We Study Climate Change. It Endangers You and Your Children.
After a long and sweeping review, the U.S. government came to a similar conclusion in 2009, when the federal Environmental Protection Agency issued a so-called endangerment finding — a move that signaled a high level of government confidence in the data it was reviewing.
The finding established that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that cause climate change are harmful pollutants. In turn, this meant that these gases could be regulated by the Clean Air Act, empowering the E.P.A. to issue regulations on emissions of these gases from cars, trucks, power plants and other sources, backed by stronger science.
Reasonable people will disagree about how best to address climate change. The purpose of America's endangerment findings is to acknowledge that a hazard exists so that the government can protect Americans from it. Think of the finding like car headlights in the dark, helping us see dangers ahead and avoid them.
The Trump administration this week took the first step to overturn the finding, by issuing a proposal that claims that the rule is scientifically and legally invalid, as well as unjustifiably costly. After a comment period, the administration could try to finalize the withdrawal of the finding next year.
The consequence — and likely goal — of the administration's gamble, if it succeeds against inevitable legal challenges, will be to begin unraveling several regulations that have begun to make a dent in America's contribution to climate change and the hazards it creates.
A key element of the administration's proposal is to redefine what it means for air pollution to cause harm. If a pollutant causes climate change, it would no longer count as hurting us. This runs counter to both basic logic and a growing mountain of science documenting direct harms from greenhouse gas emissions via climate change.
Why are we so confident in the dangers ahead? Humans are highly adaptable and Americans are particularly so, but the data and evidence indicate that climate change will cause many Americans to die earlier than they otherwise would. High temperatures will kill Americans by stressing underlying conditions, such as heart disease. We expect that intensifying hurricanes, more frequent floods and smoke from more frequent forest fires together will most likely kill millions of Americans in the coming century.
In addition to intensifying natural threats, climate change will make households and communities in America more dangerous for their inhabitants. Environmental conditions affect our bodies and minds, particularly how we make decisions and turn to violence. Higher temperatures are associated with more miscarriages and more domestic violence. While perhaps surprising, the link between rape and temperature is one of the strongest findings in our field. We fear that additional heat from climate change will lead to more suicides, murders and assaults.
Climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of acute disasters, such as the recent devastating fires in Maui, Los Angeles and Paradise, Calif.; the floods in Texas; and the hurricane damage in Puerto Rico and North Carolina. As health insurance and property insurance become more expensive or access to coverage disappears, coping with these risks will be increasingly expensive. Taxpayers will bear many additional costs when uninsured losses fall to public social safety net programs.
Farmers are expected to suffer some of the most serious losses to climate change. Annual crop losses throughout much of the Corn Belt are projected to be significant. Agricultural innovation, which we once expected to compensate for these losses, appears more sluggish than predicted. Losing access to water resources will drive up costs for farmers, and climate change will hurt the value of American farmland.
The Trump administration argues that slowing greenhouse gas emissions has harmed the economy and impedes business — but climate change will, too, only more so. Economic growth will slow, food prices will very likely rise, and vast tracts of American real estate will lose value. We predict that workers will become less productive, less happy and more prone to safety errors. Demands on public services will increase while the cost of servicing new debt will probably rise. In contrast, climate change is expected to generally enhance some economic opportunities for Russia and Canada.
Parents may feel a growing urgency to warn their children about climate change, since it will reduce their opportunities in life. Exposure to high temperatures in school or regional disasters lowers their ability to learn and perform well on exams. Rising temperatures at home and other climate changes worsen sleep, exercise, mental health and happiness.
Learning about the consequences of climate change can feel overwhelming and scary, like staring over the edge of a cliff. Unlike our ancestors who relied on stars, tea leaves and fortune tellers to try to peer into the future, we have data and scientific tools that empower us to understand the results of the different choices in front of us.
Previously, the E.P.A. led the world in bringing the best available science to climate policy discussions. Overturning the endangerment finding would bench the agency right when we need the E.P.A.'s tools the most.
There are opportunities to push back. The public can comment on the administration's proposal. And when legal challenges to this rollback end up in federal court, judges should recognize the overwhelming evidence on the dangers of greenhouse gases to Americans.
Solomon Hsiang and Marshall Burke teach at the Doerr School of Sustainability at Stanford University.
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The Productivity Anxiety Spiral Since modern workplaces have birthed this new phenomenon of 'productivity anxiety, ' there has been a significant uptick in employees reporting a feeling that there is always more they should be doing, even if not humanly possible. This creates a vicious cycle where stress about productivity further impairs your ability to be productive, leading to more stress. Stress has a way of taking up your time by making you continuously worry about something that may or may not happen. Perhaps this scenario is best illustrated by my client Tim. Tim manages a large and critical function at an aerospace firm. With 16 direct reports, hundreds more in his organization, and a cadre of contractors, Tim is still the go-to for any technical questions or emergencies that arise. 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How to implement: Schedule a 20-minute walk outside during your workday, ideally in a green space. Can't access nature? Even urban walks help. The beauty is you don't need to power walk—or even walk; both walking and sitting outdoors improve cognitive performance, with elevated levels of relaxation during the intervention being the best predictor of improved performance. 2. Practice Strategic Stress Recovery Individuals who have a higher frustration tolerance, the ability to moderate their responses to stress in the moment, have the capacity to think clearly and effectively work through problems longer and engage in productive decision making. Having an awareness of being triggered by observing physical shifts like heart rate changes, or a sudden burning chest sensation when stress hits, is critical data. 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15 longevity foods: Healthy aging guide Aging isn't just about the years in your life, but the life in your years. And to have more "life" in your years, you'll need to maintain your health status. This is known as "healthspan," or the period of life spent in good health. The good news is that there are many foods that can increase your healthspan, thanks to key nutrients that they contain, whether that's the polyphenols in green tea or the nitric oxide precursor that contributes to spinach's superfood status. Even better news: By increasing your healthspan, this could increase your lifespan and contribute to your longevity potential. So, if your goal is to live a healthier and longer life, keep reading to see Life Extension's list of longevity foods (and drinks) to add to your eating pattern. Best foods and beverages for healthy aging 1. Walnuts Nuts are nutrient-dense foods that offer unsaturated fats, protein, vitamins, fiber, and minerals such as magnesium. Walnuts, in particular, are a smart choice among nuts when it comes to longevity foods. Ever notice that they look like a brain? Not only do they support cognitive health, but researchers found that a serving of walnuts (1 oz.) supported cardiovascular health and could support a longer lifespan at age 60 (researchers project an additional 1.3 years in women and 1.26 years in men, to be precise) among those who consumed five or more servings per week compared to those who did not eat walnuts. Plus, the study found that even eating half a serving (0.5 oz.) can be beneficial. So, whether you choose to add them to your oatmeal or enjoy them on their own, do stock your pantry with these nutritious nuts! 2. Pomegranates Botanically considered berries, these ruby-red fruits are bursting with benefits. Many of the health benefits from pomegranates can be attributed to their potent antioxidant properties, though they are also a source of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Interestingly, after digesting two polyphenols found in pomegranates, punicalagins and ellagitannins, a unique molecule known as urolithin A (UA) is formed. Urolithin A may support autophagy, our bodies' way of cleaning out cellular debris that can get in the way of healthy mitochondria function, though more research on the effect of UA in human aging is needed. Healthy cells, healthy you! From heart health to metabolic health and more, research has shown that all parts of the pomegranate fruit are beneficial. Sprinkle the arils on your salad, drink the juice, or take an extract! 3. Garlic Garlic isn't just for repelling vampires; it may play a role in warding off the aging process. Because this beloved bulb is a source of a variety of bioactive compounds, including more than 20 polyphenols, it has strong antioxidant properties, helping the body respond to oxidative stress. Speaking of aging, both aged garlic, or aged "black garlic," and non-aged garlic offer benefits to our health. Thanks in part to allicin, one of the main active compounds in non-aged garlic responsible for its aroma, garlic promotes immune support and cellular detoxification. Garlic is also known for supporting heart health. S-allyl-cysteine (SAC), a derivative of the amino acid cysteine, is a key compound from aged black garlic which helps maintain healthy blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides. 4. Green tea Like all true teas, green tea is derived from the Camellia sinensis plant. While many tea varieties offer benefits to our health, green tea in particular has stood out to researchers in the field of healthy aging. Green tea has next to no calories and macronutrients, yet is high in bioactive nutrients. Among all types of tea, green tea has the highest concentration of EGCG, a polyphenol (antioxidant). Along with research showing that green tea could support a longer lifespan, green tea drinkers may also enjoy a variety of other benefits from this elixir, including healthy cellular activity, metabolic function, cardiovascular and cognitive health. 5. Olive oil This Mediterranean diet staple is high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), especially oleic acid, as well as polyphenols including oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. Many of the health benefits of olive oil are thought to be a result of its polyphenol content, and the antioxidant activity from it. Monounsaturated fats are known to be beneficial for heart health. The cardiovascular benefits of olive oil include maintaining healthy cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and more! Interestingly, olive oil can also positively influence gene expression. In a large study in U.S. adults, daily olive oil intake was associated with an increased likelihood of living a longer, healthier life. Pro tip : contrary to popular belief, olive oil can be used for cooking foods at temperatures of 375-400°F or below. Characteristics of Longevity Foods As you go through this list, you may notice a pattern of foods that are rich in polyphenols, which are bioactive compounds found in foods that act as antioxidants in our bodies. Another theme is heart-healthy types of fat and foods that support cardiovascular health. Foods that benefit our major organs such as the heart and liver (those that support detoxification, for example) make a big difference for the long haul. There are also nutrients that support processes in the body that are known to decline or stop working properly with age, including the inflammatory cascade, oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and autophagy. Nutrients can even influence our gene expression (or suppression), which is known as nutrigenomics. Foods that impact these processes, and therefore hallmarks or biomarkers of aging, also make the list. 6. Blueberries Known for being among the lower-in-sugar fruits, these berries are high in health-promoting antioxidants, including anthocyanins and pterostilbene. Wild blueberries in particular have one of the highest amounts of antioxidants when compared to other types of blueberries. You can find wild blueberries in the freezer section of your grocery store or as an extract in a dietary supplement. Research shows that blueberries support cardiovascular, metabolic, brain, and cellular health. Aim to consume at least one cup per day to get the benefits. You can meet this goal by adding frozen blueberries to your smoothie or adding fresh blueberries atop Greek yogurt with a drizzle of honey. 7. Mushrooms Fungi are our friends! Mushrooms are a source of beta-glucans (fiber), selenium (mineral), and crucial sulfur-containing antioxidants, ergothioneine and glutathione. Researchers compared the health status of those who included mushrooms in their diets, including those who consumed mushrooms in place of processed meat, to individuals who had low mushroom consumption. The results showed that eating more mushrooms (and less processed meat) may equate to an increased likelihood of living a longer life. To get the benefits of mushrooms, aim for four cups per week of varieties such as porcini, oyster, shiitake, and maitake. You could also replace a daily serving of processed meat with mushrooms (but be sure to make up the protein equivalent elsewhere in your diet), or take a mushroom extract. 8. Salmon Could a meal of baked salmon add 16 minutes to your life? Yes, according to researchers who investigated the health effects in minutes of healthy life gained or lost of 5,853 foods in the U.S. diet. A large body of evidence suggests that including non-fried seafood in your diet is beneficial for health. Fish is included on the list of foods for those following eating patterns commonly recommended by experts, such as the Mediterranean, DASH, or MIND diets. And wild salmon is among the best fish in the sea! Salmon is a fatty fish (contains omega-3 fatty acid) and is low in environmental contaminants. Salmon is also a source of vitamin D, selenium, iodine, choline, and more. 9. Yogurt Need another reason to eat this popular fermented food? Researchers looked at high daily intake of yogurt compared with low daily intake and found that daily yogurt consumption was associated with an increase in lifespan and maintenance of heart health. One of the proposed reasons for the finding was the favorable influence of yogurt on gut health, though it is important to note that yogurt varieties will vary greatly not only in the amount of beneficial bacteria it contains, but also its nutritional profile. Choose yogurt with no added sugars and sweeten it yourself with fruit and a touch of honey. Also, keep an eye on the fat and protein content to ensure it aligns with your health goals. 10. Spinach I think we can all agree that the heart is a pretty important organ to maintain for the long haul, and spinach may be just the ticket for your ticker. Aside from spinach containing an impressive variety of vitamins and minerals, it also contains nitrates, which is a precursor to nitric oxide. The nitrates found in leafy greens like spinach can support heart health, according to researchers who evaluated the effects of a spinach-containing meal and found that even a single nitrate-rich meal containing spinach supported healthy blood pressure and other measures of cardiovascular health. Honorable mention: beets, which are also a great option to support nitric oxide production. 11. Seaweed Did you know that Japan has been known to have a high percentage of centenarians (people over 100 years of age) per capita? Seaweed is a staple in the Japanese diet, and researchers who investigated this eating pattern found that adherence to a Japanese diet is associated with a longer life. Other longevity food research has shown that seaweed intake supports healthy blood flow among a Japanese study population. 12. Cruciferous vegetables Could just over one cup of broccoli daily (which is about 91 g) move the needle when it comes to our health? Yes! A study that included a dose-response analysis reveals that a 100 g/day increment of cruciferous vegetables (which also includes cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, watercress, and others) was associated with a longer lifespan. Isothiocyanates are one of the bioactive phytonutrients found in cruciferous vegetables that researchers attribute to their multiple health benefits. This longevity food group is known to support healthy cell division, healthy DNA, healthy estrogen metabolism, and more. 13. Dark chocolate If you love chocolate like I do, I know you're excited to see this one on the list! Indeed, choosing 70% dark chocolate or higher with little-to-no added sugar (in other words, we're not talking about candy bars here) can not only be a part of a healthy diet, but may actually be considered a longevity food. Cacao beans contain phytonutrients, including flavanols, which are a rich source of antioxidants. A study on post-menopausal women found that moderate chocolate consumption of 1 to 3 servings per week was associated with a longer lifespan. Sprinkle cacao nibs on your acai bowl, yogurt parfait, and more for texture, taste, and of course, antioxidants. 14. Legumes More commonly known as beans, the term "legumes" encompasses a variety of nutritious foods, including chickpeas and lentils. Legumes are high in fiber, a source of plant protein, and offer B vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients. Research has linked higher legume intake with an increase in lifespan, so be sure to include these satiating and surprisingly versatile foods in your meal rotation. 15. Coffee Daily coffee drinkers, rejoice! Not only does your morning java put some pep in your step, but coffee is also a source of antioxidants like chlorogenic acid and can support healthy blood sugar and liver health. Studies show that moderate coffee consumption (2-4 cups daily) is associated with a longer lifespan. Interestingly, the time of day you drink your coffee could make a key difference. A study looking at morning coffee drinkers versus all-day coffee drinkers found that higher intakes of coffee in the morning were associated with a longer lifespan, but not in those with an all-day drinking pattern. So go ahead and enjoy your morning pick-me-up (preferably without added sugar, as it may actually negate some of the benefits). Does a plant-based diet help with healthy aging? Yes! As you may have noticed, this list is heavily plant-based. That is because a diet rich in plant foods can help support healthy aging. Plants contain important nutrients, such as phytonutrients. ("Phyto" refers to the Greek word for plant.) "Plant-based" often refers to a dietary pattern that includes primarily plant foods, which differs from veganism, in which no animal food sources are included. When it comes to choosing longevity foods for healthy aging, a plant-forward approach, or simply adhering to the recommended 5-7 servings of fruit and vegetables daily can go a long way. So no need to put a label on it, but focus on an eating pattern that includes plants with every meal and snack. How does the Mediterranean diet support healthy aging? By emphasizing plant foods and limiting red meat, the Mediterranean diet helps ensure a variety of key nutrients that support healthy aging are consumed. The Mediterranean diet is a healthy dietary pattern that mimics the traditional dietary habits of countries neighboring the Mediterranean Sea. It emphasizes the consumption of plant foods (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes) and healthy fats such as olive oil. It's not strictly vegetarian, though. This way of eating includes a moderate intake of poultry, fish, and dairy, and limited intakes of red meat. There is strong evidence that processed red meat is not a good choice for increasing lifespan; however, the evidence for non-processed red meat is mixed. When you do eat meat, choose lean cuts and grassfed meats. An observational study of adults older than 18 noted that adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with an increased lifespan. Another study with elderly participants older than age 65 showed that closer adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with prolonged lifespan. Easy ways to add longevity foods to meals It's always nice to find new recipes that you enjoy, but you could also add them to your existing meal rotation! The dishes below are easily customizable, so you can add foods like walnuts, blueberries, pomegranates, and dark chocolate as toppings or in the mix to: Smoothies Yogurt Smoothie bowls Acai bowls Chia pudding Oatmeal Cereal For the more savory items, such as legumes, seaweed, mushrooms, garlic, and olive oil, build your own bowl! Start with some whole grains or legumes as carbs and/or greens as a base, layer on your favorite protein, and top with veggies. Voila! Longevity is served. This story was produced by Life Extension and reviewed and distributed by Stacker. Solve the daily Crossword
