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Yahoo
a day ago
- Science
- Yahoo
‘Superorganisms' were just seen in the wild for the first time ever
If you purchase an independently reviewed product or service through a link on our website, BGR may receive an affiliate commission. For years, scientists have watched nematodes build massive superorganisms in the form of writhing towers. But, they've only seen it happen in the lab. Now, though, researchers write that they've observed these massive, disturbing towers writhing in the wild for the first time ever. Previously, researchers believed that the behavior was meant to be an attempt to escape from the rest of the group. However, new images of the writhing towers appear to suggest they're actually used cooperatively, to benefit many worms instead of just one. Today's Top Deals Best deals: Tech, laptops, TVs, and more sales Best Ring Video Doorbell deals Memorial Day security camera deals: Reolink's unbeatable sale has prices from $29.98 The researchers reported their findings in a report published in Current Biology, writing that these towering superorganisms only existed naturally in their imaginations for the longest of times. Observing the towers also taught researchers quite a bit about how different species of nematode work together. While watching the towers, the scientists note that while many different species crawled through the worm towers, only one species, a tough larval stage known as a dauer, actually participated in building up the writing masses. This specificity in the construction of the tower points to something more than just random cooperation. These towers are truly superorganisms, then, and not just piles of writing worm bodies. This discovery also got researchers thinking: could other worms form writhing towers like this, too? To test that hypothesis, they stuck a toothbrush bristle into a food-free agar plate, then unleashed a bunch of roundworms from the species Caenorhabditis elegans into the structure. Immediately, the worms began to work together and build up a tower. Within two hours, the researchers say the C. elegans had formed a tower using the bristle as its spine. The researchers watched as some worms along the superorganism writhed and acted as exploratory arms. Others acted as bridges between gaps. To see how the superorganism would respond, the researchers tapped the top of the tower with a glass pick. Almost immediately, the worms began to wriggle and move toward the area. This, they say, shows that these towers are always growing and moving toward stimulus. It's an intriguing show of cooperation between the worms, and just one more way that worms continue to astound scientists. It also raises more questions about why these superorganisms form in the first place. Even more interesting, though, is that the roundworms didn't appear to hold any kind of class system in place. Where the nematodes only relied on the larval stage worms to create the tower, all the roundworms chimed in to help build up the mass. Researchers will need to dig deeper to see exactly why worms form these writhing superorganisms. Hopefully other species, like the parasitic hairworm, aren't capable of this same kind of behavior. More Top Deals Amazon gift card deals, offers & coupons 2025: Get $2,000+ free See the
Yahoo
3 days ago
- Science
- Yahoo
This ‘Tower of Worms' Is a Squirming Superorganism
When food runs out, certain tiny roundworms, barely visible to the naked eye, crawl toward one another and build living, wriggling towers that move as one superorganism. For the first time, we've caught them doing that in nature on video. Scientists spent months pointing their digital microscope at rotting apples and pears to finally catch a glimpse of these living towers formed by Caenorhabditis roundworms in an orchard that is just downhill from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior's location in Konstanz, Germany. 'It wasn't that hard to find. It's just the people didn't have the interest or time or funding for this kind of research,' says biologist Daniela Perez, lead author of the study. Perez and her team at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior then studied this behavior in a laboratory to learn more. To spur the towering, they placed groups of Caenorhabditis elegans in a dish without food, alongside a toothbrush bristle that could work as a scaffold. Dozens of worms quickly climbed on top of the bristle and one another to form a structure that moved in an eerily coordinated manner. The tower responded to the touch of a glass pipe by attempting to latch onto it; it stretched to bridge the gap between the bottom of the dish and its lid; and it even waved its tip around to probe the surrounding environment. The results were published Thursday in Current Biology. [Sign up for Today in Science, a free daily newsletter] Researchers had previously observed this towering in the lab but didn't know that it was an actual survival strategy in the wild. 'Discovering [this behavior] in wild populations is really important as it shows this is a part of how these animals live and not just a lab artifact,' says William Schafer, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge, who studies C. elegans and was not involved in the study. Why do the worms do this? The researchers think towering helps worms set out to find richer food sources. When resources are limited, 'it probably makes sense for microscopic organisms to cooperate for dispersing by forming something bigger,' says the study's senior author Serena Ding. The towers could allow some of their members to reach new places or to hitchhike on other organisms such as fruit flies. The bigger question is how the worms communicate within the towers. If the worms on top latch onto a fly, how do those at the bottom know to detach from where they're anchored? They could communicate chemically through pheromones and mechanically through movement patterns, Schafer suggests. Perez says her team plans to test this next. 'Every time we have a meeting, we end up with 10 new project ideas,' she says. 'There are so many directions we can take this.'
Yahoo
3 days ago
- Science
- Yahoo
Watch 'superorganism' created by tiny worms — the first time it's ever been spotted in the wild
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. Nematodes have been spotted forming writhing towers of tiny worms in the wild for the first time, according to a report in the journal Current Biology. The bizarre behavior had previously only been observed in experimental settings, thought to be a competitive attempt to escape from the rest of the group. However, new images of these towers forming in the wild hint at a more mutually-beneficial motivation. The footage was captured by researchers in Konstanz, Germany, on fallen apples and pears at local orchards. The team from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (MPI-AB) and the University of Konstanz were then able to combine these images with follow-up laboratory experiments to demonstrate that the 'towering' behavior happens naturally, and that the worms engage in such behaviour as a means of mass transit. 'I was ecstatic when I saw these natural towers for the first time,' said senior author Serena Ding, group leader at the MPI-AB, describing the moment when co-author Ryan Greenway, a biologist at the University of Konstanz, sent her a video recording from the field. 'For so long natural worm towers existed only in our imaginations. But with the right equipment and lots of curiosity, we found them hiding in plain sight.' That curiosity also revealed some interesting aspects of worm cooperation. While the researchers observed many nematode species crawling inside the fruit, only a single species in the same developmental period — a tough larval stage known as a 'dauer' — participated in tower building. That level of species specificity in worm tower 'construction' hinted that there might be more driving the behavior than a seemingly random creature cluster. Related: Nematode resurrected from Siberian permafrost lay dormant for 46,000 years 'A nematode tower is not just a pile of worms,' said study first author Daniela Perez, a postdoctoral researcher at MPI-AB. 'It's a coordinated structure, a superorganism in motion.' The paper suggested these observations could serve as a 'missing link' into behavior of similar organisms. Such towering behavior has previously been observed in slime molds, fire ants and spider mites, but it is still relatively rare in nature. To see if other kinds of worms could also form such a 'superorganism', researchers created conditions to coach the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans into assembling into similar structures. C. elegans is a model organism that is widely studied for both its behavior and biology. Perez stuck a toothbrush bristle into a food-free agar plate to act as a sort scaffold — then unleashed the worms. Within two hours, the C. elegans formed a tower using the bristle as its spine. Some smaller clusters of worms reached out exploratory 'arms,' while others bridged gaps between spaces. And when researchers tapped the top of the tower with a glass pick, the worms wriggled toward that stimulus. 'The towers are actively sensing and growing,' says Perez. 'When we touched them, they responded immediately, growing toward the stimulus and attaching to it.' RELATED STORIES —Why do worms come out in the rain? —Australian 'trash parrots' have now developed a local 'drinking tradition' —Wandering salamander: The tree‑climbing amphibian with a blood‑powered grip The researchers also wondered if there was some sort of worm hierarchy driving this activity. Did younger worms have to do all the work? Stronger ones? Smaller, weaker ones? It turns out that the roundworms were remarkably egalitarian in their efforts. Unlike the orchard-based nematodes, the laboratory-bound C. elegans represented a range of life stages, from larval to adult — but they all pitched in. That suggests 'towering' may be a more generalized strategy for group movement than previously thought. 'Our study opens up a whole new system for exploring how and why animals move together,' says Ding.
Yahoo
3 days ago
- Science
- Yahoo
Worm towers are all around us
Biologists estimate that four out of five animals on Earth are nematodes (AKA roundworms).The tiny, wriggling, transparent invertebrates are the most abundant creatures on the planet and are found nearly everywhere–from permafrost to the deep ocean. More than one million species make up this ubiquitous group, which includes parasites, decomposers, predators, and more. 'They're not about to take over the world, because they already did,' says Serena Ding, a biologist at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior in Konstanz, Germany tells Popular Science. 'Global worming has already happened.' Yet despite their ubiquity in the environment and in research labs (where the nematode C. elegans is a common model organism), a new discovery highlights that there's still a lot left to learn about these worms. Humble roundworms put cheerleaders' pyramid-building skills to shame. In order to disperse and explore their environment, wild nematodes self-assemble into tower-shaped superorganisms, according to a new study led by Ding and published June 5 in the journal Current Biology. Together, groups of the one-millimeter long worms can act as hyper-coordinated construction squads, with their living bodies providing the raw material for functional, temporary structures. It's a biological feat that even humans struggle to accomplish. This is also the first time that scientists have formally documented the nematode phenomenon occurring in nature. Worm towers– sometimes called swarms– 'were kind of just whispered about in the worm community,' says Ding. Previously, there were anecdotal reports and documented observations of these multi-nematode assemblages in labs and other artificial settings, but it wasn't certain if the formations happened naturally. Now, it's clear that nematodes do, indeed, form towers without artificial interference.'They do exist at high densities, they're interacting, and they're doing something together.' says Ding, who studies collective behavior. 'This was the most exciting thing for me.' One tower can contain thousands of worms in a single aggregation, which looks like a cohesive drop of wiggly gelatin. The impressive team effort enables nematodes to hitch rides on passing insects to more favorable habitats and bridge otherwise untraversable gaps, Ding and her co-authors suggest. Studying this behavior could offer insights into the evolution of social animals and how group decision making unfolds. Only a handful of organisms are known to form collective assemblages for the purpose of dispersing, similar to the nematode towers. 'It's actually super rare,' says Ding, noting that there are just three other, well-documented examples. Slime molds, which are technically single-celled amoebas, often take on multicellular forms, aggregating to make fruiting bodies that send out spores or moving from place to place in a group. Fire ants are known to form rafts with their bodies to get through flood waters, and arrange themselves into towers and bridges to navigate the landscape. Groups of spider mites weave themselves up with silk into a ball that can be carried to distant frontiers on the wind. With the new findings, nematodes gain membership to an exclusive group of evolutionary odd-balls. But though superorganism behavior is uncommon across the tree of life, worm towers themselves are surprisingly commonplace. To track them down in the wild, the researchers didn't have to travel far. They started by looking at fallen fruit beneath trees on their university campus with a digital microscope. On rotting apples and pears, they found dozens of nematode towers wiggling at the edges and points of the fruits' fleshy topography. The scientists also documented the behavior among nematodes found at a mushroom farm. Then, they devised a method of reliably recreating it in the lab. Here's their recipe for encouraging worm towers: place a few thousand nematodes on a food-free petri dish that's flat except for a single tooth brush bristle pointing upwards. Then, wait for a couple of hours. It's that simple. In hundreds of trials, the worms clustered into their writhing tower formation around the bristle more than 90 percent of the time. The longest towers in these experiments were well over a centimeter long (more than 10x a nematode's body length). Prior observations have noted towers about five centimeters–or almost two inches–high. In additional experiments with fruit flies and with a plastic probe, the researchers showed that worm towers strategically move towards any object that touches them or brushes by. The quick collective action allows the towers to shift fast enough to glom onto the leg of a passing insect. Previous research has documented individual nematodes hitchhiking on insects. However, through tower building, it seems that hundreds of worms can grab a ride at once, making the unwitting bug more akin to a subway train than a single passenger vehicle. The scientists also recorded two instances of the towers probing around and forming bridges to reach new locations, like the petri dish lid. Both observations support the leading hypothesis that nematodes build towers to access new, more suitable habitats. Using worms tagged with a fluorescent protein, Ding and her colleagues further found that nematodes building a tower all tend to orient themselves in the same direction. The worms point their heads upwards, and their bodies undulate in time with one another. Yet how they coordinate this intricate collaboration remains unclear. Many of the new observations prompt more confusion than clarity. For instance, in the wild groups, towers were exclusively made up of larvae. In the lab, nematodes of all ages collaborated to build. What accounts for the age difference is unknown. Ding and her colleagues didn't note any apparent competition for the top spots at the tip of the tower, where a worm is most likely to catch a ride. But it's unclear if a less genetically homogenous group of worms might be more competitive. The researchers also don't yet understand why the worms opt to disperse collectively instead of solo. Nor do they know how worms decide to begin forming a tower or the neural or sensory mechanisms that enable it. The basic physics of how thousands of tiny, slimy bodies manage to form something so coordinated and solid remains unresolved as well. 'There are the sorts of questions that we want to address,' says Ding. Ultimately, she hopes to use nematode towers to better understand animal cooperation across species. For so long in science, nematodes have been seen as little more than a microbiology model system, allowing researchers to test genetic modifications, understand cells, and map neurons. But, in looking so closely at the worms, generations of scientists may have missed the bigger picture. Nematodes have complex behaviors that are the product of millions of years of evolution. Learning more about what they do could shed light on how animals large and small work together, says Ding. 'It pays a lot to think about them as real animals,' she adds. 'They're everywhere, they're important, and they do things.'
Scientific American
3 days ago
- Science
- Scientific American
This ‘Tower of Worms' Is a Squirming Superorganism
When food runs out, certain tiny roundworms, barely visible to the naked eye, crawl toward one another and build living, wriggling towers that move as one superorganism. For the first time, we've caught them doing that in nature on video. Scientists spent months pointing their digital microscope at rotting apples and pears to finally catch a glimpse of these living towers formed by Caenorhabditis roundworms in an orchard that is just downhill from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior's location in Konstanz, Germany. 'It wasn't that hard to find. It's just the people didn't have the interest or time or funding for this kind of research,' says biologist Daniela Perez, lead author of the study. Perez and her team at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior then studied this behavior in a laboratory to learn more. To spur the towering, they placed groups of Caenorhabditis elegans in a dish without food, alongside a toothbrush bristle that could work as a scaffold. Dozens of worms quickly climbed on top of the bristle and one another to form a structure that moved in an eerily coordinated manner. The tower responded to the touch of a glass pipe by attempting to latch onto it; it stretched to bridge the gap between the bottom of the dish and its lid; and it even waved its tip around to probe the surrounding environment. The results were published Thursday in Current Biology. On supporting science journalism If you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today. Researchers had previously observed this towering in the lab but didn't know that it was an actual survival strategy in the wild. 'Discovering [this behavior] in wild populations is really important as it shows this is a part of how these animals live and not just a lab artifact,' says William Schafer, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge, who studies C. elegans and was not involved in the study. Why do the worms do this? The researchers think towering helps worms set out to find richer food sources. When resources are limited, 'it probably makes sense for microscopic organisms to cooperate for dispersing by forming something bigger,' says the study's senior author Serena Ding. The towers could allow some of their members to reach new places or to hitchhike on other organisms such as fruit flies. The bigger question is how the worms communicate within the towers. If the worms on top latch onto a fly, how do those at the bottom know to detach from where they're anchored? They could communicate chemically through pheromones and mechanically through movement patterns, Schafer suggests. Perez says her team plans to test this next. 'Every time we have a meeting, we end up with 10 new project ideas,' she says. 'There are so many directions we can take this.'
