Deaf Palestinian uses social media to highlight Gaza's struggles through sign language
Alhabel, 30, who describes himself as a "deaf journalist in Gaza" on his Instagram account, says he wants to raise more awareness of the conflict -- from devastating Israeli air strikes to the starvation now affecting most of the population -- by informing Palestinians and people abroad with special needs.
Bombarded by Israel for nearly two years, many Gazans complain the world does not hear their voices despite mass suffering with a death toll that exceeds 60,000 people, according to Gaza health authorities in the demolished enclave.
"I wished to get my voice out to the world and the voices of the deaf people who cannot speak or hear, to get their voice out there, so that someone can help us," he said through his friend and interpreter Mohammed Moshtaha, who he met during the war.
"I tried to help, to film and do a video from here and there, and publish them so that we can make our voices heard in the world."
Alhabel has an Instagram following of 141,000. His page, which shows him in a flak jacket and helmet, features images of starving, emaciated children and other suffering.
He films a video then returns to a tent to edit -- one of the many where Palestinians have sought shelter and safety during the war, which erupted when Hamas-led militants attacked Israel in October 2023, drawing massive retaliation.
Alhabel produced images of people collecting flour from the ground while he used sign language to explain the plight of Gazans, reinforcing the view of a global hunger monitor that has warned a famine scenario is unfolding.
"As you can see, people are collecting flour mixed with sand," he communicated.
Alhabel and his family were displaced when the war started. They stayed in a school with tents.
"There was no space for a person to even rest a little. I stayed in that school for a year and a half," he explained.
Alhabel is likely to be busy for some time. There are no signs of a ceasefire on the horizon despite mediation efforts.
Israel's political security cabinet approved a plan early on Friday to take control of Gaza City, as the country expands its military operations despite intensifying criticism at home and abroad over the war.
"We want this situation to be resolved so that we can all be happy, so I can feed my children, and life can be beautiful," said Alhabel.
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The Guardian
39 minutes ago
- The Guardian
The best air coolers for your home: eight energy-saving alternatives to aircon, tested
Air coolers are not the same thing as air conditioning. Rather than extracting moisture from the air to cool your room down by multiple degrees, evaporative coolers use water to cool the air they blow towards you – like a sea breeze taking the edge off summer heat – and they use a fraction of the electricity of air con. The Guardian's journalism is independent. We will earn a commission if you buy something through an affiliate link. Learn more. A typical portable air conditioner uses 1,000W (watts) of electricity (costing about 26p an hour to run, based on the current price cap). By comparison, the evaporative coolers I tested use between 26W and 87W; you could run my favourite model, the Swan Nordic (26W), for 38 hours and it would still use less electricity than a single air con unit running for an hour. When we're suffering from heatwaves caused by the climate crisis, it makes sense to use less energy by choosing energy-efficient products that are effective and built to last. So I've tested eight air coolers to help find the best for you, assessing them in terms of size, noise, power use and, of course, how much they cool you down. It's worth considering a fan too: they don't actively cool air down, but the improved air circulation they contribute helps your sweat to evaporate faster, cooling down your body – and they're even more energy efficient. It's a personal choice: a powerful fan feels immediately cooling, whereas an evaporative cooler actually lowers the temperature. Personally, I favour evaporative coolers that have powerful fans built in. Most can be used as stand-alone fans without the evaporative function enabled, although the effectiveness varies. Note that evaporative coolers (sometimes known as swamp coolers) humidify your air, so they're not a good fit if you have damp and mould problems. They're designed to be used with doors open and fresh air coming in. Best air cooler overall: Swan Nordic air cooler Best budget air cooler:JML Chillmax Air Tower Plus Best for cooling power:Symphony Diet 3D 20i Best for the garden:Shark FlexBreeze Pro Mist FA300UK I'm triply qualified to test these evaporative coolers. First, I'm an award-winning consumer tech journalist with decades of experience testing gadgets of all shapes and sizes. Second, I have a degree in mechanical engineering. Last, but not least, I'm a menopausal woman in her 50s, as I pointed out while testing fans; I honestly can't remember the last time I felt cold. I chose eight evaporative coolers, each from a different brand. For the scientific side of this test, I used a power meter to measure how much electricity (and therefore money and carbon) they use. From one metre away, I used a digital thermometer to measure the change in air temperature and the Sound Meter app to measure the noise. I also measured each evaporative cooler's size. Subjectively, I took note of everything from how cooling each evaporative cooler felt, how annoying the noise was and how easy the controls were to use. I also considered how they looked and how small they pack away for the winter, as well as the price tag. Any evaporative coolers that weren't collected by manufacturers were donated to Furnishing Futures, a charity that fully furnishes the empty social housing in which women and children are placed after surviving domestic abuse. Currently out of stock This evaporative cooler isn't just good-looking, it's effective. I've tested it before for our fans test and retested it here: I found it just as good, and it came out slightly quieter in my tests this time. It's on castors with a rear drawer for water, and comes with two ice packs to cool the water. There's a slot to store the remote control. Unusually, rather than oscillating or having a swing function, the grille at the front slowly turns to alter the breeze, which is a bit hypnotic. Why we love itThe Swan cooled the room well, by 1C in an hour, and put out a wide, cooling breeze. There are 24 fan speeds, and you can select them via the remote control. The breeze is powerful, and its energy consumption is modest. It's great to use as a fan, with or without the evaporative cooling, depending on the temperature. It's also one of the quietest on test; I could definitely sleep with it running. It's good value and good looking, with a coffee-coloured 'oatmeal' finish and wood-effect detail. This makes a nice change from the monochrome of most models. It's a shame that … there's no bung on the bottom for draining the tank at the end of summer. Instead, you have to use it until nearly empty, then tip it out – although this is only once a year. Dimensions: 29 x 24 x 71cm (WDH)Water tank: 5lNumber of speeds: 24Remote control? YesPeak noise level on test: 40dBPower use on top setting: 26W At its current lowest price of £59.99, this is a bit of a bargain – think of it as a tower fan with the added perk of evaporative cooling. It's tall and thin, with a round base rather than castors. Indeed, the 29 x 29cm listed in the specs below includes the base, while the tower itself is just 15cm wide by 19cm deep. It comes with an ice pack, and you can also take the grille off the front, remove the filter and pre-soak it (by running it under the cold tap) for faster cooling. I did this for the test, which may help explain why it was so effective. To fill it, you have to pour the water into the rear drawer with a jug; you can't detach it. This means that emptying it requires you to tip it over the sink. Why we love itThe JML cooler does a good job of putting out a cooling breeze, feeling almost like a tower fan. In fact, this cooler oscillates, turning from side to side, rather than having a swing function. Features include a timer (two, six, eight or 12 hours) and you can choose whether the lights are bright, dim or off – both features are handy at bedtime and welcome to find at this price. Cooling was fast and fairly effective. The JML cooler took the room temperature down by 0.6C within half an hour, and remained steady after that. There's no fan-only setting, but the machine works fine without water in the tank, which effectively makes it a fan anyway. A great product for the price, this cooler performs as strongly as many tower fans, with the added bonus of the cooling functionality. It's a shame that … there's no remote control. Dimensions: 29 x 29 x 94cm (WDH)Water tank: 3l Number of speeds: 4 Remote control? NoPeak noise level on test: 55dBPower use on top setting: 77W This evaporative cooler is bulky and imposing, but it sits on castors and is easy to move around. There are smaller models available, but the AirconCentre team recommend sizing up: get a model designed for a larger space than you need, to make it even more effective. The control panel on top tilts up, so you can usefully see it from the other side of the room. Low down at the front, there's a flap that opens like a letterbox for filling with water. There's also an inlet at the back so you can attach a hose for automatic water filling. To be honest, I can't see anyone in the UK plumbing in their cooler: maybe in a hotter, drier country where you have to use the cooler all day, every day. It also means you can't open a drawer to tip out excess water, but there's a plug at the bottom to drain it fully – ideal at the end of summer when you need to dry it before packing away. Why we love itThis Symphony unit cooled the room more than 1C within half an hour, faster than any of the other air coolers on test. This was despite not coming with any ice packs: it's so powerful that it clearly didn't need them. The result was strong and refreshing, like a sea breeze. It was loud, but you'll probably be willing to overlook that on a very hot day. On cooler days, you can also use it as a tower fan, which is quieter. Capacity is huge, at 20 litres, and it demanded that I add at least four litres before it would start. It used this up in a relatively speedy 1hr 15mins, which wasn't altogether surprising given that it used the most energy of all the coolers on test. I can see, then, why they've included the option to connect a hose, but given 20 litres will last you more than seven hours, it's not too taxing to just fill the tank. The power use (87W on max) is more than triple the Swan's (26W), but it still costs only pennies to run (and it's a small fraction of the power use of air conditioning units). You can manually adjust vertical louvres to decide on the angle of airflow, and there's a swing setting that moves them to shift the breeze from side to side. This was good at creating a breezy effect. There's also a timer for up to seven hours, but it's too loud to use when sleeping unless you're a fan of white noise. It's a shame that … it's loud at 60dB, equivalent to a washing machine. Dimensions: 30 x 32 x 83cm (WDH)Water tank: 20lNumber of speeds: 3Remote control? YesPeak noise level on test: 60dBPower use on top setting: 87W This is not technically an evaporative cooler. It works in a similar way, but you can't use it to cool indoors with water. Instead, it's designed to cool you outdoors by spraying a fine mist of water directly into the air in front of the fan. I found it really effective for cooling while I was sitting on the patio. The fan is slim and elegant, with a slightly wider 35 x 35cm circular base. The big carry handle on top can be used to angle it up and down, and the fan oscillates from side to side. You can choose from three angles of oscillation or use the left and right buttons on the remote control to turn the fan. Why we love itThe Shark is very good at cooling you down outdoors. There are three levels of mist, and it's the kind of wet wind you get straight off the sea, making everything slightly damp but very welcome in hot weather. It's perfect for a barbecue on a summer's day. It claims to reduce temperatures by up to 6C, although I can't give a test figure because the water spray made my digital thermometer stop working. But what I can say is that it cooled me down fast. You quickly see why the water mist is for outdoors only: my clothes became slightly damp, and a small puddle formed in front of the Shark. I made a note not to use my laptop near it: it's not for WFP (working from the patio) days. I liked that it's rechargeable, easy to carry around the house by the top handle, and even convertible; you can take off the tank to use it as a fan indoors and take off the pole to convert it to a desk fan. The cordless run time is quoted as two to 24 hours, depending on fan speed, and charging time is five to six hours. I found that I could use the fan at the same time as charging it for later use. And power use was impressively low: 14W on the top fan setting, 7W to charge the battery and 21W to do both at once. This gives many fans a run for their money. It works well as a fan, with five speeds, of which the first two were silent. It's pricey but convenient since it's cordless. I'd buy it for indoor use and enjoy the misting for outdoor entertaining on hot days. It's a shame that … you can't use the misting indoors. Sign up to The Filter Get the best shopping advice from the Filter team straight to your inbox. The Guardian's journalism is independent. We will earn a commission if you buy something through an affiliate link. after newsletter promotion Dimensions: 35 x 35 x 93cm (WDH) Water tank: 5l Number of speeds: 5Remote control? YesPeak noise level on test: 55dBPower use on top setting: 21W Currently out of stock Best for: silent cooling The Honeywell performed well in my tests, cooling the room by a degree in an hour (it was slightly quieter and used slightly less power than when I tested it as part of our fans group test; a normal variance). It's fairly quiet, albeit with a slight audible hum and gurgle. You can use it as a fan without evaporative cooling, although it's not as powerful as many other fans I tested. It sits on castors, making it easy to move around, but doesn't come with ice packs (but you could add ice for even more cooling). There's a filling drawer at the back, with a plug underneath for draining. I liked the large capacity, but I was less keen on the way it looks. It's not my favourite, but overall it's not a bad buy. It didn't make the final cut because … others performed better as coolers and fans, and are more attractive. Dimensions: 31 x 30 x 75cm (WDH); water tank: 10l; number of speeds: 3; remote control? Yes; peak noise level on test: 25dB; power use on top setting: 43W Currently out of stock Best for: year-round use This is the only evaporative cooler on test that doubles as a fan heater. While fan heaters aren't the most energy efficient, it at least means this gadget needn't sit gathering dust during winter. It's compact with a sleek, boxy design on castors. There's a filling drawer and also a flap for filling from the top. It's not as loud or annoying as some: the sound is mannered, and I was able to sleep when using the quiet setting. Unfortunately, however, the breeze is mannered too. It felt mildly cooling, but the temperature didn't measurably drop, even when using ice packs. I liked the swing function, at least, because it made me appreciate the breeze more. The heater worked well, but it uses a lot of power: 2kW on top mode, 1.4kW on the lower setting. It'll warm you while WFH, but I prefer to use an electric throw: they're cosy as well as being more efficient. It didn't make the final cut because … it's not cooling enough. Dimensions: 27 x 30 x 60cm (WDH); water tank: 6l; number of speeds: 3; remote control? Yes; peak noise level on test: 30dB; power use on top setting: 74W Currently out of stock Best for: air freshening The Pro Breeze's party trick is that you can add aroma to the air it kicks out: there's a little drawer on the front for a pad, which you scent with a few drops of essential oil. Sadly, though, I didn't find the room was particularly filled with lemon scent when I added my lemon oil. Cooling was a letdown, too: the temperature didn't measurably decrease, despite adding ice packs in the rear water drawer. The lowest mode is quiet enough to sleep to, at least, and there are two sleep modes that gradually reduce power. I also liked the swing function, which blows side to side. I preferred this to the breeze mode that switches between each of the three fan levels. The breeze just wasn't strong enough, however, no matter which mode it was in. The unit is tall and slim with no castors for moving it around, reminiscent of a tower fan. The tower itself is just 19cm wide by 24cm deep (with a wider, circular base as specified below), so it's fairly narrow visually. It didn't make the final cut because … it's expensive and doesn't cool enough. Dimensions: 31 x 31 x 103cm (WDH); water tank: 5l; number of speeds: 3 remote control? Yes; peak noise level on test: 30dB; power use on top setting: 46W Currently out of stock Best for: using as a fan This cooler was easy to use. To fill, I could simply pull the rear drawer half out to fill it with a jug, or easily unclip the tubes to take it to the sink. It's also easy to check the water level from the front. Sadly, it didn't measurably cool the room in my tests, despite the ice packs. It did put out a good breeze, though. I tried the thermometer in a neighbouring room to check if the temperature was otherwise rising: at best, the Black+Decker had cooled things by 0.3C. Overall, I still quite liked it, but more as a fan than as an evaporative cooler. It put out a nice breeze, with a sleep timer, a swing function and a natural mode that varies the strength to feel like a natural breeze. It didn't make the final cut because … it's not cooling enough. Dimensions: 30 x 31 x 76cm (WDH); water tank: 7l; number of speeds: 3 remote control? Yes; peak noise level on test: 40dB; power use on top setting: 63W Evaporative coolers use water from a reservoir to cool the air that blows at you, like a sea breeze takes the edge off summer heat. They don't always produce a powerful wind like a fan, but they're designed to cool the room and are much more energy efficient than air conditioning. They cool the room only a little, though, so don't expect them to drastically alter the temperature like aircon. They're most effective in dryer environments as they make the air more humid, effectively acting as humidifiers while cooling. Most fans oscillate, moving side to side by swivelling on their base, whereas evaporative coolers tend to achieve a similar effect via a swing mode, which turns the vertical louvres at the front, moving the airflow from side to side. I found this effective for variety, but the angle is narrower than an oscillating fan. Meanwhile, breeze and natural modes cycle between different fan speeds to mimic the variety of a natural breeze. Also look out for a sleep timer, which gradually reduces the power overnight. I'll set out the maths. For each evaporative cooler on test, I measured its power use on the top setting, in watts (W). Electricity costs are in kWh (kilowatt hours). If, for example, you were using a 30W evaporative cooler for five hours, it would use 30 x 5 = 150Wh or 0.150kWh of energy. The energy price cap for 1 July to 30 September 2025 is 25.73p a kWh. So that's the price to use 1kWh of energy. Multiply 25.73p by 0.150kWh and you'll discover it costs just below 4p to run your evaporative cooler for five hours, or about £14 to run it this much every day for a year. Evaporative coolers are very cheap to run, then, and they'll keep you cool enough that you can dodge air conditioning. Air con uses significantly more electricity: pounds a day, not pennies. Broken tech is also awful for the environment. The evaporative coolers featured here have a one- or two-year guarantee. Longer guarantees are better: the makers are more likely to have built the product to last. Searching for a fan that will keep you cool on the move? Read our guide to the best handheld fans Caramel Quin is a journalist specialising in consumer technology. She prides herself on real-world testing and plain English. Her pet hates are jargon, pointless products and overcomplicated instruction manuals. Caramel is an engineering graduate who has won awards for communicating hi-tech subjects to normal people. When she's not testing gadgets, she's feeding pets (16 beasts at the time of writing) or pottering at the allotment
The Guardian
5 hours ago
- The Guardian
Iraq's marshes were considered an Eden. Now the oil industry is sucking them dry
At dawn, a veil of mist clings to the canals of Hawizeh, where sky and water seem to blur into a mirror. In the stern of a narrow wooden boat, 23-year-old Mustafa Hashim scans the marshes' shallows, cutting the motor and switching to a traditional pole to avoid snagging on invasive roots or thickening mud. It takes him about half an hour to push through the shrinking marshes to reach Um al-Nea'aj, once a vibrant lake teeming with boats and birdsong. Now, the water is about half a metre deep. 'Two years ago, there were families and fishermen everywhere,' Mustafa says, leaning out of the boat. 'You could hear laughter, the splash of fish. Today, there's nothing.' On the horizon, flames from the Halfaya oilfield flicker. Iraq's southern wetlands – known collectively as the Mesopotamian marshes – are among the world's most endangered ecosystems. Their expanse is believed by some to have contained the biblical Garden of Eden. Recognised as a Unesco world heritage site in 2016 and protected since 2007 as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, the marshes once stretched nearly 120 miles (200km) from Nasiriya to Basra, forming a rich and vast aquatic world. But beneath the surface lies another kind of wealth: oil. Three strategic oil concessions overlap with the protected area: Halfaya, Huwaiza, and Majnoon. The latter, Majnoon, takes its name from the Arabic word for 'crazy': it is considered one of the world's 'super-giant' oilfields, with estimated reserves of up to 38bn barrels (5.2bn tonnes). But the processes used to extract that oil have a voracious appetite for water. In a land already threatened by drought and desertification, the wetlands are being sucked dry. Mustafa's grandfather, Kasid Wanis, 87, once took his boat from Hawizeh to Basra (about 70 miles) using nothing but a pole and his memory of the route. 'We didn't know what cars were. We didn't need them. We were a people of water,' he says. His 41-year-old son Hashim, Mustafa's father, grew up fishing these waters. But four years ago, he packed his nets away. 'There's not enough water to live,' he says quietly. Crude oil is Iraq's economic lifeline, accounting for more than 95% of its total exports and 69% of GDP. The country is the world's sixth-largest crude producer, and the fate of the Hawizeh marshes is tightly bound to that of the oil industry. Since Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Europe has sought alternatives to Moscow's crude, with Iraq becoming a key source. The connection between oil extraction and water scarcity is direct and devastating. The Halfaya oilfield – in which the French energy company TotalEnergies also holds a stake – is operated by a consortium led by PetroChina. Spanning an area three times the size of Paris, it includes 300 wells, three oil-processing plants, a water-treatment facility, and its own airport to transport foreign workers between the site and international airports. It is state-owned PetroChina's largest overseas project. About a decade ago, shortly after PetroChina began operations in the region, six water-pumping stations were built along the Tigris River – the lifeline that feeds the marshes. Every day, they extract about 60,000 cubic metres of water, roughly the daily consumption of a mid-sized city. That water is diverted to the oilfields, where it is injected into wells to boost crude extraction – a standard practice across the region. The pumping stations are drawing from already diminished reserves. Dams built upstream in Turkey and the Kurdish region of Iraq have reduced water flow into southern Iraq by more than 50% since the 1970s, while Iranian dams on the Karkheh River – which feeds the Hawizeh marshes – have also reduced the region's water supply. Now, feeding this industrial oil complex is costing residents their environment and their way of life, they say. These days, Hashim is less worried about dwindling fish stocks than about the military checkpoints. The canals that once led deep into the wetlands are cut off and patrolled . Armed guards control access, requiring local fishers and buffalo herders to hand over their ID cards to enter. The marshes have become a militarised zone. Authorities say the heightened police and military presence is meant to prevent smuggling and secure the nearby border with Iran just a few miles away. But according to residents, it also serves to suppress local protests. 'The occupation follows the oil,' Mustafa says. 'They want to cut us off from our land so they can exploit it without resistance.' As the marshes dried, Mustafa did what many others have been forced to do – he joined the industry he blames for their destruction. In 2023, he and his father worked as subcontracted labourers for PetroChina. 'I saw it up close,' he says. 'They call this development, but it's destruction disguised as progress.' By the summer, he had quit. That same year, drought peaked and protests erupted across the region, and Mustafa joined them, organising blockades of oilfield access roads. 'At first I told Mustafa to stop,' Hashim says. 'But then he made me see it: this is political, and we can't stay silent.' As well as its thirst for water, oil extraction in the region has been linked to devastating pollution. 'This economy is literally killing people,' says Majid al-Saadi, director of the agriculture department in Maysan province. In late 2024, Saadi and his team compiled a confidential local government report into the effects of oil extraction on the region. The report, seen by the Guardian, documents alarming concentrations of hydrocarbons and heavy metals, chemicals into drinking water, and the collapse of local agriculture. 'This is not just pollution – it's expropriation,' Saadi says. In early 2025, Saadi delivered the report to Iraq's environment ministry, and says that officials promised to open talks with the oil ministry. But he is sceptical that any action will follow. For now, the expansion of oilfields in the area continues. Leaked photographs and videos, geolocated by the Guardian, now show excavators, pipelines, and workers digging directly into the heart of the protected zone – where the new Huwaiza oilfield is now under development. The exploration has been confirmed by satellite imagery analysis carried out for the Guardian by Placemarks, an independent geo‑analysis studio that uses satellite imagery and data to map environmental changes. A contract signed in February 2023 between Iraq's state-owned Maysan Oil Company and China's Geo-Jade Petroleum paved the way for the field's development. The new excavations would directly violate Ramsar protections. But the pact is not legally binding, and depends on states complying voluntarily. Iraq's oil and environment ministries did not respond to requests for comment. In July, the interior ministry's federal security affairs agency said in a social media post that environmental police had 'conducted a field inspection … to monitor potential environmental violations resulting from the activities of oil companies in the Hor al-Huwaiza area'. It continued: 'The field visit revealed that the pond had completely dried up, with no ongoing drilling, extraction, or disposal of oil waste at the site. However, there were excavations … being carried out by local companies contracted with the Chinese company Geo-Jade for exploration purposes and the future installation of oil rigs.' Jassem Falahi, an environment ministry official, has previously told AFP that the protected status of the marshes did not bar development projects. However, he added in May: 'Investment is subject to specific conditions and standards that must not disturb the core area … or affect the site and its biodiversity.' A spokesperson for TotalEnergies said that while it had a 22.8% stake in Halfaya oilfield, it was not an operator, and that questions about the field should be directed to PetroChina. PetroChina and GeoJade did not respond to requests for comment. Contacted by the Guardian, Unesco stressed its 'significant concern over the continued vulnerability of the natural components of the property to oil and gas developments'. Deprived of their livelihoods, Hawizeh's residents are left with few options. In Mustafa's village, hundreds of homes have been abandoned. Fresh protests broke out across the marshes three months ago. Hundreds marched near the Halfaya oilfield, denouncing new drilling permits. 'This isn't just about today's drilling rights,' Mustafa said. 'We're fighting so the next generation can know the wetlands our ancestors protected for thousands of years.' The unrest comes as Iraq boosts oil production amid a worsening water crisis. With another scorching summer under way, the head of Basra's Human Rights Commission has called for a state of emergency to be imposed, warning of a looming humanitarian disaster from scarcity, pollution and rising toxicity. What remains in the marshes is a quiet war – over land, water and memory. 'The government and the companies have turned us into a cake to be divided,' Mustafa says. 'They treat these waters like a business opportunity. For us, it's life.' This investigation was supported by Journalismfund Europe and IJ4EU
The Guardian
8 hours ago
- The Guardian
Iraq's marshes were considered an Eden. Now the oil industry is sucking them dry
At dawn, a veil of mist clings to the canals of Hawizeh, where sky and water seem to blur into a mirror. In the stern of a narrow wooden boat, 23-year-old Mustafa Hashim scans the marshes' shallows, cutting the motor and switching to a traditional pole to avoid snagging on invasive roots or thickening mud. It takes him about half an hour to push through the shrinking marshes to reach Um al-Nea'aj, once a vibrant lake teeming with boats and birdsong. Now, the water is about half a metre deep. 'Two years ago, there were families and fishermen everywhere,' Mustafa says, leaning out of the boat. 'You could hear laughter, the splash of fish. Today, there's nothing.' On the horizon, flames from the Halfaya oilfield flicker. Iraq's southern wetlands – known collectively as the Mesopotamian marshes – are among the world's most endangered ecosystems. Their expanse is believed by some to have contained the biblical Garden of Eden. Recognised as a Unesco world heritage site in 2016 and protected since 2007 as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, the marshes once stretched nearly 120 miles (200km) from Nasiriya to Basra, forming a rich and vast aquatic world. But beneath the surface lies another kind of wealth: oil. Three strategic oil concessions overlap with the protected area: Halfaya, Huwaiza, and Majnoon. The latter, Majnoon, takes its name from the Arabic word for 'crazy': it is considered one of the world's 'super-giant' oilfields, with estimated reserves of up to 38bn barrels (5.2bn tonnes). But the processes used to extract that oil have a voracious appetite for water. In a land already threatened by drought and desertification, the wetlands are being sucked dry. Mustafa's grandfather, Kasid Wanis, 87, once took his boat from Hawizeh to Basra (about 70 miles) using nothing but a pole and his memory of the route. 'We didn't know what cars were. We didn't need them. We were a people of water,' he says. His 41-year-old son Hashim, Mustafa's father, grew up fishing these waters. But four years ago, he packed his nets away. 'There's not enough water to live,' he says quietly. Crude oil is Iraq's economic lifeline, accounting for more than 95% of its total exports and 69% of GDP. The country is the world's sixth-largest crude producer, and the fate of the Hawizeh marshes is tightly bound to that of the oil industry. Since Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Europe has sought alternatives to Moscow's crude, with Iraq becoming a key source. The connection between oil extraction and water scarcity is direct and devastating. The Halfaya oilfield – in which the French energy company TotalEnergies also holds a stake – is operated by a consortium led by PetroChina. Spanning an area three times the size of Paris, it includes 300 wells, three oil-processing plants, a water-treatment facility, and its own airport to transport foreign workers between the site and international airports. It is state-owned PetroChina's largest overseas project. About a decade ago, shortly after PetroChina began operations in the region, six water-pumping stations were built along the Tigris River – the lifeline that feeds the marshes. Every day, they extract about 60,000 cubic metres of water, roughly the daily consumption of a mid-sized city. That water is diverted to the oilfields, where it is injected into wells to boost crude extraction – a standard practice across the region. The pumping stations are drawing from already diminished reserves. Dams built upstream in Turkey and the Kurdish region of Iraq have reduced water flow into southern Iraq by more than 50% since the 1970s, while Iranian dams on the Karkheh River – which feeds the Hawizeh marshes – have also reduced the region's water supply. Now, feeding this industrial oil complex is costing residents their environment and their way of life, they say. These days, Hashim is less worried about dwindling fish stocks than about the military checkpoints. The canals that once led deep into the wetlands are cut off and patrolled . Armed guards control access, requiring local fishers and buffalo herders to hand over their ID cards to enter. The marshes have become a militarised zone. Authorities say the heightened police and military presence is meant to prevent smuggling and secure the nearby border with Iran just a few miles away. But according to residents, it also serves to suppress local protests. 'The occupation follows the oil,' Mustafa says. 'They want to cut us off from our land so they can exploit it without resistance.' As the marshes dried, Mustafa did what many others have been forced to do – he joined the industry he blames for their destruction. In 2023, he and his father worked as subcontracted labourers for PetroChina. 'I saw it up close,' he says. 'They call this development, but it's destruction disguised as progress.' By the summer, he had quit. That same year, drought peaked and protests erupted across the region, and Mustafa joined them, organising blockades of oilfield access roads. 'At first I told Mustafa to stop,' Hashim says. 'But then he made me see it: this is political, and we can't stay silent.' As well as its thirst for water, oil extraction in the region has been linked to devastating pollution. 'This economy is literally killing people,' says Majid al-Saadi, director of the agriculture department in Maysan province. In late 2024, Saadi and his team compiled a confidential local government report into the effects of oil extraction on the region. The report, seen by the Guardian, documents alarming concentrations of hydrocarbons and heavy metals, chemicals into drinking water, and the collapse of local agriculture. 'This is not just pollution – it's expropriation,' Saadi says. In early 2025, Saadi delivered the report to Iraq's environment ministry, and says that officials promised to open talks with the oil ministry. But he is sceptical that any action will follow. For now, the expansion of oilfields in the area continues. Leaked photographs and videos, geolocated by the Guardian, now show excavators, pipelines, and workers digging directly into the heart of the protected zone – where the new Huwaiza oilfield is now under development. The exploration has been confirmed by satellite imagery analysis carried out for the Guardian by Placemarks, an independent geo‑analysis studio that uses satellite imagery and data to map environmental changes. A contract signed in February 2023 between Iraq's state-owned Maysan Oil Company and China's Geo-Jade Petroleum paved the way for the field's development. The new excavations would directly violate Ramsar protections. But the pact is not legally binding, and depends on states complying voluntarily. Iraq's oil and environment ministries did not respond to requests for comment. In July, the interior ministry's federal security affairs agency said in a social media post that environmental police had 'conducted a field inspection … to monitor potential environmental violations resulting from the activities of oil companies in the Hor al-Huwaiza area'. It continued: 'The field visit revealed that the pond had completely dried up, with no ongoing drilling, extraction, or disposal of oil waste at the site. However, there were excavations … being carried out by local companies contracted with the Chinese company Geo-Jade for exploration purposes and the future installation of oil rigs.' Jassem Falahi, an environment ministry official, has previously told AFP that the protected status of the marshes did not bar development projects. However, he added in May: 'Investment is subject to specific conditions and standards that must not disturb the core area … or affect the site and its biodiversity.' A spokesperson for TotalEnergies said that while it had a 22.8% stake in Halfaya oilfield, it was not an operator, and that questions about the field should be directed to PetroChina. PetroChina and GeoJade did not respond to requests for comment. Contacted by the Guardian, Unesco stressed its 'significant concern over the continued vulnerability of the natural components of the property to oil and gas developments'. Deprived of their livelihoods, Hawizeh's residents are left with few options. In Mustafa's village, hundreds of homes have been abandoned. Fresh protests broke out across the marshes three months ago. Hundreds marched near the Halfaya oilfield, denouncing new drilling permits. 'This isn't just about today's drilling rights,' Mustafa said. 'We're fighting so the next generation can know the wetlands our ancestors protected for thousands of years.' The unrest comes as Iraq boosts oil production amid a worsening water crisis. With another scorching summer under way, the head of Basra's Human Rights Commission has called for a state of emergency to be imposed, warning of a looming humanitarian disaster from scarcity, pollution and rising toxicity. What remains in the marshes is a quiet war – over land, water and memory. 'The government and the companies have turned us into a cake to be divided,' Mustafa says. 'They treat these waters like a business opportunity. For us, it's life.' This investigation was supported by Journalismfund Europe and IJ4EU
