Latest news with #GiovanniMussini
Yahoo
a day ago
- Science
- Yahoo
A dragon in the Grand Canyon? Researchers name new fossil for 'Star Wars' creature
The Grand Canyon is known as a world-renowned tourist destination for its breathtaking vistas and outdoor adventures. But within the striated canyon walls, a hidden world of microscopic marvels reveals the region's role as an evolutionary hotbed teeming with prehistoric life. In a study published in July, researchers from the University of Cambridge announced a first-of-its-kind discovery of thousands of microscopic fossils from the Cambrian period unearthed from the Grand Canyon's walls. Researchers collected rock samples from the interior of the Grand Canyon during a 2023 expedition. The rocks were brought back to their Cambridge lab, where they were dissolved with acid and viewed under high-powered microscopes. One fist-sized rock held over a thousand microscopic fossils, including soft-bodied animals that are rarely fossilized. The unique prehistoric conditions of the Grand Canyon created the perfect environment for animal life and fossil preservation, capturing an important period of evolutionary history when life on Earth was developing all kinds of weird and wonderful traits. Known as the Cambrian Explosion, this prehistoric time period occurred around half a billion years ago, when animal life experienced a relatively rapid diversification through evolution. Before this period, most of the world's ecosystems were populated by microorganisms, but during this evolutionary explosion, the fossil record begins to show plants and animals that are more recognizable. The area of the modern-day Canyon was once a prehistoric shoreline, described by researchers as a 'Goldilocks Zone,' where warm, oxygen-rich underwater conditions were perfect for an evolutionary boom. The Grand Canyon, as we know it, would be carved out by the Colorado River hundreds of millions of years later. 'In the middle of the canyon, there was this pretty sweet spot for animal life to become established for a relatively long time and for it to elaborate upon itself in this resource-rich environment,' said Giovanni Mussini, a Cambridge paleontologist who collected rock samples during the expedition and lead author of the study. 'I think the Grand Canyon is the perfect combination of Paleo-environment and accessibility of the rocks that record them.' Among the new discoveries was a species of priapulid, also known as a penis worm or cactus worm, with a long retractable mouth lined with hundreds of spiky teeth. This type of worm, once common during the Cambrian period, would use these teeth as a specialized feeding device, scraping the seafloor or raking debris into its digestive tract. Researchers named the worm Kraytdraco spectatus because of its resemblance to the krayt dragon, a fictional creature from the Star Wars universe. 'When I started finding this wormy-looking animal that came from a canyon, that was full of teeth and looked brownish under the microscope, there were too many points in common with the fictional beast,' said Mussini. 'We thought, this is a great excuse to give this animal a pop culture inspired name.' Along with the worm, rock-scraping mollusks and filter-feeding crustaceans were also discovered. After the initial expedition in 2023, Mussini returned to the Grand Canyon this spring to collect more samples, which he hopes will bear more fossilized discoveries. 'It really is a retracing of our origins, just deeper in time than the study of our immediate ancestors,' said Mussini. 'Thinking about this unfolding in a place like the Grand Canyon, which to this day has this wonderful natural heritage, just adds a lot of depth to it. You think of this place being a library of changes in the Earth's environment going back half a billion years.' John Leos covers environmental issues for The Arizona Republic and azcentral. Send tips or questions to Environmental coverage on and in The Arizona Republic is supported by a grant from the Nina Mason Pulliam Charitable Trust. This article originally appeared on Arizona Republic: Researchers uncover tiny fossils in the Grand Canyon Solve the daily Crossword
Daily Mail
7 days ago
- Science
- Daily Mail
Discovery of ancient 'penis worm' in the Grand Canyon rewrites the origin story of life
Scientists have uncovered a strange, ancient creature in the Grand Canyon that could rewrite the origin of life. Researchers from Cambridge found hundreds of tiny remains of a 'penis worm' buried deep in 500-million-year-old rocks in canyon walls in Arizona, revealing that the region once held perfect conditions for life to rapidly evolve. The fossilized creature featured hairy teeth that turned its mouth inside out to catch food. This study challenged the long-held belief that early complex life only evolved in harsh, oxygen-starved places, as the newly found soft-bodied fossils were found in a calm, oxygen-rich sea, a setting where remains usually rot too fast to fossilize. Researchers said that the Grand Canyon site acted like a 'Goldilocks zone,' not too extreme, not too barren, offering just the right conditions for early life to grow, evolve, and leave a mark. Giovanni Mussini, a PhD student in Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK, and the lead author of the study, said: 'This was the best real estate on Earth at the time.' 'You had enough food, enough light, and the perfect depth. That's where evolution really kicked into gear.' The findings support the theory of evolutionary escalation, the idea that species evolve not only in response to their environment, but also to gain an edge over competing species. The soft-bodied animal fossils were uncovered in a layer of mudstone called the Bright Angel Formation, where most of the canyon's Cambrian-era fossils have been found. Researchers suggested that the fossils date back to a time when most major animal groups were just beginning to appear on Earth. Back then, the Grand Canyon region sat near the equator and was covered by a shallow sea, roughly 130 to 165 feet deep, with high oxygen levels, and the water was rich in nutrients. Scientists believe photosynthetic microbes helped pump even more oxygen into the water, creating the perfect conditions for larger, more complex life to thrive. The team uncovered over 1,500 microscopic strange fossils, including prawns with filter-feeding limbs, mollusks with chains of teeth, and weird worms with long, branching mouthparts. Moreover, the study published in Science Advances focused on a specific group of fossils called small carbonaceous fossils, or SCFs. These are microscopic remains of animals that did not have shells or bones, so they almost never show up in the fossil record. But in this case, researchers said the muddy seafloor buried them and kept them safe, and this rare preservation led them to see incredible details including tiny molars in shrimp-like creatures and delicate tooth rows in mollusks. 'This is a completely new way to look at life from the Cambrian period,' Mussini said. 'We are seeing parts of animals that are almost never preserved,' he added. Researchers found a strange creature called Kraytdraco spectatus, or a penis worm. They also discovered 967 fossils out of the 1,539 fossils of this one type of worm. It had a flexible tube-like mouth lined with hundreds of teeth shaped like tiny brushes. They compared it to simple living worms, and found out that Kraytdraco was about one and half to four inches long. That made it one of the larger animals in its neighborhood, and probably one of the more dominant. They also found out, unlike predators that eat other animals, this worm was likely to scrape up debris and filter its food from soil. Its body was built for gathering and sorting food, a sign it had plenty of energy to grow elaborate tools. They said that these species have complex organs and features, which scientists believed evolved slowly and only in tough environments, but the new fossils rewrote the idea. Susannah Porter, a paleontologist at UC Santa Barbara, said: 'It's not unlike if we only had great fossil records from Antarctica… but then suddenly we find human fossils in New York City, where people actually flourished.' 'We now get to see different kinds of evolutionary pressures, not just it's freezing, it's really hot, there's not a lot of water,' Porter explained. Scientists are still trying to figure out what sparked the Cambrian explosion, when most major animal groups first appeared. The most widely accepted idea is that oxygen levels in Earth's atmosphere began to rise about 550 million years ago, said Erik Sperling, an associate professor at Stanford University. Sperling suggested that with more oxygen, animals could turn food into energy more efficiently, giving them the boost they needed to move, grow, and hunt. 'The (emergence of) predators kicked off these escalatory arms races, and then we basically got the explosion of different ways of doing business,' Sperling said. The Grand Canyon stretches 277 miles and plunges more than a mile deep. If even a small part of it contains this level of fossil preservation, scientists say it could become one of the most important sites for tracing the origins of complex life on Earth.
CNN
25-07-2025
- Science
- CNN
Fossils unearthed in Grand Canyon reveal new details of evolutionary explosion of life
Paleontologists have discovered remarkable fossils in the Grand Canyon that reveal fresh details about the emergence of complex life half a billion years ago. The newfound remains of fauna from the region suggest that it offered ideal conditions for life to flourish and diversify, in a 'Goldilocks zone' between harsh extremes elsewhere. This evolutionary opportunity produced a multitude of early animals, including oddballs with peculiar adaptations for survival, according to new research. During the Cambrian explosion, which played out in the coastal waters of Earth's oceans about 540 million years ago, most animal body types that exist today emerged in a relatively short time span, scientists believe. Back then, the Grand Canyon was closer to the equator, and the region was covered by a warm, shallow sea teeming with burgeoning life — aquatic creatures resembling modern-day shrimp, pill bugs and slugs — all developing new ways to exploit the abundant resources. Researchers turned to the Grand Canyon's layers of sedimentary rock to unlock secrets of this pivotal moment in the history of life, digging into the flaky, claylike shale of the Bright Angel Formation where most of the canyon's Cambrian-era fossils have been found. The study team expected to recover mostly the fossilized remains of hard-shelled invertebrates typical of the region. Instead, the team unearthed something unusual: rocks containing well-preserved internal fragments of tiny soft-bodied mollusks, crustaceans, and priapulids, also known as penis worms. 'With these kinds of fossils, we can better study their morphology, their appearance, and their lifestyle in much greater resolution, which is not possible with the shelly parts,' said Giovanni Mussini, the first author of the study published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances. 'It's a new kind of window on Cambrian life in the Grand Canyon.' Using high-powered microscopes, the team was able to investigate innovations such as miniature chains of teeth from rock-scraping mollusks and the hairy limbs and molars of filter-feeding crustaceans, providing a rare look into the biologically complex ways Cambrian animals adapted to capture and eat prey. For most of the planet's 4 billion-year history, simplicity reigned. Single-celled microbes remained stationary on the ocean floor, thriving on chemical compounds such as carbon dioxide and sulfur molecules to break down food. What changed? Scientists still debate what drove the Cambrian explosion, but the most popular theory is that oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere slowly began to increase about 550 million years ago, said Erik Sperling, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Stanford University. Oxygen provided a much more efficient way to metabolize food, giving animals more energy to mobilize and hunt for prey, suggested Sperling, who was not involved in the new study. 'The (emergence of) predators kicked off these escalatory arms races, and then we basically got the explosion of different ways of doing business,' Sperling said. During the Cambrian, the shallow sea covering the Grand Canyon was especially oxygen-rich thanks to its perfect, 'Goldilocks' depth, said Mussini, a doctoral student in Earth sciences at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. Ranging from 40 to 50 meters (about 130 to 165 feet) in depth, the ecosystem was undisturbed by the shoreline's constant waves shifting around sediments, and sunlight was still able to reach photosynthesizing plants on the seafloor that could provide oxygen. The abundance of food and favorable environmental conditions meant that animals could take more evolutionary risks to stay ahead of their competition, Mussini said. 'In a more resource-starved environment, animals can't afford to make that sort of physiological investment,' Mussini said in a news release from the University of Cambridge. 'It's got certain parallels with economics: invest and take risks in times of abundance; save and be conservative in times of scarcity.' Many soft-bodied fossil finds before this one have come from regions with harsh environments such as Canada's Burgess Shale formation and China's Maotianshan Shales, noted Susannah Porter, a professor of Earth science at the University of California in Santa Barbara who was not involved in the study. 'It's not unlike if paleontologists far in the future only had great fossil records from Antarctica, where harsh cold environments forced people to adapt. … But then found great human fossils in New York City, where people flourished,' Porter explained. 'We have an opportunity to see different sorts of evolutionary pressures that aren't like, it's really cold, it's really hot, there's not a lot of water.' While some of the feeding mechanisms uncovered in the Grand Canyon fossils are still around today, others are much more alien. Among the most freakish: penis worms that turned their mouths inside out, revealing a throat lined with hairy teeth. The worms, also known as cactus worms, are mostly extinct today, but were widespread during the Cambrian. The fossilized worm found in the Grand Canyon represents a previously unknown species. Due to its relatively large size — about 3.9 inches (10 centimeters) — and distinct teeth, it was named Kraytdraco spectatus, after the fictional krayt dragon from the Star Wars universe, Mussini said. This particular penis worm appears to have had a gradient of hundreds of branching teeth used to sweep food into their extendable mouths. 'It's a bit hard to understand how exactly it was feeding,' Mussini said. 'But it was probably eating debris on the seafloor, scraping it away with some of the most robust teeth that it had, and then using these other, more delicate teeth to filter and retain it within this long, tube-like mouth.' Rows of tiny molars, sternal parts and comblike limbs that once belonged to crustaceans were also among the findings, which all date back 507 million to 502 million years. Similar to today's brine shrimp, the crustaceans used these fine-haired limbs to capture floating food from the water and bring it to the mouth, where molars would then grind down the particles, Mussini explained. Nestled among the molars, researchers even found a few unlucky plankton. Other creatures resembling their modern counterparts included sluglike mollusks. The fossils revealed chains of teeth that likely helped them scrape algae or bacteria from along the seafloor. 'For each of these animals, there's different components, but most of what we found directly relates to the way these animals were processing their food, which is one of the most exciting parts, because it tells us a lot about their lifestyle, and as a consequence, their ecological implications,' Mussini said. Sign up for CNN's Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more.
CNN
25-07-2025
- Science
- CNN
Evolution ran wild 500 million years ago in the friendly waters of the Grand Canyon, study suggests
Ancient creatures Animal storiesFacebookTweetLink Paleontologists have discovered remarkable fossils in the Grand Canyon that reveal fresh details about the emergence of complex life half a billion years ago. The newfound remains of fauna from the region suggest that it offered ideal conditions for life to flourish and diversify, in a 'Goldilocks zone' between harsh extremes elsewhere. This evolutionary opportunity produced a multitude of early animals, including oddballs with peculiar adaptations for survival, according to new research. During the Cambrian explosion, which played out in the coastal waters of Earth's oceans about 540 million years ago, most animal body types that exist today emerged in a relatively short time span, scientists believe. Back then, the Grand Canyon was closer to the equator, and the region was covered by a warm, shallow sea teeming with burgeoning life — aquatic creatures resembling modern-day shrimp, pill bugs and slugs — all developing new ways to exploit the abundant resources. Researchers turned to the Grand Canyon's layers of sedimentary rock to unlock secrets of this pivotal moment in the history of life, digging into the flaky, claylike shale of the Bright Angel Formation where most of the canyon's Cambrian-era fossils have been found. The study team expected to recover mostly the fossilized remains of hard-shelled invertebrates typical of the region. Instead, the team unearthed something unusual: rocks containing well-preserved internal fragments of tiny soft-bodied mollusks, crustaceans, and priapulids, also known as penis worms. 'With these kinds of fossils, we can better study their morphology, their appearance, and their lifestyle in much greater resolution, which is not possible with the shelly parts,' said Giovanni Mussini, the first author of the study published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances. 'It's a new kind of window on Cambrian life in the Grand Canyon.' Using high-powered microscopes, the team was able to investigate innovations such as miniature chains of teeth from rock-scraping mollusks and the hairy limbs and molars of filter-feeding crustaceans, providing a rare look into the biologically complex ways Cambrian animals adapted to capture and eat prey. For most of the planet's 4 billion-year history, simplicity reigned. Single-celled microbes remained stationary on the ocean floor, thriving on chemical compounds such as carbon dioxide and sulfur molecules to break down food. What changed? Scientists still debate what drove the Cambrian explosion, but the most popular theory is that oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere slowly began to increase about 550 million years ago, said Erik Sperling, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Stanford University. Oxygen provided a much more efficient way to metabolize food, giving animals more energy to mobilize and hunt for prey, suggested Sperling, who was not involved in the new study. 'The (emergence of) predators kicked off these escalatory arms races, and then we basically got the explosion of different ways of doing business,' Sperling said. During the Cambrian, the shallow sea covering the Grand Canyon was especially oxygen-rich thanks to its perfect, 'Goldilocks' depth, said Mussini, a doctoral student in Earth sciences at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. Ranging from 40 to 50 meters (about 130 to 165 feet) in depth, the ecosystem was undisturbed by the shoreline's constant waves shifting around sediments, and sunlight was still able to reach photosynthesizing plants on the seafloor that could provide oxygen. The abundance of food and favorable environmental conditions meant that animals could take more evolutionary risks to stay ahead of their competition, Mussini said. 'In a more resource-starved environment, animals can't afford to make that sort of physiological investment,' Mussini said in a news release from the University of Cambridge. 'It's got certain parallels with economics: invest and take risks in times of abundance; save and be conservative in times of scarcity.' Many soft-bodied fossil finds before this one have come from regions with harsh environments such as Canada's Burgess Shale formation and China's Maotianshan Shales, noted Susannah Porter, a professor of Earth science at the University of California in Santa Barbara who was not involved in the study. 'It's not unlike if paleontologists far in the future only had great fossil records from Antarctica, where harsh cold environments forced people to adapt. … But then found great human fossils in New York City, where people flourished,' Porter explained. 'We have an opportunity to see different sorts of evolutionary pressures that aren't like, it's really cold, it's really hot, there's not a lot of water.' While some of the feeding mechanisms uncovered in the Grand Canyon fossils are still around today, others are much more alien. Among the most freakish: penis worms that turned their mouths inside out, revealing a throat lined with hairy teeth. The worms, also known as cactus worms, are mostly extinct today, but were widespread during the Cambrian. The fossilized worm found in the Grand Canyon represents a previously unknown species. Due to its relatively large size — about 3.9 inches (10 centimeters) — and distinct teeth, it was named Kraytdraco spectatus, after the fictional krayt dragon from the Star Wars universe, Mussini said. This particular penis worm appears to have had a gradient of hundreds of branching teeth used to sweep food into their extendable mouths. 'It's a bit hard to understand how exactly it was feeding,' Mussini said. 'But it was probably eating debris on the seafloor, scraping it away with some of the most robust teeth that it had, and then using these other, more delicate teeth to filter and retain it within this long, tube-like mouth.' Rows of tiny molars, sternal parts and comblike limbs that once belonged to crustaceans were also among the findings, which all date back 507 million to 502 million years. Similar to today's brine shrimp, the crustaceans used these fine-haired limbs to capture floating food from the water and bring it to the mouth, where molars would then grind down the particles, Mussini explained. Nestled among the molars, researchers even found a few unlucky plankton. Other creatures resembling their modern counterparts included sluglike mollusks. The fossils revealed chains of teeth that likely helped them scrape algae or bacteria from along the seafloor. 'For each of these animals, there's different components, but most of what we found directly relates to the way these animals were processing their food, which is one of the most exciting parts, because it tells us a lot about their lifestyle, and as a consequence, their ecological implications,' Mussini said. Sign up for CNN's Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more.
CNN
25-07-2025
- Science
- CNN
Evolution ran wild 500 million years ago in the friendly waters of the Grand Canyon, study suggests
Paleontologists have discovered remarkable fossils in the Grand Canyon that reveal fresh details about the emergence of complex life half a billion years ago. The newfound remains of fauna from the region suggest that it offered ideal conditions for life to flourish and diversify, in a 'Goldilocks zone' between harsh extremes elsewhere. This evolutionary opportunity produced a multitude of early animals, including oddballs with peculiar adaptations for survival, according to new research. During the Cambrian explosion, which played out in the coastal waters of Earth's oceans about 540 million years ago, most animal body types that exist today emerged in a relatively short time span, scientists believe. Back then, the Grand Canyon was closer to the equator, and the region was covered by a warm, shallow sea teeming with burgeoning life — aquatic creatures resembling modern-day shrimp, pill bugs and slugs — all developing new ways to exploit the abundant resources. Researchers turned to the Grand Canyon's layers of sedimentary rock to unlock secrets of this pivotal moment in the history of life, digging into the flaky, claylike shale of the Bright Angel Formation where most of the canyon's Cambrian-era fossils have been found. The study team expected to recover mostly the fossilized remains of hard-shelled invertebrates typical of the region. Instead, the team unearthed something unusual: rocks containing well-preserved internal fragments of tiny soft-bodied mollusks, crustaceans, and priapulids, also known as penis worms. 'With these kinds of fossils, we can better study their morphology, their appearance, and their lifestyle in much greater resolution, which is not possible with the shelly parts,' said Giovanni Mussini, the first author of the study published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances. 'It's a new kind of window on Cambrian life in the Grand Canyon.' Using high-powered microscopes, the team was able to investigate innovations such as miniature chains of teeth from rock-scraping mollusks and the hairy limbs and molars of filter-feeding crustaceans, providing a rare look into the biologically complex ways Cambrian animals adapted to capture and eat prey. For most of the planet's 4 billion-year history, simplicity reigned. Single-celled microbes remained stationary on the ocean floor, thriving on chemical compounds such as carbon dioxide and sulfur molecules to break down food. What changed? Scientists still debate what drove the Cambrian explosion, but the most popular theory is that oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere slowly began to increase about 550 million years ago, said Erik Sperling, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Stanford University. Oxygen provided a much more efficient way to metabolize food, giving animals more energy to mobilize and hunt for prey, suggested Sperling, who was not involved in the new study. 'The (emergence of) predators kicked off these escalatory arms races, and then we basically got the explosion of different ways of doing business,' Sperling said. During the Cambrian, the shallow sea covering the Grand Canyon was especially oxygen-rich thanks to its perfect, 'Goldilocks' depth, said Mussini, a doctoral student in Earth sciences at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. Ranging from 40 to 50 meters (about 130 to 165 feet) in depth, the ecosystem was undisturbed by the shoreline's constant waves shifting around sediments, and sunlight was still able to reach photosynthesizing plants on the seafloor that could provide oxygen. The abundance of food and favorable environmental conditions meant that animals could take more evolutionary risks to stay ahead of their competition, Mussini said. 'In a more resource-starved environment, animals can't afford to make that sort of physiological investment,' Mussini said in a news release from the University of Cambridge. 'It's got certain parallels with economics: invest and take risks in times of abundance; save and be conservative in times of scarcity.' Many soft-bodied fossil finds before this one have come from regions with harsh environments such as Canada's Burgess Shale formation and China's Maotianshan Shales, noted Susannah Porter, a professor of Earth science at the University of California in Santa Barbara who was not involved in the study. 'It's not unlike if paleontologists far in the future only had great fossil records from Antarctica, where harsh cold environments forced people to adapt. … But then found great human fossils in New York City, where people flourished,' Porter explained. 'We have an opportunity to see different sorts of evolutionary pressures that aren't like, it's really cold, it's really hot, there's not a lot of water.' While some of the feeding mechanisms uncovered in the Grand Canyon fossils are still around today, others are much more alien. Among the most freakish: penis worms that turned their mouths inside out, revealing a throat lined with hairy teeth. The worms, also known as cactus worms, are mostly extinct today, but were widespread during the Cambrian. The fossilized worm found in the Grand Canyon represents a previously unknown species. Due to its relatively large size — about 3.9 inches (10 centimeters) — and distinct teeth, it was named Kraytdraco spectatus, after the fictional krayt dragon from the Star Wars universe, Mussini said. This particular penis worm appears to have had a gradient of hundreds of branching teeth used to sweep food into their extendable mouths. 'It's a bit hard to understand how exactly it was feeding,' Mussini said. 'But it was probably eating debris on the seafloor, scraping it away with some of the most robust teeth that it had, and then using these other, more delicate teeth to filter and retain it within this long, tube-like mouth.' Rows of tiny molars, sternal parts and comblike limbs that once belonged to crustaceans were also among the findings, which all date back 507 million to 502 million years. Similar to today's brine shrimp, the crustaceans used these fine-haired limbs to capture floating food from the water and bring it to the mouth, where molars would then grind down the particles, Mussini explained. Nestled among the molars, researchers even found a few unlucky plankton. Other creatures resembling their modern counterparts included sluglike mollusks. The fossils revealed chains of teeth that likely helped them scrape algae or bacteria from along the seafloor. 'For each of these animals, there's different components, but most of what we found directly relates to the way these animals were processing their food, which is one of the most exciting parts, because it tells us a lot about their lifestyle, and as a consequence, their ecological implications,' Mussini said. Sign up for CNN's Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more.
