
20,000 leagues under the sea
The year 1866 was marked by a strange event, an unexplainable occurrence which is undoubtedly still fresh in everyone's memory. Those living in coastal towns or in the interior of continents were aroused by all sorts of rumours; but it was seafaring people who were particularly excited. ... Skippers and masters of Europe and America, ... and the various governments of both continents were deeply concerned.
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Several ships had recently met at sea 'an enormous thing,' a long slender object which was sometimes phosphorescent and which was infinitely larger and faster than a whale.
The facts concerning this apparition, entered in various logbooks, agreed closely with one another as to the structure of the object or creature in question, the incredible speed of its movements, this surprising power of its locomotion and the strange life with which it seemed endowed. If it was a member of the whale family, it was larger than any so far classified by scientists. Neither
Cuvier
, Lacepede, Dumeril nor Quatrefages would have admitted that such a monster could exist - unless they had seen it with their own scientists' eyes.
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by Taboola
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Translated from French by Anthony Bonner

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Time of India
an hour ago
- Time of India
Looking for the perfect perfume? Well, it's synthesized on your skin
Dr Abdul Ghafur, an infectious disease expert is swabbing skin and using genetic sequencing to analyse epidermal bacteria -- not for diagnosing diseases but to recommend personalized perfumes based on an individual's unique skin microbiome. "Understanding the skin's microbiome is revolutionising how we approach the choice of perfumes. It moves beyond simply picking a scent to a personalised, scientifically-backed approach that considers your unique body chemistry," Dr Ghafur said. In May, Dr Ghafur, who works at Apollo Hospitals in Teynampet, started Fragragenomics Biotech (P) Ltd to help people make the right perfume choices. He launched the company owing to his interest in perfumes, his knowledge of microbiomes, and his frustration with some of the world's most famous fragrances that failed on his body. "It was during my work on microbiomes during the pandemic that I found the reasons," he said. The skin is home to trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, that comprise your skin microbiome. "When we think of microorganisms, we think they are all bad. That's not true. At least 99.99% of the bugs are either neutral or good for humans. Less than 0.001% cause diseases," he said. No two people have the same composition of skin microbes. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like Preparado para todo con hasta 10 años de garantía Nissan X-Trail Obtén ofertas Undo These microbes interact with compounds in the sweat, oils, and dead skin cells, metabolising them into volatile organic compounds. "These compounds, not sweat itself, create a unique, natural body odour. This scent fingerprint is influenced by genetics, diet, lifestyle, environment, and hormones. So everyone has a unique body odour," he said. Distilling the right perfume depends a lot on this. While sight or sound might dominate our conscious experience, scent often triggers far more vivid recollections. The olfactory pathways in the brain are fascinating neural routes that allow us to perceive and interpret smells. Unlike sight or hearing, the sense of smell takes a direct path to the brain, often bypassing the thalamus, which is a relay station for most other sensory information. Dr Ghafur's passion drove him to visit numerous perfumeries both in India and abroad. "Many perfumers were happy to discuss science," he said. The global perfume market was valued at about $50-55 billion in 2024. It's projected to touch an estimated $77-88 billion by 2032-2033, with a CAGR of about 5.3% to 5.9%. So, any scientific advancement that can attract more customers or bring in new ones is generally well-received. Customers perceive perfumes as much more than just a pleasant smell. They are seen as complex compositions that can influence emotions, shape perceptions, trigger memories, and serve as a subtle yet powerful extension of one's identity. "I don't feel shy to ask my patients or colleagues about the perfumes they use. Or I simply tell them the flavours in their perfume. Some think I am entering their personal space, but once I discuss science, they seem interested," he said. A common complaint is that a perfume didn't last as long as expected. Over the past few months, he has been testing and discussing what kind of bacteria produces a strong body odour and the kinds of scent profiles that will suit them. For instance, bacteria such as Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes feed on the proteins, fats, and oils in the sweat, especially in armpits, groin, and feet. They break these down into smaller, smelly molecules. When the "good" or neutral bacteria such as Micrococcus or Lactobacillus are thriving, they can help maintain a healthy skin environment, possibly by producing acids that inhibit odour-causing bacteria, or simply by not producing strong offensive smells themselves. He offers his patients tips on the top notes – the flavours that last for up to ten minutes, the middle notes, the ones that last for about four hours, and the base notes that will last for hours to days. The skin microbiome metagenomic test, of course, is not for everyone. "We can't tell everyone to go for testing. But we want to make them aware of how some volatile organic compounds work. The result is no one buys perfume after smelling a sheet of paper or during the two-hour layover at an airport," he said. Dr Ghafur has made a presentation about skin microbiomes in people with diabetes – how a systemic environment can lead to a less healthy, less diverse skin microbiome, contributing to specific body odours. "Many doctors were interested. They called back too," he said.


Time of India
3 hours ago
- Time of India
Are antibiotics losing battle against typhoid?
1 2 3 Ahmedabad: A recent study has raised alarm bells about the growing resistance of typhoid-causing bacteria to several antibiotics, in some cases up to 90%, potentially complicating treatment options for this common disease. This study by Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC) scientists, along with other organisations, is the latest among several studies in the past decade that flagged the rise of AMR typhoid in Gujarat and in India. Researchers studied isolated Salmonella Typhi or S Typhi, the bacteria responsible for typhoid fever, collected from Ahmedabad and Vadodara against 28 antibiotics used for treatment of typhoid and found several of them showing over 90% resistance. The group also pinpointed genes for third-generation antibiotics for some classes and suggested another class of antibiotics. Typhoid fever, caused by contaminated food or water or poor hygiene, is a common disease for Asia, Africa and Latin America and is marked by fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, rashes and in extreme cases, intestinal bleeding. Symptoms generally last for five to six days and doctors generally use antibiotics for treatment. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like American Investor Warren Buffett Recommends: 5 Books For Turning Your Life Around Blinkist: Warren Buffett's Reading List Undo In Ahmedabad city, monsoons often see 200-odd cases a month. The study, 'Comprehensive analysis of extensive drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi in Gujarat region, India: genomic findings and prospective alternative therapy' was recently published in the American Society for Microbiology journal Microbiology Spectrum. Its authors include SD Akshay, Heli Upadhyaya and 16 others from GBRC, MS University of Baroda, BJ Medical College, state govt's Commissionerate of Health, and Toprani Labs in Vadodara. 'Determining fluoroquinolones (FQs) and third-generation cephalosporin resistance underscores the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategiesOur research revealed alarming resistance trends to key antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone, cotrimoxazole, amikacin, ampicillin, cefepime, cefixime, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, limiting effective hospital treatment approaches,' the findings state. The researchers also highlighted the role of specific plasmids that carry resistance genes.'Our findings revealed that combination therapy with β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactam inhibitors (BLI) significantly improved the treatment efficacy against extensively drug resistant (XDR) S. Typhi, contributing to more favourable clinical results and reducing treatment failures,' read the findings, adding that this can effectively manage infections and avoid resistance development. Health experts in Ahmedabad say that the drug-resistant typhoid has been a reality for nearly a decade, in varied frequencies. Dr Urvesh Shah, professor and head of GCS Medical College's microbiology department, said that quinolone, the drug of choice a decade ago, is now getting resistant in more than 50% cases. "While third-generation cephalosporin are a drug of choice, we now get scattered cases of its resistance, which is alarming. While azithromycin retains its sensitivity, it should be given as a supplementary drug only," said Dr Shah, adding that the bottom line from such findings is steady rise of drug-resistant bacteria which should be addressed through proper use of drugs, their proper duration, and correct diagnosis. Dr RC Damani, internal medicine specialist at KD Hospital, said that compared to the scenario a decade ago, the medical fraternity is now forced to look at alternatives for the AMR typhoid. "Treatment protocols have changed today for antibiotic use. There is better screening also for determining typhoid cases," he said, adding that not all cases of typhoid are of AMR organisms. "The two popular methods to confirm typhoid are blood culture to determine bacteria and sonography to find signs such as swollen lymph nodes. While some start treatment for symptoms, the wrong use of antibiotics can add to the burden of AMR. Typhoid is a very common disease and we have seen a change in form of its duration from five days to seven days and treatment from oral medication to IV in serious cases," said Dr Pragnesh Vachcharajani, secretary of the Federation of Family Physicians' Association of India. Ahmedabad: A recent study has raised alarm bells about the growing resistance of typhoid-causing bacteria to several antibiotics, in some cases up to 90%, potentially complicating treatment options for this common disease. This study by Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC) scientists, along with other organisations, is the latest among several studies in the past decade that flagged the rise of AMR typhoid in Gujarat and in India. Researchers studied isolated Salmonella Typhi or S Typhi, the bacteria responsible for typhoid fever, collected from Ahmedabad and Vadodara against 28 antibiotics used for treatment of typhoid and found several of them showing over 90% resistance. The group also pinpointed genes for third-generation antibiotics for some classes and suggested another class of antibiotics. Typhoid fever, caused by contaminated food or water or poor hygiene, is a common disease for Asia, Africa and Latin America and is marked by fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, rashes and in extreme cases, intestinal bleeding. Symptoms generally last for five to six days and doctors generally use antibiotics for treatment. In Ahmedabad city, monsoons often see 200-odd cases a month. The study, 'Comprehensive analysis of extensive drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi in Gujarat region, India: genomic findings and prospective alternative therapy' was recently published in the American Society for Microbiology journal Microbiology Spectrum. Its authors include SD Akshay, Heli Upadhyaya and 16 others from GBRC, MS University of Baroda, BJ Medical College, state govt's Commissionerate of Health, and Toprani Labs in Vadodara. 'Determining fluoroquinolones (FQs) and third-generation cephalosporin resistance underscores the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategiesOur research revealed alarming resistance trends to key antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone, cotrimoxazole, amikacin, ampicillin, cefepime, cefixime, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, limiting effective hospital treatment approaches,' the findings state. The researchers also highlighted the role of specific plasmids that carry resistance genes.'Our findings revealed that combination therapy with β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactam inhibitors (BLI) significantly improved the treatment efficacy against extensively drug resistant (XDR) S. Typhi, contributing to more favourable clinical results and reducing treatment failures,' read the findings, adding that this can effectively manage infections and avoid resistance development. Health experts in Ahmedabad say that the drug-resistant typhoid has been a reality for nearly a decade, in varied frequencies. Dr Urvesh Shah, professor and head of GCS Medical College's microbiology department, said that quinolone, the drug of choice a decade ago, is now getting resistant in more than 50% cases. "While third-generation cephalosporin are a drug of choice, we now get scattered cases of its resistance, which is alarming. While azithromycin retains its sensitivity, it should be given as a supplementary drug only," said Dr Shah, adding that the bottom line from such findings is steady rise of drug-resistant bacteria which should be addressed through proper use of drugs, their proper duration, and correct diagnosis. Dr RC Damani, internal medicine specialist at KD Hospital, said that compared to the scenario a decade ago, the medical fraternity is now forced to look at alternatives for the AMR typhoid. "Treatment protocols have changed today for antibiotic use. There is better screening also for determining typhoid cases," he said, adding that not all cases of typhoid are of AMR organisms. "The two popular methods to confirm typhoid are blood culture to determine bacteria and sonography to find signs such as swollen lymph nodes. While some start treatment for symptoms, the wrong use of antibiotics can add to the burden of AMR. Typhoid is a very common disease and we have seen a change in form of its duration from five days to seven days and treatment from oral medication to IV in serious cases," said Dr Pragnesh Vachcharajani, secretary of the Federation of Family Physicians' Association of India.


Time of India
5 hours ago
- Time of India
From classroom to cosmos: Shubhanshu Shukla's wife looks back & ahead
HARBOR ISLAND-MELBOURNE BEACH (FLORIDA): When Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla lifts off to space aboard the Axiom-4 (Ax-4) mission on June 10 for a two-week stay on the ISS, it won't just mark a milestone for India. For his wife Kamna, it's another chapter in a life shaped quietly around duty, friendship, and long familiarity. Speaking exclusively to TOI just days ahead of the launch from Nasa's Kennedy Space Centre here, Kamna shared what this journey has meant to her—as a partner, as a parent, and as someone who's known 'Shux' since childhood. 'As you go on this incredible journey, I am extremely proud of you. You're not just reaching for the stars, you are inspiring so many of us back home. Just shine bright and do your duty to your best, as you always do.' Kamna's Message To Shux 'It was in the beginning of 2020,' she recalled, when it first felt real that Shukla might actually go to space. 'One of the criteria for Gaganyaan aspirants was that they had to be test pilots. It's such a small community that we were elated, because whoever it may be, he would be known to us. That small idea has become an incredible reality now.' by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like Giao dịch vàng CFDs với mức chênh lệch giá thấp nhất IC Markets Đăng ký Undo At home, Shux is a man of routine and quiet resolve. 'He loves his workouts, non-fiction books, to goof around with his six-year-old son. But when you talk about his fearlessness, he's taken immense risks. He left his life as a fighter pilot and stepped into the uncharted world of spaceflight. From making decisions in microseconds to doing delicate experiments in micrograms—it's a complete shift,' she said. Her favourite image of him, though, is less about space and more about spirit. 'There's a never-say-never attitude in him that's very special. You'll often find him quoting Dory from Finding Nemo—just keep swimming. There may be a fire anywhere, but he focuses on solutions. That's his forte.' Of the rest of the Ax-4 crew, Kamna said they are now more than colleagues. 'They call themselves friends for life. Their experience in microgravity will bind them forever. I'm so glad Shux found these friends—and all of them adore our son Sid.' Kamna and Shukla first met in primary school. 'We've studied together since Class 3. We've been best friends. I've known him as Gunjan, as Shubhanshu—the shy guy in our classroom—who's now inspiring so many people.' But being married to someone on this path means living with distance and missed milestones. 'These things do get overwhelming, especially Shux missing Sid's early childhood. He finds that deeply painful,' she admitted. 'But he's incredibly focused, like Arjuna [from Mahabharat]—he only sees the target.' Her way of coping has been to embrace anticipation over anxiety: 'You can either be overwhelmed or be excited. We chose excitement. Nothing worthwhile comes without risk. With challenge comes glory—that's the mindset.' Sid is still too young to fully grasp what's unfolding. 'It's all just exciting for him. He thinks everyone's father is an astronaut. When we visited Nasa, he was thrilled to see rockets and suits. But when asked what he liked most, he said, 'deers in Nasa's park are very nice'. That's his comprehension for now. I'm sure when he grows up, he'll be super proud.' Asked how she'd want Sid to remember this time, Kamna said: 'I'd tell him his father was the chosen one. Lucky to represent his beautiful country and its 1.4 billion people. Fortune favours the brave, and Shux is the bravest person I know. He left his love for flying to enter an unknown territory. He reaches for the stars—and yet, he remains grounded.' Back home, they know this is only the beginning. 'He has immense responsibility. The Axiom mission is a stepping stone for India's Gaganyaan programme . Whatever he learns will help the country. He'll be quite busy once he returns.' But first, the launch. And for Kamna, it's like every other take-off in a fighter pilot's life. 'I never attended his take-offs. Out of sight, out of mind—that's how I cope. I haven't thought about the launch day. We go with the flow. We're filled with gratitude. We'll take it as it comes.'