. I realised it was something that no one had seen before.' The team then partnered with the physics department to create a bespoke testing tool. Dr Graham Bruce, senior research laboratory manager, describes how it works: 'It shines light on the book and measures the amount of light which shines back. "It uses green light, which can be seen, and infrared, which can't be seen with our own eyes. The green light flashes when there are no fragments of arsenic present, the red light when there are pigments.' Smaller, cheaper and faster than a full spectrometer, the new device has already been used to test thousands of books at both St Andrews and the National Library of Scotland. The aim now is to share the technology with libraries and museums worldwide. Join the Daily Record WhatsApp community! Get the latest news sent straight to your messages by joining our WhatsApp community today. You'll receive daily updates on breaking news as well as the top headlines across Scotland. No one will be able to see who is signed up and no one can send messages except the Daily Record team. All you have to do is click here if you're on mobile, select 'Join Community' and you're in! If you're on a desktop, simply scan the QR code above with your phone and click 'Join Community'. We also treat our community members to special offers, promotions, and adverts from us and our partners. If you don't like our community, you can check out any time you like. To leave our community click on the name at the top of your screen and choose 'exit group'. If you're curious, you can read our Privacy Notice. 'We're lucky as a large institution to have expensive kit,' says Dr Jessica Burge, deputy director of library and museums at St Andrews. 'But other institutions with big collections may not have those resources, so we wanted to create something which was affordable and easy. It doesn't require a specialist conservator or analysis, and it's instant.' As time passes, the risk may only increase, with toxic books breaking down and releasing more of their hazardous particles. The goal is not to lock these books away forever, but to handle them safely and preserve access for future generations. Dr Burge adds: 'Any book that's got a green cover from the 19th century is being restricted because they don't know. And as libraries and museums, that's not really what we're about. We want people to be able to use the books and help bring back access to collections, rather than restricting their use.'
BBC News
3 days ago
- BBC News
If books could kill: The poison legacy lurking in libraries
The Victorians loved the colour green. In particular, they loved a vibrant shade of emerald created by combining copper and arsenic, which was used in everything from wallpaper to children's toys."This colour was very popular for most of the 19th Century because of its vibrancy and its resistance to light fading," says Erica Kotze, a preservative conservator at the University of St Andrews."We know that many household items were coloured with arsenic-based green pigments. It was even used in confectionery."The trouble is, the combination of elements used is toxic and that's still a problem more than a century later. And it's a particular problem when it comes to old books. Victorian bookbinders used arsenic as well as mercury and chrome to create striking covers. And unlike domestic items, books have survived in archives around the world, creating a 21st Century problem from 19th Century exposure to multiple green books can cause low level arsenic poisoning. Long-term exposure can cause changes to the skin, harm to the liver and kidneys and a reduction in red and white blood cells, which can lead to anaemia and an increased risk of infections. In 2019, an attempt to tackle the problem was set up in Delaware between the Winterthur Museum and the state university. The Poison Book Project tested books and drew up a list of titles which are potentially harmful to humans. These included four books in the National Library of France, which were immediately by this, Erica Kotze called on her colleague Dr Pilar Gil, who trained as a biochemist before working in Special Collections at the University of St Andrews. Dr Gil took a practical approach to surveying the thousands of historic books in their collection."The most important thing was to find a non-destructive, portable instrument that could tell us if it was a poisonous book or not," she rule out X-ray technology because of the fragile nature of the books being examined and instead looked to the geology department. They had a spectrometer - a device that measures the distribution of different wavelengths of light - for detecting minerals in rocks."Minerals and pigments are very similar," says Dr Gil, "so I borrowed the instrument and started looking for emerald green in books."She tested hundreds of books and then realised she was looking at a breakthrough."I realised there was a distinctive pattern to the toxic ones. It was a 'eureka' moment. I realised it was something that no one had seen before." The next task was to speak to the physics department to build their own Graham Bruce, senior research laboratory manager explains how it works."It shines light on the book and measures the amount of light which shines back," he says."It uses green light, which can be seen, and infrared, which can't be seen with our own eyes. The green light flashes when there are no fragments of arsenic present, the red light when there are pigments."The new testing device is smaller and will be less costly to produce and use than a full-scale spectrometerIt has already been used to survey the thousands of books in the St Andrews collections and in the National Library of Scotland, and the team hope to share their design with other institutions around the world. "We're lucky as a large institution to have expensive kit, so that we can test 19th Century potentially toxic books," says Dr Jessica Burge, deputy director of library and museums at the University of St Andrews."But other institutions with big collections may not have those resources, so we wanted to create something which was affordable and easy. It doesn't require a specialist conservator or analysis, and it's instant."It's also a problem which isn't going away. If anything, toxic books will become more harmful as they get older and them means they can stored in a safe way and still enjoyed with controlled access and precautions such as wearing gloves. "It will continue to be a live issue," says Dr Burge."But I think that the biggest issue for institutions at the moment is that any book that's got a green cover from the 19th Century is being restricted because they don't know. "And as libraries and museums, that's not really what we're about. We want people to be able to use the books and help bring back access to collections, rather than restricting their use."
Scotsman
3 days ago
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warning signs of Victorian era STI
There is concern after the latest data showed cases of syphilis had continued to rise 🏥 Sign up to our daily newsletter Sign up Thank you for signing up! Did you know with a Digital Subscription to Edinburgh News, you can get unlimited access to the website including our premium content, as well as benefiting from fewer ads, loyalty rewards and much more. Learn More Sorry, there seem to be some issues. Please try again later. Submitting... The UK Health and Security Agency (UKHSA) has published its latest data on sexually transmitted infections (STI). Concerningly cases of syphilis, an STI most commonly associated with the Victorian era have continued to rise. If left untreated, syphilis can cause serious and potentially life-threatening complications. Cases of a Victorian era sexually transmitted infection (STI), are continuing to increase, latest data from the UKHSA has shown. Syphilis, is an STI that was once believed to be a thing of the past, however, cases are 'concerningly' on the rise in 2024, compared to 2023. Advertisement Hide Ad Advertisement Hide Ad Overall, there was a 2% rise (9,535) in diagnoses of early-stage syphilis in 2024 compared to 2023 (9,375), whilst 'concerningly', figures rose to 5% for late-stage syphilis, increasing from 12,456 in 2023 to 13,030 in 2024. If left untreated, syphilis can cause serious, irreversible and potentially life-threatening problems with your brain, heart, or nerves. Dr Hamish Mohammed, Consultant Epidemiologist at UKHSA, said: 'Levels of STIs in this country remain a big threat to sexual wellbeing. These infections can have a major impact on your health and that of any sexual partners, particularly if they are antibiotic resistant. 'If you've had condomless sex with new or casual partners, either in the UK or overseas, get tested for STIs and HIV at least yearly, even if you don't have symptoms. Regular testing protects both you and those you're having sex with.' Advertisement Hide Ad Advertisement Hide Ad New data from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) shows that syphilis cases have continued to rise. |What is syphilis? Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI), that is passed on through unprotected sexual contact. Most commonly associated with the Victorian era, it is still prevalent, with cases 'concerningly', continue to rise in the UK. What are the symptoms of syphilis? Symptoms of syphilis can take up to three weeks to appear after being infected. They can be mild and come and go, but the infection will remain and you will be able to pass it on. This is why if you suspect you have syphilis or have symptoms it's important to get tested. The NHS explain symptoms of syphilis include: small sores (ulcers) on your penis, vagina, or around your bottom (anus) sores in other areas, including in your mouth or on your lips, hands or bottom white or grey warty growths most commonly on your penis, vagina or around your anus a rash on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet that can sometimes spread all over your body white patches in your mouth flu-like symptoms, such as a high temperature, headaches and tiredness swollen glands patchy hair loss on the head, beard and eyebrows Who is at risk of syphilis? You are at risk of syphilis if you have unprotected sexual contact (vaginal, anal or oral), with someone who is infected with syphilis. Advertisement Hide Ad Advertisement Hide Ad The STI can also be passed onto unborn babies or can spread through injecting drugs with a needle that has been used by someone who is infected, in very rare cases it can also be passed on through blood or organ transplants, although in the UK all blood and organ donations are checked for syphilis. How is syphilis treated? Syphilis is treated with antibiotics, it's important not to engage in sexual contact until you have completed your treatment and had a test that has confirmed you are over the infection. If you have a partner, do not have sexual contact until they have also been treated and a test has confirmed they no longer have syphilis. If left untreated, syphilis can cause serious, irreversible and potentially life-threatening problems with your brain, heart, or nerves. This is why it's so important to seek treatment as soon as you suspect you have been exposed or have symptoms. STI testing is free, confidential and can be accessed through local sexual health clinics, your GP surgery, university and college medical centres or through self-sampling kits which can be sent discreetly through the post .
