Latest news with #IsmailSerageldin
Egypt Today
04-05-2025
- Business
- Egypt Today
The Grand Egyptian Museum Launches the GEM Talks Series with a Keynote by Dr. Ismail Serageldin
The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) officially launched the GEM Talks series on Monday, April 28, 2025, with a keynote talk delivered by Dr. Ismail Serageldin – a former Vice President of the World Bank and Founding Director of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, and one of the world's leading voices in culture and innovation. The new series marks a significant step in the museum's ongoing efforts to foster dialogue, exchange ideas, and connect the past with the present and future. GEM Talks is designed as a dynamic platform for cultural and intellectual engagement, offering a range of interactive formats — from discussions and panels to debates and workshops. Through this initiative, the GEM aims to create a vibrant space for important conversations around heritage, creativity, and innovation, inspiring diverse audiences and celebrating the richness of culture in all its forms. Dr. Ahmed Ghoneim, CEO of the Grand Egyptian Museum Authority, commented: 'The launch of GEM Talks represents a new chapter in our continuous efforts to make the Grand Egyptian Museum not only an extraordinary showcase of our history, but also a vital space for cultural and historical dialogue. Through this series, we are opening new horizons for conversations on diverse topics rooted in our shared legacy. It aims to create an open platform where diverse audiences can come together to engage, reflect, and be inspired by the richness of culture and heritage in all its forms.' The inaugural session, led by Dr. Ismail Serageldin, explored the role of creativity in shaping human progress, the power of museums in fostering awareness, and the transformative impact of artificial intelligence on artistic expression. Dr. Serageldin also discussed the development of innovative digital solutions that enhance visitor engagement within cultural institutions, offering new ways to experience and interact with heritage.
Hindustan Times
28-04-2025
- Business
- Hindustan Times
Ecostani: India walking out of the Indus Waters Treaty and its hydrological impact
In 1995, World Bank vice president Ismail Serageldin warned that 'wars of the next century will be fought over water.' Thirty years later, his prediction has almost come true in one of the world's most volatile region — Kashmir. On April 24, 2025, India announced that it would downgrade diplomatic ties with Pakistan over an attack by terrorists in Pahalgam in Kashmir that killed 26 tourists and suspended the Indus Waters Treaty – a decades-old agreement that allowed both countries to share water use from the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan. Pakistan has promised reciprocal moves and warned that any disruption to its water supply would be considered 'an act of war.' Pakistan has decided to suspend the Simla agreement that provided for border management between the two countries. The Indus River has supported life for thousands of years since the Harappan civilisation, which flourished around 2600 to 1900 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. After the partition of India in 1947, control of the Indus River system became a major source of tension between India and Pakistan. Disputes arose almost immediately, particularly when India temporarily halted water flow to Pakistan in 1948, prompting fears of the collapse of the farm sector. These early confrontations led to years of negotiations, culminating in the signing of the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960, brokered by the World Bank. The agreement divided the Indus Basin between the two countries, giving India control over the eastern rivers – Ravi, Beas and Sutlej – and Pakistan control over the western rivers: Indus, Jhelum and Chenab, the three rivers mainly flowing from Kashmir. When the agreement was signed, India's population was 436 million, and Pakistan's was 46 million. Today, those numbers have surged to over 1.4 billion and 240 million, respectively. The increase in population has increased pressure on the precious water source even though the water flow in the rivers is unstable on the account of reduction in the annual snowfall and erratic monsoon rains. The World Meteorological Organisation reported that 2024 was globally the driest year in over three decades and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) studies have found that Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan glaciers — main water source for Indus — melted 65% faster in 2011–2020 compared with the previous decade. In April 2025, ICIMOD said that the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan including mountains that feed water into Indus rivers had lowest snow persistence — fraction of time snow is on the round after snowfall — of 16.9% in the previous winter, lowest in the past 13 years. 'Carbon emissions have already locked in an irreversible course of recurrent snow anomalies in the HKH,' said ICIMOD director general, Pema Gyamtsho. The ICIMOD studies have shown slowing down of annual snowfall in the region since 2016. According to studies, the upper Indus carries about 110 cubic km — slightly less than half the total supply of water in the Indus river system. The Jhelum and Chenab combined carry roughly one-fourth, and the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej combined constitute the remainder of the total supply of the system. Almost one-fourth of the annual water the rivers in the Indus basin receives is from snow melt and rests from rains, mostly during monsoon from July to September. In summers, the snow melt accounts for 60-70% of water flow into the Indus rivers. ICIMOD said that deficit of seasonal meltwater, in general, means lesser river runoffs and early-summer water stress, especially for downstream communities, already reeling under premature and intensifying heat spells across the region. The annual rainfall in the basin ranges between 110 mm to 500 mm and most areas in basin, especially in Pakistan are very dry, and Indus water is the main source of water for living and agriculture. Heavy deforestation in several provinces in Pakistan such as Punjab and Sindh have led to increase in desertification even though Punjab province has a good network of irrigation canals. Extensive use of ground water that accounts for nearly about 48% of the water withdrawals in the Indus Basin has led to a drop in groundwater levels and a further loss of vegetation with natural forest replaced with thorn forests of open acacia and bush and undergrowth of poppies, vetch, thistles, and chickweed, studies have shown. Apart from sustaining agriculture, the Indus rivers are also source of fish varieties such as Hilsa and Himalayan Trout. Following promulgation of the 1960 treaty, the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority built several linking canals and barrages to divert water from its western rivers to areas in the east lacking water. The biggest of those canals is the Chashma-Jhelum link joining the Indus river with the Jhelum River, with a discharge capacity of some 21,700 cubic feet (615 cubic meters) per second. Water from that canal feeds the Haveli Canal and Trimmu-Sidhnai-Mailsi-Bahawal link canal systems, which provide irrigation to areas in southern Punjab province. The Indus Waters Treaty also made provision for the construction of two major dams in Pakistan. The Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River near the town of Jhelum is one of the largest rolled earth-fill dams in the world. Mangla Reservoir, created by the dam, is 64 km long and has a surface area of 260 square km. The second gigantic project is the Tarbela Dam on the Indus, 80 km northwest of Rawalpindi. The dam's electricity generating capacity is some three times that of the Mangla Dam, and its total potential is considerably greater. A third major structure, completed in 2004, is the Ghazi Barotha hydroelectric project, located below Tarbela. The Indus is partially diverted there to a powerhouse that can generate 1,450 megawatts. Experts said that India's suspension of the Indus Water Treaty would impact all major hydro projects in Pakistan apart from reducing water flow into the country, impacting its agriculture as it happened in 1948. On the other hand, they said it could improve Kashmir's agriculture and hydrological potential as the treaty restricts use of water resources of rivers flowing from the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Only 19.8% of the hydrological potential of western flowing Indus rivers in India has been utilised, according to a study by Jal Shakti ministry. India's hydropower projects in Kashmir — such as the Baglihar and Kishanganga dams — have been a major point of contention. Pakistan has repeatedly raised concerns that these projects could alter water flows, particularly during crucial agricultural seasons. The Kishanganga and Ratle dam disputes, now under arbitration in The Hague. In September 2024, India formally called for a review of the Indus Waters Treaty, citing demographic shifts, energy needs and security concerns over Kashmir. The World Bank had admitted India's petition and agreed to hear its concerns despite protest by Pakistan. The suspension of the treat is subject to decisions of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) or International Court of Justice, which can be long drawn process. If the verdict comes in India's favour, walking out of the treat would be a win-win situation for northwestern India.
India Gazette
25-04-2025
- Politics
- India Gazette
Tensions over Kashmir and a warming planet have placed the Indus Waters Treaty on life support
In 1995, World Bank Vice President Ismail Serageldin warned that whereas the conflicts of the previous 100 years had been over oil, "the wars of the next century will be fought over water." Thirty years on, that prediction is being tested in one of the world's most volatile regions: Kashmir. On April 24, 2025, the government of India announced that it would downgrade diplomatic ties with its neighbor Pakistan over an attack by militants in Kashmir that killed 26 tourists. As part of that cooling of relations, India said it would immediately suspend the Indus Waters Treaty - a decades-old agreement that allowed both countries to share water use from the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan. Pakistan has promised reciprocal moves and warned that any disruption to its water supply would be considered "an act of war." The current flareup escalated quickly, but has a long history. At the Indus Basin Water Project at the Ohio State University, we are engaged in a multiyear project investigating the transboundary water dispute between Pakistan and India. I am currently in Pakistan conducting fieldwork in Kashmir and across the Indus Basin. Geopolitical tensions in the region, which have been worsened by the recent attack in Pahalgam, Indian-administered Kashmir, do pose a major threat to the water treaty. So too does another factor that is helping escalate the tensions: climate change The Indus River has supported life for thousands of years since the Harappan civilization, which flourished around 2600 to 1900 B.C.E. in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. After the partition of India in 1947, control of the Indus River system became a major source of tension between the two nations that emerged from partition: India and Pakistan. Disputes arose almost immediately, particularly when India temporarily halted water flow to Pakistan in 1948, prompting fears over agricultural collapse. These early confrontations led to years of negotiations, culminating in the signing of the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. Brokered by the World Bank, the Indus Waters Treaty has long been hailed as one of the most successful transboundary water agreements. It divided the Indus Basin between the two countries, giving India control over the eastern rivers - Ravi, Beas and Sutlej - and Pakistan control over the western rivers: Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. At the time, this was seen as a fair solution. But the treaty was designed for a very different world. Back then, India and Pakistan were newly independent countries working to establish themselves amid a world divided by the Cold War. When it was signed, Pakistan's population was 46 million, and India's was 436 million. Today, those numbers have surged to over 240 million and 1.4 billion, respectively. Today, more than 300 million people rely on the Indus River Basin for their survival. This has put increased pressure on the precious source of water that sits between the two nuclear rivals. The effects of global warming, and the continued fighting over the disputed region of Kashmir, has only added to those tensions. Many of the problems of today are down to what wasn't included in the treaty, rather than what was. At the time of signing, there was a lack of comprehensive studies on glacier mass balance. The assumption was that the Himalayan glaciers, which feed the Indus River system, were relatively stable. This lack of detailed measurements meant that future changes due to climate variability and glacial melt were not factored into the treaty's design, nor were factors such as groundwater depletion, water pollution from pesticides, fertilizer use and industrial waste. Similarly, the potential for large-scale hydraulic development of the region through dams, reservoirs, canals and hydroelectricity were largely ignored in the treaty. Reflecting contemporary assumptions about the stability of glaciers, the negotiators assumed that hydrological patterns would remain persistent with the historic flows. Instead, the glaciers feeding the Indus Basin began to melt. In fact, they are now melting at record rates. The World Meteorological Organization reported that 2023 was globally the driest year in over three decades, with below-normal river flows disrupting agriculture and ecosystems. Global glaciers also saw their largest mass loss in 50 years, releasing over 600 gigatons of water into rivers and oceans. The Himalayan glaciers, which supply 60-70% of the Indus River's summer flow, are shrinking rapidly. A 2019 study estimates they are losing 8 billion tons of ice annually. And a study by the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development found that Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan glaciers melted 65% faster in 2011-2020 compared with the previous decade. The rate of glacier melt poses a significant challenge to the treaty's long-term effectiveness to ensure essential water for all the people who rely on the Indus River Basin. While it may temporarily increase river flow, it threatens the long-term availability of water. Indeed, if this trend continues, water shortages will intensify, particularly for Pakistan, which depends heavily on the Indus during dry seasons. Another failing of the Indus Waters Treaty is that it only addresses surface water distribution and does not include provisions for managing groundwater extraction, which has become a significant issue in both India and Pakistan. In the Punjab region - often referred to as the breadbasket of both nations - heavy reliance on groundwater is leading to overexploitation and depletion. Groundwater now contributes a large portion - about 48% - of water withdrawals in the Indus Basin, particularly during dry seasons. Yet there is no transboundary framework to oversee the shared management of this resource as reported by the World Bank. It wasn't just climate change and groundwater that were ignored by the drafters of the Indus Waters Treaty. Indian and Pakistan negotiators also neglected the issue and status of Kashmir. Kashmir has been at the heart of India-Pakistan tensions since Partition in 1947. At the time of independence, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was given the option to accede to either India or Pakistan. Though the region had a Muslim majority, the Hindu ruler chose to accede to India, triggering the first India-Pakistan war. This led to a U.N.-mediated ceasefire in 1949 and the creation of the Line of Control, effectively dividing the territory between Indian-administered and Pakistani-administered Kashmir. Since then, Kashmir has remained a disputed territory, claimed in full by both countries and serving as the flashpoint for two additional wars in 1965 and 1999, and numerous skirmishes. Despite being the primary source of water for the basin, Kashmiris have had no role in negotiations or decision-making under the treaty. The region's agricultural and hydropower potential has been limited due to restrictions on the use of its water resources, with only 19.8% of hydropower potential utilized. This means that Kashmiris on both sides - despite living in a water-rich region - have been unable to fully benefit from the resources flowing through their land, as water infrastructure has primarily served downstream users and broader national interests rather than local development. Some scholars argue that the treaty intentionally facilitated hydraulic development in Jammu and Kashmir, but not necessarily in ways that served local interests. India's hydropower projects in Kashmir - such as the Baglihar and Kishanganga dams - have been a major point of contention. Pakistan has repeatedly raised concerns that these projects could alter water flows, particularly during crucial agricultural seasons. However, the Indus Waters Treaty does not provide explicit mechanisms for resolving such regional disputes, leaving Kashmir's hydrological and political concerns unaddressed. Tensions over hydropower projects in Kashmir were bringing India and Pakistan toward diplomatic deadlock long before the recent attack. The Kishanganga and Ratle dam disputes, now under arbitration in The Hague, exposed the treaty's growing inability to manage transboundary water conflicts. Then in September 2024, India formally called for a review of the Indus Waters Treaty, citing demographic shifts, energy needs and security concerns over Kashmir. The treaty now exists in a state of limbo. While it technically remains in force, India's formal notice for review has introduced uncertainty, halting key cooperative mechanisms and casting doubt on the treaty's long-term durability. Moving forward, I argue, any reform or renegotiation of the Indus Waters Treaty will, if it is to have lasting success, need to acknowledge the hydrological significance of Kashmir while engaging voices from across the region. Excluding Kashmir from future discussions - and neither India nor Pakistan has formally proposed including Kashmiri stakeholders - would only reinforce a long-standing pattern of marginalization, where decisions about its resources are made without considering the needs of its people. As debates on "climate-proofing" the treaty continue, ensuring Kashmiri perspectives are included will be critical for building a more equitable and sustainable transboundary water framework.
Yahoo
25-04-2025
- Politics
- Yahoo
Tensions over Kashmir and a warming planet have placed the Indus Waters Treaty on life support
In 1995, World Bank Vice President Ismail Serageldin warned that whereas the conflicts of the previous 100 years had been over oil, 'the wars of the next century will be fought over water.' Thirty years on, that prediction is being tested in one of the world's most volatile regions: Kashmir. On April 24, 2025, the government of India announced that it would downgrade diplomatic ties with its neighbor Pakistan over an attack by militants in Kashmir that killed 26 tourists. As part of that cooling of relations, India said it would immediately suspend the Indus Waters Treaty – a decades-old agreement that allowed both countries to share water use from the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan. Pakistan has promised reciprocal moves and warned that any disruption to its water supply would be considered 'an act of war.' The current flareup escalated quickly, but has a long history. At the Indus Basin Water Project at the Ohio State University, we are engaged in a multiyear project investigating the transboundary water dispute between Pakistan and India. I am currently in Pakistan conducting fieldwork in Kashmir and across the Indus Basin. Geopolitical tensions in the region, which have been worsened by the recent attack in Pahalgam, Indian-administered Kashmir, do pose a major threat to the water treaty. So too does another factor that is helping escalate the tensions: climate change The Indus River has supported life for thousands of years since the Harappan civilization, which flourished around 2600 to 1900 B.C.E. in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. After the partition of India in 1947, control of the Indus River system became a major source of tension between the two nations that emerged from partition: India and Pakistan. Disputes arose almost immediately, particularly when India temporarily halted water flow to Pakistan in 1948, prompting fears over agricultural collapse. These early confrontations led to years of negotiations, culminating in the signing of the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. Brokered by the World Bank, the Indus Waters Treaty has long been hailed as one of the most successful transboundary water agreements. It divided the Indus Basin between the two countries, giving India control over the eastern rivers – Ravi, Beas and Sutlej – and Pakistan control over the western rivers: Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. At the time, this was seen as a fair solution. But the treaty was designed for a very different world. Back then, India and Pakistan were newly independent countries working to establish themselves amid a world divided by the Cold War. When it was signed, Pakistan's population was 46 million, and India's was 436 million. Today, those numbers have surged to over 240 million and 1.4 billion, respectively. Today, more than 300 million people rely on the Indus River Basin for their survival. This has put increased pressure on the precious source of water that sits between the two nuclear rivals. The effects of global warming, and the continued fighting over the disputed region of Kashmir, has only added to those tensions. Many of the problems of today are down to what wasn't included in the treaty, rather than what was. At the time of signing, there was a lack of comprehensive studies on glacier mass balance. The assumption was that the Himalayan glaciers, which feed the Indus River system, were relatively stable. This lack of detailed measurements meant that future changes due to climate variability and glacial melt were not factored into the treaty's design, nor were factors such as groundwater depletion, water pollution from pesticides, fertilizer use and industrial waste. Similarly, the potential for large-scale hydraulic development of the region through dams, reservoirs, canals and hydroelectricity were largely ignored in the treaty. Reflecting contemporary assumptions about the stability of glaciers, the negotiators assumed that hydrological patterns would remain persistent with the historic flows. Instead, the glaciers feeding the Indus Basin began to melt. In fact, they are now melting at record rates. The World Meteorological Organization reported that 2023 was globally the driest year in over three decades, with below-normal river flows disrupting agriculture and ecosystems. Global glaciers also saw their largest mass loss in 50 years, releasing over 600 gigatons of water into rivers and oceans. The Himalayan glaciers, which supply 60-70% of the Indus River's summer flow, are shrinking rapidly. A 2019 study estimates they are losing 8 billion tons of ice annually. And a study by the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development found that Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan glaciers melted 65% faster in 2011–2020 compared with the previous decade. The rate of glacier melt poses a significant challenge to the treaty's long-term effectiveness to ensure essential water for all the people who rely on the Indus River Basin. While it may temporarily increase river flow, it threatens the long-term availability of water. Indeed, if this trend continues, water shortages will intensify, particularly for Pakistan, which depends heavily on the Indus during dry seasons. Another failing of the Indus Waters Treaty is that it only addresses surface water distribution and does not include provisions for managing groundwater extraction, which has become a significant issue in both India and Pakistan. In the Punjab region – often referred to as the breadbasket of both nations – heavy reliance on groundwater is leading to overexploitation and depletion. Groundwater now contributes a large portion – about 48% – of water withdrawals in the Indus Basin, particularly during dry seasons. Yet there is no transboundary framework to oversee the shared management of this resource as reported by the World Bank. It wasn't just climate change and groundwater that were ignored by the drafters of the Indus Waters Treaty. Indian and Pakistan negotiators also neglected the issue and status of Kashmir. Kashmir has been at the heart of India-Pakistan tensions since Partition in 1947. At the time of independence, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was given the option to accede to either India or Pakistan. Though the region had a Muslim majority, the Hindu ruler chose to accede to India, triggering the first India-Pakistan war. This led to a U.N.-mediated ceasefire in 1949 and the creation of the Line of Control, effectively dividing the territory between Indian-administered and Pakistani-administered Kashmir. Since then, Kashmir has remained a disputed territory, claimed in full by both countries and serving as the flashpoint for two additional wars in 1965 and 1999, and numerous skirmishes. Despite being the primary source of water for the basin, Kashmiris have had no role in negotiations or decision-making under the treaty. The region's agricultural and hydropower potential has been limited due to restrictions on the use of its water resources, with only 19.8% of hydropower potential utilized. This means that Kashmiris on both sides — despite living in a water-rich region — have been unable to fully benefit from the resources flowing through their land, as water infrastructure has primarily served downstream users and broader national interests rather than local development. Some scholars argue that the treaty intentionally facilitated hydraulic development in Jammu and Kashmir, but not necessarily in ways that served local interests. India's hydropower projects in Kashmir — such as the Baglihar and Kishanganga dams — have been a major point of contention. Pakistan has repeatedly raised concerns that these projects could alter water flows, particularly during crucial agricultural seasons. However, the Indus Waters Treaty does not provide explicit mechanisms for resolving such regional disputes, leaving Kashmir's hydrological and political concerns unaddressed. Tensions over hydropower projects in Kashmir were bringing India and Pakistan toward diplomatic deadlock long before the recent attack. The Kishanganga and Ratle dam disputes, now under arbitration in The Hague, exposed the treaty's growing inability to manage transboundary water conflicts. Then in September 2024, India formally called for a review of the Indus Waters Treaty, citing demographic shifts, energy needs and security concerns over Kashmir. The treaty now exists in a state of limbo. While it technically remains in force, India's formal notice for review has introduced uncertainty, halting key cooperative mechanisms and casting doubt on the treaty's long-term durability. Moving forward, I argue, any reform or renegotiation of the Indus Waters Treaty will, if it is to have lasting success, need to acknowledge the hydrological significance of Kashmir while engaging voices from across the region. Excluding Kashmir from future discussions – and neither India nor Pakistan has formally proposed including Kashmiri stakeholders – would only reinforce a long-standing pattern of marginalization, where decisions about its resources are made without considering the needs of its people. As debates on 'climate-proofing' the treaty continue, ensuring Kashmiri perspectives are included will be critical for building a more equitable and sustainable transboundary water framework. Nicholas Breyfogle, Madhumita Dutta, Alexander Thompson, and Bryan G. Mark at the Indus Basin Water Project at the Ohio State University contributed to this article. This article is republished from The Conversation, a nonprofit, independent news organization bringing you facts and trustworthy analysis to help you make sense of our complex world. It was written by: Fazlul Haq, The Ohio State University Read more: Kashmir attacks: Kashmiris trapped between tourism and terrorism as an insecure nation looks to Modi for accountability What is the Resistance Front? An expert explains the terror group that carried out the latest Kashmir attack? Trump takes a line from 'world's coolest dictator' Fazlul Haq does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
