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India.com
25-05-2025
- Politics
- India.com
Indus Water Treaty Suspension: Can Pakistan-China Make Brahmaputra A Weapon Against India? Expert Says…
India-Pakistan Conflict: The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) that once garnered pats on the back for diplomacy between India and Pakistan has been in abeyance for a month. New Delhi's decision that terror and water cannot flow together made a critical point in relations between the two arch-rivals. The Indus Water Treaty has survived multiple conflicts between the two nations, besides thousands of terror attacks. However, the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack proved to be the final nail in the coffin for the IWT, and there wasn't much left for Pakistan to do in the case. India has maintained that the Indus Water Treaty will be in abeyance until Pakistan "credibly and irrevocably abjures its support for cross-border terrorism." The Indus River system is made of multiple rivers, including the Indus, Chenab, Beas, Jhelum, Sutlej, and Ravi. What Is IWT? In 1951, Pakistan raised the water dispute with India in the United Nations, following which the World Bank started the mediation. After nine years of discussions and negotiations, the Indus Water Treaty was signed in 1960 by then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and then Pakistani President Mohammad Ayub Khan. Since then, India and Pakistan have been in several conflicts, including four wars- the First Kashmir War (1947), the Second War (1965), the War of Liberation of Bangladesh (1971), and the Kargil War (1999). Besides, there have been almost three decades of Pakistan-sponsored terrorism plaguing Jammu and Kashmir. While Pakistan is trying to take the Indus Water Treaty Suspension issue to every corner of the world, it has got support from its all-weather allies, Turkey and China. There have been apprehensions that just like what India did to Pakistan with the IWT, China may do it with India, using the Brahmaputra river, which originates in Tibet and flows to India via China. Can China Use Brahmaputra Against India? Although Pakistan wants China to punish India using the Brahmaputra river, Beijing is unlikely to do so in the current scenario, since the reasons for the conflict between India and Pakistan are different from the reasons for skirmishes between India and China. When asked if China could interpret the Indus Water Treaty suspension as a signal to increase pressure on India through the Brahmaputra, former diplomat and defence expert Deepak Vohra said that the issue about the Brahmaputra has been talked about for a long time. "China has been threatening to build a huge dam, the largest in the world, on the Brahmaputra. They haven't started work yet," said Vohra, while saying that IWT and Brahamputra issues are not linked. He added that the issues between India and China are on the border demarcation, but with Pakistan, the issues are related to fueling cross-border terrorism. Does India Have Right To Suspend IWT? The former diplomat said that when the Indus Water Treaty was inked, India was pretty young back then, and gave away a very large share of water to Pakistan. He informed that while the Indus Water Treaty does not have a clause for amendment, the treaty can be invalidated. "According to the Geneva Convention or the Geneva Law on Treaties, often called Treaty on Treaties, if the circumstances in which a treaty was signed are materially, demographically, politically, or socially altered, then the said treaty can be invalidated," said Vohra. He continued, "For all practical purposes, the treaty is dead. It's not going to be revived. We have said that if Pakistan demonstrates its commitment to give up terrorism, then India will see what to do. Pakistan is not going to give it up, and therefore, the treaty is not going to be revived." Vohra said that the IWT has virtually been abrogated except for nomenclature. "Keeping it in abeyance is the same as abrogating it, except for the nomenclature. And we can always tell people who curse and abuse us that it's in abeyance, and has not been terminated," he added.
News18
10-05-2025
- Politics
- News18
Pakistan Wants De-Escalation: How Did 1965, 1971 And 1999 Kargil Wars End In India's Favour?
Last Updated: India and Pakistan have been involved in four wars – in 1948, 1965, 1971 and 1999. Here's a look at how all of these ended in India's favour Pakistan has reached out to India seeking a meeting in first signs of de-escalation to the ongoing conflict between the nuclear-armed neighbours. Though official confirmation is pending from either sides, top intelligence sources told News18 that communication channels have been established with New Delhi to arrange a meeting between representatives of both nations. The attempt at de-escalation comes hours after Pakistan launched a fresh wave of drone attacks targeting 26 locations in India — from Jammu and Kashmir to Gujarat — for the second night. India said the attempts to hit vital installations, including airports and air bases, were successfully thwarted. On Wednesday, India had conducted precision strikes targeting terror launchpads in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) in response to the April 22 Pahalgam attack that had cross-border linkages. India and Pakistan have to date been involved in four wars – in 1948, 1965, 1971 and 1999 – all of which ended in India's favour. Here's a look at how India responded to Pakistani aggression in each of these wars and what transpired on the final days. First Kashmir War Of 1947-48 The first war between India and Pakistan broke out shortly after Partition, when Pakistan-backed tribal militias invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947. In response, the Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, signed the Instrument of Accession, officially joining India and prompting immediate military intervention from the Indian side. The Indian Army was swiftly airlifted to Srinagar and launched a successful counteroffensive to push back the invaders. Fierce battles erupted in Baramulla, Uri, and other parts of Kashmir. As the situation escalated, India approached the United Nations in January 1948. The UN-brokered ceasefire came into effect on January 1, 1949. By then, India had successfully defended and retained control over approximately two-thirds of the region, including the strategically important Kashmir Valley and Ladakh. Pakistan held the remaining one-third, which came to be known as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). While the ceasefire line became the Line of Control (LoC), the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India was legally recognised, marking a significant strategic and territorial gain for India. India-Pakistan War Of 1965 The second India-Pakistan war broke out in August 1965 when Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar, sending troops disguised as civilians into Jammu and Kashmir to incite insurgency and unrest. India responded forcefully, launching full-scale military operations not only in Kashmir but also across the international border in Punjab. Indian forces achieved several battlefield successes, including recapturing key positions and advancing towards Lahore. Major battles at Asal Uttar, Khem Karan, and the Lahore front demonstrated India's military preparedness and resilience. A ceasefire was declared in September 1965 under the mediation of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Tashkent Agreement, signed in January 1966, required both nations to return to pre-war positions. Although the war ended in a military stalemate, India gained a strategic edge by demonstrating its military strength and political unity. The conflict also exposed the miscalculations of Pakistan's leadership, which had expected local support in Kashmir and underestimated India's resolve. Bangladesh Liberation War Of 1971 The 1971 India-Pakistan war was a turning point in South Asian history. It began as a humanitarian and political crisis when Pakistan's military launched a brutal crackdown in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) following the 1970 general elections, which the Awami League had won decisively. This led to a massive refugee influx into India, with over 10 million people fleeing persecution. India extended moral, diplomatic, and eventually military support to the Bengali nationalist movement, the Mukti Bahini. On December 3, 1971, Pakistan launched pre-emptive airstrikes on Indian airbases, prompting India to declare war. India quickly mobilised on both eastern and western fronts. Within 13 days, Indian forces, in coordination with the Mukti Bahini, advanced into Dhaka. On December 16, 1971, Pakistan's Eastern Command surrendered to India in Dhaka, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh. Over 93,000 Pakistani troops were taken as prisoners of war—one of the largest military surrenders since World War II. India's victory was not just military but also moral and diplomatic. It significantly altered the regional balance of power and established India as the dominant force in South Asia. The Simla Agreement signed in 1972 further committed both countries to resolve issues bilaterally, reinforcing India's diplomatic position. Kargil War Of 1999 This war erupted in 1999 in the Kargil region of Jammu and Kashmir when Pakistani soldiers and militants crossed the Line of Control and occupied strategic high-altitude positions on the Indian side, under the guise of Operation Badr. Their aim was to cut off the highway connecting Srinagar to Leh and thereby isolate Ladakh. India launched Operation Vijay to evict the intruders. Despite the difficult mountainous terrain and harsh weather, the Indian Army, with support from the Air Force, conducted precise and courageous assaults. Fierce battles were fought to recapture key peaks. top videos View all By July 26, 1999, India had successfully regained all occupied territory. The conflict ended with Pakistan withdrawing its forces under immense international pressure, especially from the United States. India's decision to not cross the Line of Control and maintain restraint earned it global diplomatic support. The war reaffirmed India's military capabilities and its commitment to respecting international norms. tags : 1965 India-Pakistan war 1971 India-Pakistan war 1999 kargil war India Pakistan War Indian Army Line of Control Operation Sindoor pakistan Location : New Delhi, India, India First Published: May 10, 2025, 14:36 IST News india Pakistan Wants De-Escalation: How Did 1965, 1971 And 1999 Kargil Wars End In India's Favour?
News18
09-05-2025
- Politics
- News18
India-Pakistan Conflicts Since 1947: A Timeline
Last Updated: India launched 'precision strikes' under Operation Sindoor on nine terror targets in Pakistan and PoK following the Pahalgam terror attack that killed 26 civilians. The Pahalgam Terror Attack, which killed 26 civilians on April 22, 2025, has led to a serious deterioration in Indo-Pakistan ties. Operation Sindoor is currently underway, which has further escalated the tension. India and Pakistan have been involved in several wars and conflicts since gaining Independence in 1947. Scroll on to know more. 1/9 India and Pakistan have primarily fought four wars since 1947. (Image: AP) 2/9 First Indo-Pakistani War (1947-48): Also called the First Kashmir War, it started in October 1947. It was fought right after Independence over the Kashmir region. A formal ceasefire was declared at 23:59 on the night of January 1, 1949. It led to the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC). (Image: PTI File)
Hans India
08-05-2025
- Politics
- Hans India
A timeline of India-Pak conflicts
1947 (first Indo-Pak War) Indian troops on route to Srinagar to safeguard & defend Kashmir from marauding tribal invaders, aided and abetted by Pakistan. The war, also known as the First Kashmir War, broke out over the then princely state of Jammu and Kashmir between the newly independent nations India and Pakistan. It began in October 1947 when Pakistan-backed tribal militias invaded the princely state. In response, post the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to the Indian Union by Maharaja Hari Singh, India sent its troops to defend the region, leading to full-scale conflict between the two nations. The conflict continued until January 1949, when a UN-mediated ceasefire was implemented, resulting in the division of Kashmir between India and Pakistan along the Line of Control (LoC). 1965 (second Indo-Pak War) The armed conflict broke out on August 5, 1965 over Kashmir. It was triggered when thousands of Pakistani soldiers, disguised as local insurgents, infiltrated the Indian territory across the LoC in Jammu and Kashmir. The covert operation, known as 'Operation Gibraltar', aimed to destabilise the region and provoke local uprisings. India responded by launching a military counter-offensive, which escalated into a full-scale combat along the international border. The war continued until September 23, 1965, when both sides agreed to a ceasefire, brokered by the Soviet Union and the United States. 1971 (Bangladesh Liberation War) The 1971 Indo-Pak War was triggered by Pakistani military's crackdown on East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and its demand for independence. India entered the war in support of the Bangladeshi independence movement, and after an intense fight on both the eastern and western fronts, Pakistan's forces surrendered on December 16, 1971. The war led to the creation of Bangladesh as an independent nation. 1999 (Kargil War) The 1999 Kargil War was a high-altitude conflict between India and Pakistan, fought from May to July after Pakistani troops and terrorists occupied peaks in the Kargil sector of Jammu and Kashmir. India launched 'Operation Vijay' to reclaim the territory, supported by the Air Force's 'Operation Safed Sagar'. The war ended on July 26 with India regaining control, a day now marked as 'Kargil Vijay Diwas'. 2016 (Uri Attack) Following the terrorist attack on an Indian Army base in Uri, Jammu and Kashmir, on September 18, 2016, which killed 19 soldiers, India conducted a surgical strike on September 28–29 across the LoC. The Indian Army targeted multiple terrorist launch pads in PoK, claiming significant casualties among terrorists preparing to infiltrate. 2019 (Pulwama attack) On February 26, 2019, the Indian Air Force carried out airstrikes on a Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) terrorist training camp in Balakot, Pakistan, in response to the Pulwama terror attack that killed 40 CRPF personnel. Using fighter jets, India targeted the camp deep inside Pakistani territory, marking the first such airstrike since the 1971 war.
Time of India
07-05-2025
- Politics
- Time of India
Kashmir to Kargil: Timeline of Indo-Pak conflicts since independence
First Kashmir War - 1947 Second Indo-Pakistan War - 1965 Bangladesh Liberation War - 1971 Kargil War - 1999 Uri attack - 2016 Pulwanma attack - 2019 Pahalgam attack - 2025 Operation Sindoor India on Wednesday carried out strikes at nine terrorist locations in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, which are a stronghold of the Jaish-e-Mohammed terror group. Operation Sindoor, launched as India's response against the Pahalgam terror attack that occurred on April 22, marks another chapter in the long standing tensions between the two bitter relations between India and Pakistan trace back to their independence in a look at the key instances when the two countries have been involved in armed conflicts first Indo-Pak war, also known as the First Kashmir War, erupted in October 1947, when Pakistan-backed tribal militias invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. This invasion was triggered in response to Maharaja Hari Singh's decision to accede to India. After the invasion, Indian forces were sent to defend the region, leading to a full-scale conflict. The war lasted until January 1949, when a United Nations-mediated ceasefire was established, dividing Kashmir between India and Pakistan along the Line of Control (LoC).The second Indo-Pak war broke out on August 5, 1965, when Pakistan launched 'Operation Gibraltar'. Thousands of Pakistani soldiers disguised as local insurgents infiltrated India, across the LoC into Jammu and Kashmir. Their aim was to destabilise the region by provoking local operation escalated into a full scale combat after India responded with a military counter offensive. The war ended on September 23, 1965, with a ceasefire brokered by both the Soviet Union and the United States, marking the end of another chapter in the India-Pakistan 1971 Indo-Pak war was triggered by Pakistan's brutal crackdown on East Pakistan or current Bangladesh, where demands for independence were growing. India entered the war in support of the Bangladesh independence movement. After intense battles on both the eastern and western fronts, Pakistan's military forces surrendered on December 16, 1971, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh as an independent Kargil War of 1999 was sparked when Pakistani troops and terrorists infiltrated the Kargil sector in Jammu and Kashmir. The high-altitude conflict between India and Pakistan began after India launched 'Operation Vijay' to reclaim the territory, with the help of airstrikes under 'Operation Safed Sagar'. After months of intense fighting, India regained control over the territory, marking July 26 as 'Kargil Vijay Diwas', a day to commemorate their victory and the sacrifices terrorist attack on September 18, 2016 targeting an Indian Army base in Uri, Jammu and Kashmir, claimed the lives of 19 soldiers. In retaliation, India conducted a surgical strike across the LoC on September 28–29, targeting multiple terrorist launch pads in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). The strike resulted in major casualties among terrorists who were preparing to February 26, 2019, Indian Air Force launched airstrikes on a Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) terrorist training camp in Balakot, Pakistan, in response to the brutal Pulwama terror attack that killed 40 CRPF personnel. This was the first such airstrike since the 1971 war. India targeted the camp deep inside Pakistani territory with the help of fighter latest terror attack in the Baisaran valley area of Pahalgam, located in the Anantnag district of Jammu and Kashmir resulted in 26 casualties, including two foreigners and two government on Wednesday said that the latest missile strike was the exercise of its right to eliminate terrorists and their infrastructure through precision strikes on nine locations across Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied secretary Vikram Misri also said that further attacks against India were being conspired which compelled India to launch measures to deter such more cross-border terrorism."Our intelligence indicated that further attacks against India are impending. Thus, compulsion, both to deter and prevent and hence earlier this morning, India exercised its right to respond to deter such more cross-border terrorism.'
