Latest news with #CRISPR
IOL News
4 hours ago
- Health
- IOL News
Could gene editing help prevent Down syndrome? Insights into CRISPR's potential
Many families and advocates express concerns about retaining the inherent beauty and value of diversity, fearing that efforts to "delete" a condition might overshadow the vibrant personalities and lives of those who embody it. Image: Cliff Booth/pexels Imagine a world where the very building blocks of our DNA could be gently edited, removing what brings suffering, without erasing what makes us uniquely human. That's exactly the kind of future scientists are now daring to explore, thanks to a new breakthrough in gene editing that has the medical community buzzing with hope and raising some tough questions. Editing out the extra chromosome Recently, researchers at Mie University in Japan accomplished something that, until now, was only the stuff of science fiction: they used a tool called CRISPR-Cas9 to remove the extra copy of chromosome 21 from cells affected by Down syndrome. Their findings, published in the journal PNAS Nexus, could mark the start of a new era in how we think about treating (and maybe even preventing) this common genetic condition. 'We designed our CRISPR system to target the extra chromosome without affecting the normal pair,' explained Dr Ryotaro Hashizume, the project's lead scientist. 'Our goal was to remove the surplus material and see whether the cell's gene expression returned to typical levels.' What is Down syndrome? We've all heard of Down syndrome, but what actually causes it? In simple terms, it happens when a person is born with three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. This extra genetic material disrupts the body's usual blueprint, leading to a variety of challenges, from intellectual disabilities and heart defects to higher risks of Alzheimer's disease and other health conditions. Down syndrome, commonly associated with an intellectual disability, arises when a person is born with three copies of chromosome 21 rather than the usual two, leading to various developmental challenges Image: Google DeepMind/pexels Three main types of Down syndrome exist: Trisomy 21 (the most common): Every cell in the body has an extra chromosome 21. Mosaic Down syndrome: Only some cells have the extra copy, leading to milder symptoms. Translocation Down syndrome: The extra chromosome attaches to a different chromosome, which affects how symptoms appear. Down syndrome is more common than many realise, affecting about 1 in 700 babies born in the world, according to the CDC. While the chance increases with maternal age, most babies with Down syndrome are actually born to younger mothers, simply because they have more children overall. How does CRISPR work its magic? CRISPR-Cas9 is often called 'genetic scissors'. It can cut DNA at precise spots, allowing scientists to remove, repair, or add genetic material. In the Mie University study, researchers programmed CRISPR to specifically target and cut the extra chromosome 21 in both stem cells and mature skin cells from people with Down syndrome. Following the removal of the extra chromosome, the cells behaved more like typical cells: Their growth improved. They produced fewer harmful byproducts (linked to cell ageing). Genes related to brain development became more active. This aligns with decades of research published in the National Institutes of Health showing that the extra chromosome 21 interferes with normal development. What could this mean for people with Down syndrome? If this technology ever leaves the lab, it could be revolutionary. Imagine therapies where a person's own cells are edited and returned to their body, potentially improving heart health, boosting brain function, and reducing the risk of early-onset Alzheimer's. But (and it's a big but), we're not there yet. According to Hashizume, this technique is not yet ready for use in hospitals or in routine medical practice. But it sets a new benchmark for what CRISPR can do, not just editing single genes, but removing entire chromosomes. Any conversation about 'deleting' a genetic condition sparks strong feelings. What does it mean to change something so fundamental? Some families and advocates worry about losing the beauty and value in diversity, including the lives and personalities of people with Down syndrome. And while prenatal screening has made Down syndrome rare in some countries, the global conversation is just beginning: Should we use science to eliminate a condition, or focus on making life better for people who live with it? As we watch this story unfold, one thing is certain: the future of health, wellness, and genetics will be shaped not just by labs and scientists, but by all of us, families, advocates, and a world still learning to celebrate differences.
Yahoo
10 hours ago
- Business
- Yahoo
The 3 Things That Matter for CRISPR Therapeutics Now
Key Points CRISPR Therapeutics' gene-editing treatments are highly customized and shockingly expensive. The market is watching to see if the underlying science can be applied to treat many diseases. The company has plenty of money right now, but its expenses could grow quite a bit from here. 10 stocks we like better than CRISPR Therapeutics › Biotechnology outfit CRISPR Therapeutics (NASDAQ: CRSP) isn't a name on many investors' radar -- and understandably so. Its market capitalization is a mere $6 billion. The company remains in the red largely because it's barely got any revenue to speak of. It's not likely to swing to a profit in the immediate future, either. Still, if you've got room in your portfolio for a little more risk paired with above-average upside potential, this is a stock worth adding to your watchlist (if not your portfolio) with three key things in mind. But first things first. What's CRISPR Therapeutics? Although the company was founded back in 2013, most of its time since then has been spent refining the work first done by Jennifer Doudna, Ph.D., and co-founder Emmanuelle Charpentier, Ph.D., who jointly figured out how to "edit" defective genetic code in a strand of DNA. By using a protein called Cas9 to find and remove a damaged portion of a genetic sequence and then replace it using a gene-editing biotechnology based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats -- or CRISPR -- medical science is now able to do what was once unthinkable. It's still early days for the science -- very early. In fact, the FDA only made its first-ever approval of a gene-editing therapy in December of 2023. That's Casgevy, for the treatment of sickle cell disease, which was approved in the U.K. only a month earlier. The thing is, Casgevy is CRISPR Therapeutics' treatment, underscoring how well developed this biotech outfit's science is, and perhaps indirectly underscoring the fact that many rival drug developers are still well behind. Casgevy isn't the company's proverbial big Kahuna, however -- it's merely proof that gene editing can be successfully done. The heavy hitters in CRISPR's developmental pipeline are CTX310 for the treatment of certain cardiovascular diseases, and CTX131 and CTX112, both of which are taking aim at cancer using the very same CRISPR science. Although all of these drugs still have years of developmental work ahead of them, again, the underlying gene-editing technology works. Its potential applications are enormous. That's why CRISPR has a dozen or so others in clinical or pre-clinical trials also underway at this time. Three things to watch As time marches on, though, this stock's backstory is evolving from one broadly driven by an idea to one that increasingly hinges on some very specific factors. To this end, here are the three things that matter the most to current and prospective CRISPR Therapeutics shareholders right now -- and for the foreseeable future -- since they'll either drive the stock higher or let it slide into a sell-off. 1. Insurers and patients' acceptance of CRISPR-based medicine's cost While the science of using CRISPR to repair faulty cells is exciting, it's not exactly cheap or easy. See, Casgevy isn't a pill or an injection. It requires a sample of a patient's own blood stem cells to create a completely customized therapy, which is then infused back into that patient after he or she has undergone chemotherapy. All of this care can only be done at one of CRISPR's 65 authorized treatment centers. Total cost? A little over $2 million per patient. That's pretty steep for any therapy, but particularly for sickle cell disease, which at least has a handful of more affordable treatment options. The cost of treating life-threatening cancer is less of a stumbling block, even for insurers that may occasionally see bills nearly this size for even the most conventional of oncology treatment regimens. The price tag of this and any other future CRISPR-based therapy, however, is likely to remain in this ballpark, where payers may well balk. 2. The ongoing development of CTX310 Again, while Casgevy is approved to treat sickle cell disease, it's really more of a proving ground for the other drugs in CRISPR Therapeutics' developmental pipeline. This, of course, includes CTX131 and CTX112, but the company itself is putting the spotlight on CTX310 as a treatment for ANGPTL3 (angiopoietin-like 3), which is often associated with poorly regulated cholesterol, lipids, and triglycerides. If the company can demonstrate its solution is at least as good as (if not better than) alternative cholesterol-fighting drugs, investors might continue to support this stock. This information is coming. The company posted encouraging early results of CTX310's phase 1 clinical trial late last month, and says it intends to offer more detailed data at a healthcare conference scheduled for later in the year. If it's compelling enough, it could tamp down worries over the high cost of any CRISPR-based treatment. 3. Liquidity Finally, you'll want to keep an eye on CRISPR Therapeutics' liquidity, or the amount of cash it has on hand to cover its operating costs while it continues to develop CTX310 at the same time it's looking to expand Casgevy's commercialization. As of the end of the first quarter, CRISPR was sitting on $1.86 billion in cash, which is a lot for a company of this size. It's working through this money pretty quickly, though, shelling out nearly $150 million in operating expenses in Q1 alone. That doesn't include a full quarter's worth of the sort of costs the phase 1 trial of CTX310 is incurring now, or any other trials it starts or expands in the foreseeable future. Continued revenue growth from Casgevy should seemingly help offset some of this spending, even if not all of it. Indeed, the analyst community expects CRISPR's top line to soar from less than $50 million this year to more than $400 million in 2027, even if these same analysts believe the company will still be well in the red then. A few years' worth of losses isn't exactly unusual for a young biotech start-up. CRISPR Therapeutics would still lack much-needed scale even after such growth, though. The money it needs to spend just to get any meaningful degree of traction from Casgevy or maintain its clinical trials could far exceed any conceivable amount of revenue the newly approved drug might produce in the foreseeable future. Don't confuse what CRSP stock is So what's the call? There isn't one -- not this time. Buying or avoiding a stake in CRISPR Therapeutics is entirely up to you, depending on your risk tolerances and your ability to manage such a holding. If you're strictly a buy-and-hold investor, there's probably not enough certainty here yet to latch onto for the long haul. And there may never be. If you've got a speculative side that can tolerate risk in exchange for hype-driven reward, though, you could make a decent bullish case. Just don't confuse the two, or muddy the waters by trying to be both. The last thing you want to do here is talk yourself into a long-term position that requires you to ignore obvious red flags like the three potential ones discussed above. Should you buy stock in CRISPR Therapeutics right now? Before you buy stock in CRISPR Therapeutics, consider this: The Motley Fool Stock Advisor analyst team just identified what they believe are the for investors to buy now… and CRISPR Therapeutics wasn't one of them. The 10 stocks that made the cut could produce monster returns in the coming years. Consider when Netflix made this list on December 17, 2004... if you invested $1,000 at the time of our recommendation, you'd have $636,628!* Or when Nvidia made this list on April 15, 2005... if you invested $1,000 at the time of our recommendation, you'd have $1,063,471!* Now, it's worth noting Stock Advisor's total average return is 1,041% — a market-crushing outperformance compared to 183% for the S&P 500. Don't miss out on the latest top 10 list, available when you join Stock Advisor. See the 10 stocks » *Stock Advisor returns as of July 28, 2025 James Brumley has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has positions in and recommends CRISPR Therapeutics. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy. The 3 Things That Matter for CRISPR Therapeutics Now was originally published by The Motley Fool Error in retrieving data Sign in to access your portfolio Error in retrieving data Error in retrieving data Error in retrieving data Error in retrieving data
Yahoo
10 hours ago
- Business
- Yahoo
The 3 Things That Matter for CRISPR Therapeutics Now
Key Points CRISPR Therapeutics' gene-editing treatments are highly customized and shockingly expensive. The market is watching to see if the underlying science can be applied to treat many diseases. The company has plenty of money right now, but its expenses could grow quite a bit from here. 10 stocks we like better than CRISPR Therapeutics › Biotechnology outfit CRISPR Therapeutics (NASDAQ: CRSP) isn't a name on many investors' radar -- and understandably so. Its market capitalization is a mere $6 billion. The company remains in the red largely because it's barely got any revenue to speak of. It's not likely to swing to a profit in the immediate future, either. Still, if you've got room in your portfolio for a little more risk paired with above-average upside potential, this is a stock worth adding to your watchlist (if not your portfolio) with three key things in mind. But first things first. What's CRISPR Therapeutics? Although the company was founded back in 2013, most of its time since then has been spent refining the work first done by Jennifer Doudna, Ph.D., and co-founder Emmanuelle Charpentier, Ph.D., who jointly figured out how to "edit" defective genetic code in a strand of DNA. By using a protein called Cas9 to find and remove a damaged portion of a genetic sequence and then replace it using a gene-editing biotechnology based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats -- or CRISPR -- medical science is now able to do what was once unthinkable. It's still early days for the science -- very early. In fact, the FDA only made its first-ever approval of a gene-editing therapy in December of 2023. That's Casgevy, for the treatment of sickle cell disease, which was approved in the U.K. only a month earlier. The thing is, Casgevy is CRISPR Therapeutics' treatment, underscoring how well developed this biotech outfit's science is, and perhaps indirectly underscoring the fact that many rival drug developers are still well behind. Casgevy isn't the company's proverbial big Kahuna, however -- it's merely proof that gene editing can be successfully done. The heavy hitters in CRISPR's developmental pipeline are CTX310 for the treatment of certain cardiovascular diseases, and CTX131 and CTX112, both of which are taking aim at cancer using the very same CRISPR science. Although all of these drugs still have years of developmental work ahead of them, again, the underlying gene-editing technology works. Its potential applications are enormous. That's why CRISPR has a dozen or so others in clinical or pre-clinical trials also underway at this time. Three things to watch As time marches on, though, this stock's backstory is evolving from one broadly driven by an idea to one that increasingly hinges on some very specific factors. To this end, here are the three things that matter the most to current and prospective CRISPR Therapeutics shareholders right now -- and for the foreseeable future -- since they'll either drive the stock higher or let it slide into a sell-off. 1. Insurers and patients' acceptance of CRISPR-based medicine's cost While the science of using CRISPR to repair faulty cells is exciting, it's not exactly cheap or easy. See, Casgevy isn't a pill or an injection. It requires a sample of a patient's own blood stem cells to create a completely customized therapy, which is then infused back into that patient after he or she has undergone chemotherapy. All of this care can only be done at one of CRISPR's 65 authorized treatment centers. Total cost? A little over $2 million per patient. That's pretty steep for any therapy, but particularly for sickle cell disease, which at least has a handful of more affordable treatment options. The cost of treating life-threatening cancer is less of a stumbling block, even for insurers that may occasionally see bills nearly this size for even the most conventional of oncology treatment regimens. The price tag of this and any other future CRISPR-based therapy, however, is likely to remain in this ballpark, where payers may well balk. 2. The ongoing development of CTX310 Again, while Casgevy is approved to treat sickle cell disease, it's really more of a proving ground for the other drugs in CRISPR Therapeutics' developmental pipeline. This, of course, includes CTX131 and CTX112, but the company itself is putting the spotlight on CTX310 as a treatment for ANGPTL3 (angiopoietin-like 3), which is often associated with poorly regulated cholesterol, lipids, and triglycerides. If the company can demonstrate its solution is at least as good as (if not better than) alternative cholesterol-fighting drugs, investors might continue to support this stock. This information is coming. The company posted encouraging early results of CTX310's phase 1 clinical trial late last month, and says it intends to offer more detailed data at a healthcare conference scheduled for later in the year. If it's compelling enough, it could tamp down worries over the high cost of any CRISPR-based treatment. 3. Liquidity Finally, you'll want to keep an eye on CRISPR Therapeutics' liquidity, or the amount of cash it has on hand to cover its operating costs while it continues to develop CTX310 at the same time it's looking to expand Casgevy's commercialization. As of the end of the first quarter, CRISPR was sitting on $1.86 billion in cash, which is a lot for a company of this size. It's working through this money pretty quickly, though, shelling out nearly $150 million in operating expenses in Q1 alone. That doesn't include a full quarter's worth of the sort of costs the phase 1 trial of CTX310 is incurring now, or any other trials it starts or expands in the foreseeable future. Continued revenue growth from Casgevy should seemingly help offset some of this spending, even if not all of it. Indeed, the analyst community expects CRISPR's top line to soar from less than $50 million this year to more than $400 million in 2027, even if these same analysts believe the company will still be well in the red then. A few years' worth of losses isn't exactly unusual for a young biotech start-up. CRISPR Therapeutics would still lack much-needed scale even after such growth, though. The money it needs to spend just to get any meaningful degree of traction from Casgevy or maintain its clinical trials could far exceed any conceivable amount of revenue the newly approved drug might produce in the foreseeable future. Don't confuse what CRSP stock is So what's the call? There isn't one -- not this time. Buying or avoiding a stake in CRISPR Therapeutics is entirely up to you, depending on your risk tolerances and your ability to manage such a holding. If you're strictly a buy-and-hold investor, there's probably not enough certainty here yet to latch onto for the long haul. And there may never be. If you've got a speculative side that can tolerate risk in exchange for hype-driven reward, though, you could make a decent bullish case. Just don't confuse the two, or muddy the waters by trying to be both. The last thing you want to do here is talk yourself into a long-term position that requires you to ignore obvious red flags like the three potential ones discussed above. Should you buy stock in CRISPR Therapeutics right now? Before you buy stock in CRISPR Therapeutics, consider this: The Motley Fool Stock Advisor analyst team just identified what they believe are the for investors to buy now… and CRISPR Therapeutics wasn't one of them. The 10 stocks that made the cut could produce monster returns in the coming years. Consider when Netflix made this list on December 17, 2004... if you invested $1,000 at the time of our recommendation, you'd have $636,628!* Or when Nvidia made this list on April 15, 2005... if you invested $1,000 at the time of our recommendation, you'd have $1,063,471!* Now, it's worth noting Stock Advisor's total average return is 1,041% — a market-crushing outperformance compared to 183% for the S&P 500. Don't miss out on the latest top 10 list, available when you join Stock Advisor. See the 10 stocks » *Stock Advisor returns as of July 28, 2025 James Brumley has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has positions in and recommends CRISPR Therapeutics. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy. The 3 Things That Matter for CRISPR Therapeutics Now was originally published by The Motley Fool
Engadget
4 days ago
- Health
- Engadget
CRISPR can stop malaria spread by editing a single gene in mosquitos
CRISPR gene-editing therapy has shown great potential to treat and even cure diseases, but scientists are now discovering how it can be used to prevent them as well. A team of researchers found a way to edit a single gene in a mosquito that prevented it from transmitting malaria, according to a paper published in Nature . These genetically modified mosquitos could eventually be released into the wild, helping prevent some of the 600,000 malaria deaths that occur each year. Mosquitos infect up to 263 million people yearly with malaria and efforts to reduce their populations have stalled as late. That's because both the mosquitos and their parasites that spread malaria have developed resistance to insecticides and other drugs. Now, biologists from UC San Diego, Johns Hopkins and UC Berkeley universities have figured out a way to stop malarial transmission by changing a single amino acid in mosquitos. The altered mosquitos can still bite people with malaria and pick up parasites from their blood, but those can no longer be spread to others. The system uses CRISPR-Cas9 "scissors" to cut out an unwanted amino acid (allele) that transmits malaria and replace it with a benign version. The undesirable allele, called L224, helps parasites swim to a mosquito's salivary glands where they can then infect a person. The new amino acid, Q224, blocks two separate parasites from making it to the salivary glands, preventing infection in people or animals. "With a single, precise tweak, we've turned [a mosquito gene component] into a powerful shield that blocks multiple malaria parasite species and likely across diverse mosquito species and populations, paving the way for adaptable, real-world strategies to control this disease," said researcher George Dimopoulos from Johns Hopkins University. Unlike previous methods of malarial control, changing that key gene doesn't affect the health or reproduction capabilities of mosquitos. That allowed the researchers to create a technique for mosquito offspring to inherit the Q224 allele and spread it through their populations to stop malarial parasite transmission in its tracks. "We've harnessed nature's own genetic tools to turn mosquitoes into allies against malaria," Dimopoulos said. If you buy something through a link in this article, we may earn commission.
Los Angeles Times
5 days ago
- Health
- Los Angeles Times
CRISPR and Cancer: How Gene Editing Is Revolutionizing Oncology
Every so often, a tool comes along that feels like science fiction. CRISPR is one of them. It's a pair of molecular scissors that we can program to find one specific spot in three billion letters of DNA and make a cut [2]. Incredible. The hype machine went into overdrive. We were going to edit out diseases. Cure cancer. The end. Here's the problem with that fantasy. Cancer isn't a clean typo. It's a riot. It's a chaotic, messy, ever-changing system that thrives on mistakes. It rewrites its own rulebook as it goes. So you have this exquisitely precise scalpel, and you're trying to use it in the middle of a cellular brawl [7]. It's a mismatch. A big one. This isn't me being cynical. It's just recognizing where the real work is. And right now, the most revolutionary thing CRISPR is doing for cancer has nothing to do with curing patients directly. It's happening in the lab [1]. For years, if we wanted to know what a specific gene did, we had to go through a long, painful process to shut it down. Now? A researcher can just use CRISPR to snip that gene out of a cancer cell in a petri dish and see what happens [4]. Does the cell die? Stop growing? Suddenly become vulnerable to an old drug? We can get answers in weeks, not years. We're building a proper instruction manual for our enemy, and we're doing it at a shocking speed [5]. That's the real revolution so far. It's a research tool. And it's the best one we've ever had. So if we can't just march into the body and 'edit' the tumor away, what's the next best thing? You take the fight somewhere else. Somewhere you can control. That's the whole idea behind CAR-T cell therapy. We take a patient's own immune cells—their T-cells—out of their body and into the lab. We engineer them to recognize cancer. Then we put them back. It can work miracles. It can also fizzle out. The T-cells get tired. The cancer learns to hide. This is where CRISPR gets its first real clinical shot. In the lab, before we put those T-cells back, we can give them a CRISPR tune-up. A few quick snips. We can edit out the gene that tells a T-cell to stand down, making it relentless at it's goal. We can snip out its natural receptors so it doesn't get confused and attack the wrong thing [3]. Better weapons. Stronger armor. A clearer target [10]. We're not fixing the patient. We're upgrading their soldiers in the workshop before sending them to the front lines. This is where the action is right now, especially for nasty, hard-to-treat cancers, like in gynecological oncology or tumors that have stopped responding to anything else [6] [7]. It's practical. It's contained. And it's already happening. But the sci-fi dream of injecting a cure dies hard. Why can't we just do that? It comes down to boring, practical problems. The kinds of problems that kill big ideas. Delivery and safety [3] [9]. First, how do you get the CRISPR machinery into every last cancer cell, deep inside a person's body, without also hitting a bunch of healthy cells by mistake? Our delivery systems just aren't that good yet. It's like trying to mail a million letters and making sure every single one gets to the right house during an active hurricane. Then there's the 'oops' factor. Off-target effects. What if the scissors cut the wrong gene [8]? In the best case, nothing happens. In the worst case, you create a whole new problem. You could, in theory, cause a new cancer while trying to cure the old one. The risk is small. It's getting smaller every year. But it's not zero. And when you're talking about rewriting someone's permanent code, the stakes are as high as they get. So, no. This isn't a magic wand. The revolution is a slow, grinding one. It's happening at the bench, letting us understand the disease. It's happening in the cell processing lab, letting us build better therapies. The idea of a simple cure-in-a-needle remains a distant hope. [1] Wang, S. W., Gao, C., Zheng, Y. M., Yi, L., Lu, J. C., Huang, X. Y., Cai, J. B., Zhang, P. F., Cui, Y. H., & Ke, A. W. (2022). Current applications and future perspective of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in cancer. Molecular cancer, 21(1), 57. [2] Garg, P., Singhal, G., Pareek, S., Kulkarni, P., Horne, D., Nath, A., Salgia, R., & Singhal, S. S. (2025). Unveiling the potential of gene editing techniques in revolutionizing Cancer treatment: A comprehensive overview. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer, 1880(1), 189233. [3] Shuvalov, O., Petukhov, A., Daks, A., Fedorova, O., Ermakov, A., Melino, G., & Barlev, N. A. (2015). Current genome editing tools in gene therapy: new approaches to treat cancer. Current gene therapy, 15(5), 511–529. [4] Zhao, Z., Li, C., Tong, F., Deng, J., Huang, G., & Sang, Y. (2021). Review of applications of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology in cancer research. Biological procedures online, 23(1), 14. [5] Chehelgerdi, M., Chehelgerdi, M., Khorramian-Ghahfarokhi, M., Shafieizadeh, M., Mahmoudi, E., Eskandari, F., Rashidi, M., Arshi, A., & Mokhtari-Farsani, A. (2024). Comprehensive review of CRISPR-based gene editing: mechanisms, challenges, and applications in cancer therapy. Molecular cancer, 23(1), 9. [6] Kumar N. (2025). Genome Editing in Gynecological Oncology: The Emerging Role of CRISPR/Cas9 in Precision Cancer Therapy. Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science, 10.1007/s43441-025-00807-w. Advance online publication. [7] Mishra, G., Srivastava, K., Rais, J., Dixit, M., Kumari Singh, V., & Chandra Mishra, L. (2024). CRISPR-Cas9: A Potent Gene-editing Tool for the Treatment of Cancer. Current molecular medicine, 24(2), 191–204. [8] Imyanitov, E. N., Iyevleva, A. G., & Levchenko, E. V. (2021). Molecular testing and targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: Current status and perspectives. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology, 157, 103194. [9] Uddin, F., Rudin, C. M., & Sen, T. (2020). CRISPR Gene Therapy: Applications, Limitations, and Implications for the Future. Frontiers in oncology, 10, 1387. [10] Murty, T., & Mackall, C. L. (2021). Gene editing to enhance the efficacy of cancer cell therapies. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 29(11), 3153–3162.
