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DW
17-06-2025
- Climate
- DW
Drought has many faces and many impacts – DW – 06/17/2025
Extreme drought and water shortages are increasingly harming crops, the economy and the lives of people around the world. But drought doesn't have the same impact everywhere. What can we do to alleviate water crises? After a dry European spring, farmers across some parts of the continent are worried about this year's crops. And the concerns are notunique to Europe. As global temperatures are pushed up by the burning of coal, oil and gas, other parts of the world are also experiencing longer periods of drought. But not all droughts equal, and each type comes with its own set of consequences. Meteorological and agricultural droughts A study released this year by the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) showed that periods of extreme drought have increased globally over the last 40 years. The global average of drought-stricken land has increased by around 50,000 square kilometers (about 19,300 square miles) every year, an area roughly the size of Slovakia. In Sicily, Italy, this former watering hole — once a vital resource for a local farmer — has been reduced to a sandy pit Image: Andrew Medichini/AP Photo/picture alliance People in northern Chile have been living with drought for the last 14 years, while in the southwestern US — states like Arizona, New Mexico and parts of California, for instance — the last three years have been extremely dry. Meteorological drought is defined by comparing actual conditions to the average amount of precipitation in a certain area, making them region specific. The German Weather Service, for examples, calls a meteorological drought a period of one or two months of unusually dry weather, with little precipitation. If the ground is parched, farmers are having trouble securing water, plants aren't growing properly and crops are reduced or even fail completely, it is known as an agricultural drought. Hydrological drought This occurs when water levels in rivers, lakes and underground natural reserves fall below a specific minimum, and freshwater supplies are almost completely dry. Hydrological drought often occurs after a longer meteorological drought. For the German Weather Service, that means a period of at least four months of unusually dry conditions. In October 2024, ships in Brazil's Rio Negro were left high and dry in one of the region's worst droughts since 1950 Image: Bruno Kelly/REUTERS More and more regions around the world are experiencing above-average dryness. By 2050, the World Bank has predicted that people living in much of Africa, Southeast Asia, parts of the US and South America will see even greater problems. In Cyprus, rivers and reservoirs are empty The Mediterranean island of Cyprus is currently experiencing both an agricultural and hydrological drought. Rain has been scarce for many weeks — reservoirs are empty, riverbeds are dry and dusty and farmers don't have enough to keep their crops alive. Recent media reports have said this year's harvest is at risk of failure. "Last year was already bad, but this is the second year that is very dry," said Adriana Bruggeman, an associate professor at the Cyprus Institute's Energy, Environment and Water Research Center. Bruggeman explained that the winter months are usually a time of more precipitation, giving lakes and rivers the chance to refill. But when that rain doesn't fall, the reservoirs in Cyprus remain empty. "We're not in a good condition," she said. Farmers in Cyprus struggle with water shortages To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video Socioeconomic drought It's not always easy to strictly differentiate between the different types of drought, as several phenomena can occur in parallel. Most droughts that people actually notice are of the socioeconomic kind, according to Dirk Karger of the WSL in Switzerland. These occur when extremely dry conditions have a direct effect on society and the economy — when the lack of water make certain goods or electricity more expensive, or even scarce. During a period of extreme drought in Spain and Italy in 2024, there were times when water supplies were rationed. In the same period in neighboring France, several nuclear plants had to be temporarily shut down due to insufficient water to cool the reactors. And in Zimbabwe, a hydroelectric plant was unable to provide electricity due to water shortages, resulting in power outages. Droughts can also have dramatic social and economic consequences. In many regions, including Sudan, South Suden and Mali, persistent droughts have exacerbated hunger . "If we look to the West, in the US, where there's been water shortages for the last decade, there have also been repercussions on the water supply," said Karger. "The same thing in Chile, where there's been some real damage." The western states of California and Nevada have experienced months of drought, contributing to the conditions that have saw devastating wildfires during the winter months — most notably in Los Angeles in January. Ecological drought The effects of severe drought, according to Germany's Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, are often underestimated — even though they often cause much greater economic damage than storms, floods or heavy rain. Unlike these extreme weather events, droughts don't come with an early warning sign. And how bad a drought will end up being is only known long after it has begun. In the US alone, droughts are responsible for between $6-9 billion in damages every year. As a result, researchers are increasingly highlighting a fifth type of event: ecological drought. This describes how periods of extreme drought can destabilize animals, plants and entire ecosystems. How can cities adapt to water cycle 'whiplash'? To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video A severe drop in groundwater levels and soil moisture can lead to irreversible effects for ecosystems — and people. These include widespread crop failure, increased tree death, reduced ecosystem productivity and a threat to water supplies, WSL researchers highlighted in their study. Drought spares no landscape. A severe drought is almost immediately noticeable on grasslands, but these find it easier to bounce back after the rains return. Forests, on the other hand, can't recover as easily and may experience lasting damage from the same weather conditions. Drought also raises the risks in other disasters. A heavy rain after a long period of dryness, for example, can overwhelm dried out soils. The ground can't absorb the sudden masses of water, leading to flooding, landslides and raging mudflows. What can we do to save water and survive drought? To prevent droughts from becoming even more severe in the future, experts say we must do everything to limit climate change as quickly as possible. At the same time, people will need to adapt to increasing long periods without rain. Finding ways to use the available water more efficiently, both at home and in industry, is essential. Places like Singapore are leading the way when it comes to water conservation. This collection basin helps Singapore to collect and efficiently store rainwater Image: Aleksandr Simonov/Depositphotos/Imago Images The city-state in Southeast Asia is a world leader when it comes to collecting rainwater. Water reservoirs have been set up throughout the city, ready to collect any rain that falls from the sky. These reservoirs deliver drinking water during periods of dry weather, and help to cool the city during heat waves. Water treatment plants reclaim wastewater, turning it back into drinking water. So far, Singapore is one of the few countries to do so much to conserve water. Its strategy is an excellent example for other cities and regions, and could help them to prepare for water shortages. Efficiency is another potential way to save water. Around the world, cities lose huge volumes of the precious resource due to leaky or broken pipes. In Italy, some 40% of the country's freshwater is lost on the way to the consumer; in Europe, about a quarter of drinking water is wasted due to inadequate management practices. Regular repair and maintenance of pipes, including regularly checking them for leaks, would help to protect water supplies worldwide. How Singapore is going from water rags to riches To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video This article was originally written in German.
Yahoo
17-02-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Researchers issue warning after discovering worrying trend in weather patterns — here's what the next 40 years could look like
Don't take that rainfall for granted. A study has detailed that as the Earth's temperature rises, extreme droughts will become more severe, farther-reaching, and increasingly common. Research from the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research, shared by Science, looked at 40 years of drought data from across the globe. It determined that as the Earth's temperature continues to rise, multi-year droughts will become more intense and will stretch to more areas of the planet. According to study participant professor Francesca Pellicciotti from the Institute of Science and Technology Austria, "Each year since 1980, drought-stricken areas have spread by an additional fifty thousand square kilometers on average—that's roughly the area of Slovakia, or the US states of Vermont and New Hampshire put together." Pellicciotti observed that the increasing severity of droughts and the possibility that they will affect greater global areas could lead to serious damage to "ecosystems, agriculture, and energy production." One of the main causes of increased mega-drought risk is a warming climate, exacerbated by the human-caused production of pollution. Gases like carbon dioxide and methane released from the transportation, energy, manufacturing, and agricultural sectors, among others, trap heat in the atmosphere and cause temperatures to rise. This increases the likelihood of drought conditions — and, counterintuitively, deadly storms and hurricanes. These extreme weather conditions have always occurred, but warmer weather is making them longer, stronger, and more likely. What's more, as the study detailed, extreme weather — like droughts — is extending to previously unaffected regions. For example, the Northeastern United States, not known for wildfires, was at risk due to a lack of rainfall toward the end of 2024. When these intense weather conditions occur, they can result in the displacement of people and animal habitat loss, as well as fatalities. They can also decimate crops, which impacts the food supply and increases grocery store prices. The study documented a 15-year mega-drought in Chile — the longest in 1,000 years — that saw water reserves almost completely depleted. The Congo rainforest also suffered from this problem from 2010 to 2018. Do you think our power grid needs to be upgraded? Definitely Only in some states Not really I'm not sure Click your choice to see results and speak your mind. "We hope that the publicly available inventory of droughts we are putting out will help orient policymakers toward more realistic preparation and prevention measures," remarked Pellicciotti. These incidents can feel overwhelming, but many people and organizations are already doing what they can to help. The Extreme Weather Survivors group was formed to support people impacted by such events. Any action we can take to cut pollution will help in the cooling of our planet, hopefully allowing it to heal while reducing the risk of extreme weather. For example, making your home more energy efficient by converting from air conditioning units to heat pumps can lessen our reliance on grid-provided power and dirty fuels that produce planet-warming pollution. Regarding droughts, saving water when possible is also important to reduce risks. Capturing rainwater to use in your yard and shutting off the tap while brushing your teeth are small but effective changes to conserve an increasingly precious resource. Join our free newsletter for good news and useful tips, and don't miss this cool list of easy ways to help yourself while helping the planet.
