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Indian Express
22-07-2025
- General
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 3 : Questions on flue‑gas desulphurization and maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region (Week 112)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-3 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for July 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Highlight the health and environmental consequences of delaying or exempting anti‑pollution equipment in ageing coal power plants. How do these consequences compare with the economic burden of installing flue‑gas desulphurization (FGDs)? Discuss the significance of commissioning INS Nistar and the impending INS Nipun for India's deep-sea operational preparedness and maritime security posture in the Indian Ocean Region. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Highlight the health and environmental consequences of delaying or exempting anti‑pollution equipment in ageing coal power plants. How do these consequences compare with the economic burden of installing flue‑gas desulphurization (FGDs)? Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The Environment Ministry has exempted the majority of India's coal-fired thermal plants from installing equipment to remove sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions, which are a major contributor to air pollution. Those remaining plants in Delhi-NCR must meet a December 2027 deadline, while the others will be requested to fit the devices on an individual basis. Originally, these plants were required to install FGD devices by 2017. However, over the years, they have received various extensions to comply. — Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) devices remove SO2 from flue gas, a thermal plant byproduct. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — When SO2 is discharged into the atmosphere, it normally reacts with ammonia (NH3) to form ammonium sulphate, which is responsible for about one-third of India's fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution, according to recent research by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. PM2.5 is harmful to human health since it can cause chronic illnesses such as asthma, heart attacks, bronchitis, and other respiratory issues. — Direct exposure to high levels of SO2 can cause irritation in the eyes, throat, and lungs. Long-term exposure can increase the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and early mortality. — SO2 also has an impact on the environment by causing acid rain, which can harm ecosystems. — The power sector, particularly coal-fired thermal plants, is one of India's largest producers of SO2 emissions. According to CREA research, SO2 levels were greater in 2023 than in 2019, with a significant increase in places dominated by coal-based thermal plants. According to the study, this showed 'the influence of power plant emissions on air quality'. — In 2015, the Environment Ministry issued the first emission standards for reducing SO2 and other hazardous chemicals from coal-fired thermal facilities. They were needed to install FGD devices by December of 2017. — However, this did not occur, as the deadline was extended four times at the request of thermal plants. They said that installing FGD devices was expensive and may result in a number of concerns, including power outages due to installation shutdowns and an increase in electricity rates. Conclusion: — The studies have argued against installing FGD devices, claiming that SO2 levels near the plants are well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. They have also advised that the government should focus on reducing not only SO2 emissions, but also overall particulate matter pollution around plants. — This claim was also questioned in a 2021 analysis by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). According to the report, emissions from power plants travel over 300 km before being transformed to secondary pollutants. The research also revealed that SO2's atmospheric lifespan was around 10 days. (Source: Why govt has exempted 78% of coal-based thermal plants from installing anti-pollution devices) Points to Ponder Read more about FGD devices Read about other pollutants Related Previous Year Questions The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing worldwide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon emissions and what are the key benefits they offer compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles? (2023) What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the government of India? (2020) QUESTION 2: Discuss the significance of commissioning INS Nistar and the impending INS Nipun for India's deep-sea operational preparedness and maritime security posture in the Indian Ocean Region. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The Indian Navy commissioned INS Nistar at Visakhapatnam's Naval Dockyard. — Nistar is the first of two dive support vessels (DSVs) ordered by the Navy in 2018. Its sister ship, Nipun, was launched in 2022 and is anticipated to be commissioned soon. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — These DSVs, designed to enable deep-sea diving and submarine rescue missions, would improve India's undersea operational preparedness while also reinforcing the country's strategic maritime position in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). — The original INS Nistar was a submarine rescue vessel bought by the Indian Navy from the former Soviet Union in 1969 and commissioned in 1971. It remained in service until 1989, when it was the focal point of the Navy's diving and submarine rescue operations. — The new Nistar will continue this legacy. But, unlike its predecessor, it contains more than 80% indigenous content, with over 120 MSMEs involved in its creation. Nistar is India's first diving support and submarine rescue vehicle that was created and built by its own people. — With a displacement of almost 10,500 tonnes, a length of nearly 120 metres, a beam of more than 20 metres, and an endurance of more than 60 days at sea, the new Nistar is likewise larger and more capable than its 800-tonne predecessor. — According to the Navy, Nistar's specialised onboard diving complex includes both air and saturation diving equipment, as well as underwater remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and side scan sonars. Furthermore, Nistar will serve as the mothership for an improved deep submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV). — Nistar can also transport a 15-tonne subsea crane and support helicopter operations. Nistar has an operating theatre, an intensive care unit, and an eight-bed hospital with hyperbaric medical facilities, all of which are vital to the vessel's operational tasks, according to the Navy. Conclusion: — The induction of Nistar into the Navy following the successful integration of the two DSRVs marks a significant milestone in India's deep-sea capabilities. — The vessel's dynamic positioning and diving support features allow it to operate autonomously on the high seas. Nistar, based in Visakhapatnam, will be the DSRV mothership on the Eastern Seaboard, while Nipun, based in Mumbai, will cover the Western Seaboard, completing the Navy's dual-coast operational posture. (Source: How newly commissioned INS Nistar will help save lives in deep sea) Points to Ponder Read more about the Indian Ocean Region Read more about the Indian Navy Related Previous Year Questions The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by our adversaries across the borders to ferry arms/ammunitions, drugs, etc., is a serious threat to the internal security. Comment on the measures being taken to tackle this threat. (2023) What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve the maritime security. (2022) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 111) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 111) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 111) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
15-07-2025
- Science
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 3 : Questions on impacts of climate change on volcanic eruptions and UNFCCC process (Week 111)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-3 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for June 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Discuss the link between glacial retreat due to climate change and increased volcanic activity. The UNFCCC process has reached a 'credibility crisis', failing to deliver the necessary action against global warming. Discuss the underlying causes of this crisis and suggest structural and procedural reforms to enhance its effectiveness. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Discuss the link between glacial retreat due to climate change and increased volcanic activity. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — A new study suggests that melting glaciers and ice caps could lead to more frequent and powerful volcanic eruptions. It also noted that the greatest risk of volcanic eruptions resuming is in West Antarctica, where roughly 100 volcanoes are buried behind thick ice. Due to rising global temperatures, this ice is anticipated to melt over the next few decades or millennia. — The research was presented at the 2025 Goldschmidt Conference, which is now taking place in Prague. The Geochemical Society and the European Association of Geochemistry have hosted the largest international geochemistry conference to date. Other continental locations, including sections of North America, New Zealand, and Russia, may potentially see an increase in volcanic activity. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — Scientists first proposed that melting ice could influence volcanic activity in the 1970s. The weight of the ice typically exerts pressure on volcanoes' subsurface magma chambers. When glaciers or ice caps melt, this pressure decreases, allowing subterranean gases and magma to expand, potentially leading to explosive volcanic eruptions. — Magma can be produced as a result of a reduction in pressure caused by ice loss. This is because rocks kept under reduced pressure tend to melt at lower temperatures. — Precipitation also appears to have an impact on volcanic activity. Climate change-modified precipitation can enter deep underground and react with the magma system, causing an eruption. — The most recent study supported these findings. It investigated Chile's Mocho Choshuenco volcano to determine the age of volcanic rocks formed prior to, during, and following the last ice age. The study discovered that pressure from a thick ice sheet atop the volcano reduced the amount of eruptions between 26,000 and 18,000 years ago. This resulted in the creation of a massive magma reservoir 10 to 15 km below the volcano's surface. However, as this ice sheet thawed, some 13,000 years ago, explosive eruptions occurred. Conclusion: — Volcanic eruptions can produce temporary cooling by releasing ash or dust into the sky, blocking sunlight. These eruptions also release sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, which is more powerful than ash particles in cooling the temperature. Sulphur dioxide enters the stratosphere and combines with water to produce sulphuric acid aerosols. These aerosols deflect incoming solar radiation, which cools the Earth's surface. — However, long-term volcanic eruptions can emit huge amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, which can contribute to global warming. This can become a vicious cycle: as global temperatures rise, ice melts faster, potentially causing additional eruptions and further global warming. (Source: How melting glaciers can lead to more volcanic eruptions) Points to Ponder Read about recent volcanic eruptions Read about different types of volcanoes Read about impacts of climate change Related Previous Year UPSC CSE Questions 'Climate change' is a global problem. How will India be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India are affected by climate change? (2017) Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (2022) QUESTION 2: The UNFCCC process has reached a 'credibility crisis', failing to deliver the necessary action against global warming.' Discuss the underlying causes of this crisis and suggest structural and procedural reforms to enhance its effectiveness. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The international climate negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have recently faced a credibility crisis. — Their results have been mostly disappointing, as they have not produced the kind of action required to combat global warming. Developed countries who fail to fulfil their aims or fulfil their obligations have not been held accountable. Developing countries, particularly the smallest and most vulnerable ones, have consistently complained that their concerns are being overlooked, and that the discussions have failed to provide climate justice. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — In preparation for the COP30 summit in Brazil in November, efforts have been made to restore trust and confidence in the system. As the host of the COP30, Brazil has actively collaborated with other countries to investigate potential moves in this regard. — The annual mid-year climate summit in Bonn, Germany, concluded last month with a discussion of ideas and suggestions given by countries, climate organisations, and non-governmental organisations to reform and improve the system. — The Bonn meeting, held in the second half of June, recognised that the 'growing scale and complexity' of the climate negotiations posed obstacles. It also underlined the need to 'improve the efficiency of the UNFCCC process in a transparent and inclusive manner'. — However, the proposals presented in the talks were not extreme. Among the proposals were simplifying agenda items to remove duplicate or redundant concerns, as well as requesting governments and observer organisations to limit the length of their speeches to allow for more negotiation time. Notably, it was proposed that countries limit the size of their negotiation delegations. The discussions were inconclusive and would continue at the COP30 meeting. — The UNFCCC works through consensus, which means no decision is accepted till every country accepts it. In a way, every country has a veto. Getting all of the more than 190 parties to agree to every part of a decision has always been a big challenge. This is often blamed for the lack of ambition in the outcomes of climate negotiations. — Any choice to modify the UNFCCC process must be supported by all parties through consensus, and any more drastic recommendations are unlikely to be implemented. Conclusion: — Brazil stated that long-standing difficulties such as unnecessarily long agenda items, overlapping themes, scheduling limits, and impediments that prevent meaningful participation by smaller delegations needed to be resolved. It has also discussed mainstreaming climate debates in other multilateral platforms, such as other UN agencies and financial organisations. — Brazil has proposed the creation of additional international mechanisms to supplement the UNFCCC process and accelerate the implementation of climate-related decisions. — BRICS, a group of nine large and powerful developing economies, also spoke on the issue during its recently finished meeting in Brazil. In a separate declaration on climate finance, the BRICS countries urged developed countries to fully meet their finance responsibilities under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, while increasing their contribution to adaptation financing. (Source: Why the UNFCCC process must be reformed) Points to Ponder Read about UNFCCC Important agreements of UNFCCC Read about BRICS Related Previous Year UPSC CSE Questions The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (2023) Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 109) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 109) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 109) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
08-07-2025
- Business
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 3 : Questions on dark web and India's trade (Week 110)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-3 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for June 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at 'India's trade narrative has shifted from 'visible' goods to 'invisible' services and remittances.' Discuss. Discuss how the dark web poses an evolving challenge to cybersecurity and internal security in India. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: 'India's trade narrative has shifted from 'visible' goods to 'invisible' services and remittances.' Discuss. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — International trade is typically connected with the movement of physical products put aboard ships, either in bulk unpackaged cargo or in standard-sized containers. — But trade is more than just the movement of tangible goods across national borders by sea and air. It also refers to the global movement of services, people, capital, data, and ideas. — In India's external balance of payments, the 'invisibles' trade (export and import of services, as well as cross-border private person money transfers) now exceeds the 'visible' merchandise trade account. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — Between 2003-04 and 2013-14, India's exports of goods increased about fivefold, from $66.3 billion to $318.6 billion. After that, it flattened out and dipped below $300 billion by 2020-21, before rising significantly to $429.2 billion in 2021-22 and $456.1 billion in 2022-23. — However, after 2022-23, India's goods exports fell again, to $441.4 billion in 2023-24 and $441.8 billion in 2024-25. — On the other hand, receipts from 'invisible' transactions – those that do not include the export of actual commodities – have shown a consistent, if not remarkable, increase over the previous two decades or more. In gross terms, these increased roughly 4.5 times between 2003-04 and 2013-14 (from $53.5 billion to $233.6 billion), and another 2.5 times to $576.5 billion in 2024-25. — A breakdown of India's gross invisible revenues of $576.5 billion in 2024-25 indicates $387.5 billion in service exports, up from $26.9 billion in 2003-04 and $151.8 billion in 2013-14. — Private transfers or remittances have also been a significant source of invisible income ($135.4 billion). This is money sent by Indians working and residing overseas, whether temporarily or permanently, including foreign citizens. The dollars, pounds, and dirhams remitted are effectively proceeds from India's human resource exports. — Private transfers have also increased dramatically, from $22.2 billion in 2003-04 to $69.6 billion in 2013-14, though not at the same rate as services exports. The latter has been principally driven by software service exports, which increased from $12.8 billion in 2003-04 to $69.5 billion in 2013-14 and $180.6 billion in 2024-25. The export of miscellaneous 'business, financial, and communication services' is also significant, growing from $37.5 billion in 2013-14 to $118 billion in 2024-25. Conclusion: — Accountants, auditors, financial analysts, research and development specialists, management consultants, and computer data storage providers are among those who export their services. — All of these 'invisible' exports appear to be relatively unaffected by global business cycles, financial crises, pandemics, geopolitical conflicts, or tariff wars. And they have flourished despite little government effort to finalise bilateral trade deals or disclose production-linked incentive schemes. (Source: 'Invisible hand' in India's foreign trade) Points to Ponder Read more about balance of payment Read about visible and invisible exports Related Previous Year Questions What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements. (2023) Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (2022) QUESTION 2: Discuss how the dark web poses an evolving challenge to cybersecurity and internal security in India. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The dark web is a secret portion of the internet that cannot be found using standard search engines and requires specific tools or browsers to reach. Unlike open web browsers such as Firefox, Google, and Yahoo, which may track user actions via IP addresses, the dark web conceals identities, providing a haven for those seeking privacy or anonymity. — The idea of an encrypted, secret component of the internet originated in the 1990s, when the US Naval Research Laboratory developed preliminary versions of The Onion Routing project, subsequently known as Tor. Tor involves embedding encryptions in communication networks, similar to the layers of an onion, with the goal of protecting sensitive government communications shared via the internet. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — It has a history of unlawful activity, including the trade of illicit commodities and cybercrime. Law enforcement faces the difficult task of balancing online privacy with the need to combat crime, showing the intricate interplay of technology, privacy issues, and the changing internet scene. — Users must download Tor, which is known for its emphasis on user privacy and anonymity. Tor routes connections through a network of randomly selected computers (known as nodes) around the world, encrypting data at each step. This makes tracing virtually impossible. — Tor does not conduct searches on behalf of the user; instead, the user must actively seek out those black web pages on their own. Marketplaces, forums, and even libraries can be found here, as well as illicit marketplaces selling narcotics, guns, stolen data, and hacking services. — While the dark web is notorious for criminal transactions, it also has respectable uses. Whistleblowers, journalists, and activists utilise it to communicate securely in hostile environments. Platforms such as SecureDrop enable anonymous disclosures while safeguarding sources from retaliation. In countries with strict internet control, the dark web serves as a lifeline to uncensored information. It is also used by hospitals and other organisations to safeguard their data. Conclusion: — Black markets, such as the now-defunct Silk Road, have functioned here, dealing in drugs, counterfeit cash, and malware. These platforms have featured advertisements for stolen financial data, hacking tools, and even contract killers. Law enforcement agencies around the world monitor dark web activities, but the ever-changing encryption technologies make tracing down offenders difficult. (Source: Kerala engineer held for selling drugs over the internet: What is the 'dark web', and is it really all dark?) Points to Ponder Read about TOR Read about cybersecurity Related Previous Year Questions What are the internal security challenges being faced by India? Give out the role of Central Intelligence and Investigative Agencies tasked to counter such threats. (2023) What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 109) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 109) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 109) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
01-07-2025
- Business
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 3 : Questions on Women-led MSMEs and green energy (Week 109)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-3 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for June 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at How has India's energy production evolved between 2013 and 2023? Identify the primary causes of the improvement and discuss why green energy productivity growth may be decreasing. Examine the problems that women entrepreneurs confront in India's MSME sector. How might policies be tailored to provide comprehensive support rather than piecemeal assistance? Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: How has India's energy production evolved between 2013 and 2023? Identify the primary causes of the improvement and discuss why green energy productivity growth may be decreasing. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — As India seeks to become the world's fourth-largest economy by 2025, it is critical to maintain strong economic growth while reducing carbon emissions. — By 2030, India hopes to have non-fossil energy sources account for 50% of its installed power capacity. Wind and solar energy capability India ranks fourth and fifth internationally in wind and solar power capacity, respectively. In 2022-23, renewables will account for more than 20% of the energy mix, up from 17% in 2013-14. — India's rapid economic expansion is energy-intensive, with energy consumption rising by more than 40% over the past decade, from 379 exajoules (EJ) in 2013 to 531 EJ in 2023. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions increased by 5.3% in 2024, three times the global rise of 0.8% in the same year (IEA Global Energy Review, 2025). India's electricity sector alone is responsible for half of all energy-related emissions. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: Decrease in green energy productivity — According to the MOSPI (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation) National Accounts Statistics and MOSPI Energy Balance, between 2013 and 2023, India's gross output increased by 79%, final energy use increased by 40%, electricity consumption increased by 70%, and green electricity from wind, solar, biomass, and cogeneration bagasse (excluding hydro and nuclear) increased by 267%. This highlights three trends: energy usage remains linked to growth, electricity demand may soon outstrip GDP, and green electricity, while slowing, will continue to expand faster than overall energy use, helping to reduce emissions that would otherwise increase. — India's energy productivity increased by 28% between 2013 and 2023, which might be attributed to one or more of three factors: higher economic activity, changes in the structure of the economy, and improved energy efficiency. — Steel, cement, and chemicals industries improved because to plans like Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT), but transportation and agriculture declined. Because of this unequal development, green energy growth has yet to convert into higher overall energy productivity as green energy expands fast. Conclusion: — Sustainable economic growth necessitates cleaner energy consumption while simultaneously posing the problem of efficiently using energy to grow. India's energy sector is still developing, with efficiency gains inconsistent and lacking a clear trend. — The results have policy implications for India's energy and economic policymakers. One, growing non-fossil energy sources is not enough; they must be used efficiently. Increasing green capacity is not sufficient. Policy must prioritise increasing the productivity of green energy through better grid integration, technology updates, and targeted incentives. — Energy productivity must be adopted as a crucial indicator: rather than focussing merely on capacity expansion or total consumption, energy productivity provides a more accurate lens for aligning energy policy with economic goals. Although India has achieved great progress in energy efficiency, diminishing green energy productivity presents a new problem. (Source: Sustainable economic growth demands cleaner energy use but also poses a challenge of efficiently using energy to grow) Points to Ponder Read more about renewable energy Read about fossil energy sources Related Previous Year Questions What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements. (2023) Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain. (2022) QUESTION 2: Examine the problems that women entrepreneurs confront in India's MSME sector. How might policies be tailored to provide comprehensive support rather than piecemeal assistance? Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — Women-led MSMEs (WMSMEs) are about more than just female empowerment and mainstreaming. It is also important for families, communities, and the local economy. — According to the Economic Survey 2024-25, women own only 22% of India's MSMEs. A considerable proportion of these businesses are micro-enterprises, which are primarily single-person operations with a high concentration in low-margin, informal, and traditional industries such as tailoring, food processing, and handcrafts. Despite accounting for over half of the population, India has an alarmingly low proportion of women-led businesses. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — There is a lot of excitement in India about capitalising on the demographic dividend, which might drive economic growth and promote the country's transition to a high-income status. This primarily relates to realising the potential of India's young. However, there is another untapped Indian group that has the potential to significantly boost India's GDP: women. — According to studies, women reinvest up to 90% of their income into their families, compared to 30-40% for males. This translates into improved nutrition, education, and health outcomes for children, as well as a stronger society and more resilient economy. — Women MSMEs are more likely to recruit other women, so reducing gender imbalances in the labour market and fostering innovation in underserved industries such as bio-economy, eco-tourism, arts and crafts, food processing, and so on. Many of these WMSMEs operate in rural and neglected areas, meeting critical local needs and bridging the urban-rural gap. Thus, unleashing the potential of women-led MSMEs is more than just an inclusion issue; it is a national economic imperative. — The MSME sector is the backbone of the Indian economy, accounting for 30% of GDP and employing more than 20 crore people. It is also one of the few sectors of the economy where women's participation is relatively high. However, women-led businesses struggle to obtain official finance, market connections, or even basic recognition. Less than 10% of female entrepreneurs use formal loan facilities, while the rest continue to rely on personal savings or informal channels to keep their firms running. This is despite evidence showing that women-led enterprises have high repayment rates, low default rates, and significant job creation potential. — In rural India, where women already lead collective action through self-help groups (SHGs), the potential is much greater. However, financing models, policies, and corporate support systems have not kept pace with their ambitions. Most women do not have collateral, official business records, or credit scores, which are the basic requirements for formal lending. — While various entrepreneurship programs exist (RSETI, SVEP, PM Vishwakarma, and PMEGP), these efforts are frequently gender-blind and operate in silos, focussing solely on inputs such as training or one-time investment. — However, over the last decade, various new programmes and models have arisen that try to establish entire support ecosystems around women entrepreneurs rather than just addressing one aspect of the problem. SHGs and community enterprise models continue to drive a quiet revolution in rural India. Conclusion: — Digital innovation is also altering the rules. Platforms such as the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) enable women to contact clients beyond the usual limits of retail infrastructure. Mann Deshi and Rang De are pioneers in women-friendly banking models, providing tech platforms that not only lend but also train, coach, and connect women-led businesses to the market. — Women-led businesses have high social and economic benefits, and CSR may help de-risk early-stage investments and create a supportive entrepreneurship ecosystem for female entrepreneurs. (Source: Women-led MSMEs are the key to 'Viksit Bharat') Points to Ponder Read about MSME classification Read Economic Survey 2024-25 Related Previous Year Questions Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard (2023) 'Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP) in the post-reform period' Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy are capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (2017) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 107) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
24-06-2025
- General
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 3 : Questions on hydrological cycle and Green India Mission (Week 108)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-3 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for June 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Examine how rising global temperatures are intensifying the hydrological cycle, contributing to both extreme rainfall events and drought situations. Discuss the need for a shift from large-scale monoculture afforestation to diverse ecosystem restoration under the Green India Mission. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Examine how rising global temperatures are intensifying the hydrological cycle, contributing to both extreme rainfall events and drought situations. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — Climate change is 'wreaking havoc' on the Earth's water cycle, changing how water travels between the ground, oceans, and atmosphere, according to a new analysis. This has resulted in catastrophic precipitation, ferocious floods, and droughts, affecting billions of people worldwide by 2024. — The researchers conducted their analysis using data from ground stations and satellites to get water variables such as soil moisture and rainfall. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: What is the water cycle? — The water cycle is the continuous movement of water in all of its phases—solid, liquid, and gas—on the ground, within the ground, and in the atmosphere. The majority of water moves around the world as a result of solar radiation and temperature fluctuations. For example, water on the ground or in bodies of water escapes into the atmosphere as water vapour through a process known as evaporation. Plants absorb water from the soil and release it as water vapour through a process called transpiration. — Water vapour condenses into clouds and then falls as rain or snow. Precipitation enters ice caps, oceans, lakes, rivers, and glaciers, where it can be absorbed by plants or seep deeper into the ground. Following this, the water cycle restarts. — The water cycle is critical because it not only ensures the supply of water for all living organisms but also regulates weather patterns on the planet. For example, the rate and distribution of water cycling through the planets influence the frequency, intensity, and distribution of precipitation. How is climate change impacting the water cycle? — The water cycle comprises water evaporating from the land and sea before returning to the Earth as rain or snow. Climate warming has accelerated this cycle; as air temperatures rise, more water evaporates into the atmosphere. Warmer air can store more water vapour; for every 1°C increase in average temperature, the atmosphere can hold approximately 7% more moisture. This makes storms more dangerous by increasing precipitation intensity, length, and/or frequency, resulting in severe flooding around the planet. — Some areas are seeing more frequent and strong storms, while others are suffering dry air and drought. Soils dry out when temperatures rise and evaporation increases. When it rains, the majority of the water rushes off the hard ground and into rivers and streams, leaving the soil dry. As a result, more water evaporates from the land, increasing the danger of drought. Conclusion: — The new analysis outlined important parts of the water cycle in 2024, the warmest year on record, with average world temperatures rising 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The report revealed that: (i) In 2024, water-related disasters killed over 8,700 people, displaced 40 million people, and resulted in global economic damages of over $550 billion. (ii) Drought conditions in northern South America, southern Africa, and parts of Asia may intensify by 2025. Wetter regions, such as the Sahel and Europe, may face greater flood risk. (iii) Rainfall records are being broken with increasing frequency. For example, monthly rainfall records were broken 27% more frequently in 2024 than in 2000, while daily rainfall records were broken 52% more frequently. (Source: Extreme rainfall, ferocious floods: How climate change is affecting Earth's water cycle) Points to Ponder Read about other cycles – carbon, sulphur, etc. Link between climate change and hydrological cycle Related Previous Year Questions The world is facing an acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater. What are the alternative technologies which can solve this crisis? Briefly discuss any three such technologies citing their key merits and demerits. (2024) 'Climate change' is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (2017) QUESTION 2: Discuss the need for a shift from large-scale monoculture afforestation to diverse ecosystem restoration under the Green India Mission. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The National Mission for a Green India, often known as the Green India Mission (GIM), is one of eight Missions established under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). — It was launched in February 2014 with the goal of protecting our country's biological resources and associated livelihoods from the threat of adverse climate change, as well as recognising the critical role of forestry in ecological sustainability, biodiversity conservation, and food, water, and livelihood security. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — The Western Ghats, Aravalli range, and Himalayan region face a variety of issues, including deforestation, human-wildlife conflicts, and shifting rainfall patterns. — Infrastructure development and unregulated tourism have increased their vulnerabilities. Last year's disastrous landslip in Wayanad demonstrated how the area has become disaster-prone due to a lack of green cover and irregular rainfall. — The new GIM paper also states that the Western Ghats environment has deteriorated due to tree removal and unlawful mining. Similarly, multiple studies have found that the destruction of huge portions of the Aravalli ecosystem, particularly its hills, has brought the Thar Desert closer to the National Capital Region, exacerbating the area's pollution problem. — The restoration of most ecological hotspots in the country has become entangled in the environment-development dichotomy. In 2011, environmentalist Madhav Gadgil convened a panel that emphasised the importance of regulating development activities throughout the Western Ghats' 1,60,000 square kilometres. Its recommendations were received with opposition from across the political spectrum. The recommendations of the K Kasturirangan panel have likewise remained on paper. Similarly, illegal quarrying in the Aravalli range has continued despite many Supreme Court rulings, including one dated May 29. The difficulty is that green programs have rarely included individuals. The goal for the reformed GIM will be to develop solutions to sustain and improve people's livelihoods while also boosting environmental security. Conclusion: — This project should be linked with another GIM concern that has largely gone unaddressed: developing income-generating options for those who rely on these ecosystems. — The Mission's goals include increasing carbon sinks in sustainably managed forests and other ecosystems, adapting fragile species/ecosystems to changing climates, and adapting forest-dependent communities. — GIM also seeks convergence with complementing schemes and programmes to improve cooperation in developing forests and their peripheral areas in a holistic and sustainable manner, which is essential to solve the difficulties confronting the environment, forest, and wildlife sectors. (Source: Revamped Green India Mission: A matter of vulnerable ecosystems and livelihoods, Points to Ponder Read more about Green India Mission Read about Western Ghats and Aravali ranges Related Previous Year Questions The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing worldwide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon emissions and what are the key benefits they offer compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles? (2023) How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? (2018) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 107) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
