Latest news with #JonathanLosos
Yahoo
23-05-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Cat domestication didn't necessarily happen like we thought it did, new studies suggest
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. The origins of domestic cats, and their travels with ancient humans, are as enigmatic as the animals themselves. But now, scientists have found new evidence supporting the idea that the unfathomable felines were likely first domesticated in ancient Egypt, where they were worshipped as part of a cult — or in another region of North Africa. Researchers already knew that modern-day lap cats (Felis catus) derived from African wildcats (Felis lybica). But exactly when and where these wildcats first accepted human companionship is a matter of intense debate. Now, two studies published on the preprint server bioRxiv in March 2025 — meaning they have not yet been peer-reviewed — offer tantalizing new insights into how the world's second-most-popular pet may have come to coexist with humanity and spread around the world. One of the prevailing hypotheses is that cats were domesticated in the Levant, a region of the Middle East bordering the Mediterranean Sea, during the Neolithic period 12,000 to 5,000 years ago. The region is part of the Fertile Crescent, where agriculture first emerged. The theory suggests that when humans switched from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to farming, rodents became a problem. Cats were attracted to the rodents and, given the felines were eating the pests, humans were happy to cohabit with them. Related: Over 40% of pet cats play fetch — but scientists aren't quite sure why This theory is based on the discovery of a cat buried at the foot of a human in Cyprus, which is off the coast of Turkey and Syria. "The first evidence of human association with a cat comes from Cyprus about 10,000 years ago," Jonathan Losos, an evolutionary biologist at Washington University in St. Louis and author of "The Cat's Meow: How Cats Evolved from the Savanna to Your Sofa" (Viking, 2023), told Live Science. That suggested the cat-human association may have begun in the Fertile Crescent, said Losos, who was not involved with the new research. But both of the new papers cast doubt on this idea, suggesting cat domestication actually took place much later, and that cat remains suggesting earlier interactions were actually wildcats. In one of the news studies, the researchers conducted genetic analyses on early cat specimens, which revealed that cats found in Europe and Turkey from between 11,000 and 2,300 years ago were not the direct ancestors of today's domestic cats. They were instead European wildcats (Felis silvestris) that had naturally hybridized with African wildcats where the ranges of the species overlapped. "We successfully reconstructed nuclear genomes of several Neolithic cats from Anatolia and Southeast Europe and proved that these cats are European wildcats," said Marco De Martino, a palaeogeneticist at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and lead author of the first study. "They were likely exploited for food, pelts or ritual practices," he told Live Science. These weren't pets — they were meant for the stew pot or the collar of a luxurious cloak or as offerings to deities. Instead, the researchers suggest that cat domestication occurred in Africa — either in Egypt or another northern area of the continent, such as modern-day Morocco or Tunisia. Their analysis indicated that modern domestic cats are most genetically similar to African wildcats from Tunisia. To piece together the domestic cat's introduction to the world, the authors then looked at non-genetic evidence of cats in societies in ancient times. Egypt was the most prominent early civilization to encourage the presence of cats, with evidence indicating that they were well-established there by the first millennium B.C., according to the authors. They were worshipped as part of the cult of Bastet, an Egyptian goddess associated with fertility, health, protection and domestic life. Cats are common in ancient Egyptian imagery, both as members of human households and in the form of Bastet herself — early depictions of the goddess style her as a lion, but she later resembled a domestic cat. Based on evidence both from iconography and extensive mummification of cats as part of the worship of Bastet, the second paper concludes that Egypt was likely the main center of cat domestication. While the felines may have been drawn to agricultural production by rodents, one variation of the the hypothesis suggests that they were bred for the production of mummies used in devotional rituals. The large-scale breeding operations may have initiated the domestication process. RELATED STORIES —Pet cats arrived in China via the Silk Road 1,400 years ago, ancient DNA study finds —1,200 years ago, a cat in Jerusalem left the oldest known evidence of 'making biscuits' on a clay jug —World's tiniest cat was a palm-sized tiddler that lived in China 300,000 years ago Cats likely then moved north from Egypt via trade routes. Specimens found in the U.K., date to the late Iron Age, suggesting there was one early wave of cats entering Europe during this period. Domesticated cats then moved into Europe with greater intensity during periods of Greek and Roman dominance. However, the authors caution that genetic data from mummified cat remains in Egypt has not yet been reliably analyzed. "We believe that Egypt remains the best candidate as the birthplace of domestic cats given the extensive extant iconographic evidence, but we have no genetic data from Egypt to demonstrate that," noted De Martino, who was a co-author on the second paper as well. On genetic grounds, at least, origins in western North Africa may be on firmer ground. "The lack of genomic data from ancient or modern cats in Egypt is the big question mark that needs to be answered — when that is added, it may swing genetic support back to the Out of Egypt hypothesis," Losos said.
Scientific American
12-05-2025
- Science
- Scientific American
Convergent ‘Cuteness' Is Making Dogs and Cats Look Alike
What do Persian cats, Pekingese dogs and pugs have in common? They all share a dramatically distorted skull, with a flat, round face and a nose pushed up between their eyes. This unnatural morphology is the product of decades or centuries of artificial selection to make our pedigreed animals more closely resemble the intrinsic cuteness of human babies. These breeds have become so morphologically extreme, in fact, that the cats and dogs with these features now have skulls that are more similar to each other than to their own wild ancestors, according to new research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 'Wolves and wild cats are quite distinct in skull shape, but by applying [selective breeding] pressure for babylike faces, we've caused short-faced dogs and cats to become very similar to each other,' says senior author Jonathan Losos, an evolutionary biologist at Washington University in St. Louis. 'We've substantially erased 50 million years of evolution.' On supporting science journalism If you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today. Dogs and cats with round, flat faces—technically called brachycephalic, from the Greek for 'short head'—show an unusual example of convergent evolution, which occurs when species independently evolve to become similar to each other because they face the same selective pressures. Normally this process is driven by natural selection—for example, birds and bats have both evolved to fly, and distantly related marine animals keep evolving to look like crabs. But in the case of brachycephalic cats and dogs, it's caused by selective breeding to accommodate human preferences for babylike features, such as round, flat faces with high noses. 'These are completely new skull shapes that only came about because of what humans want to see in their companion animals,' says lead author Abby Grace Drake, an evolutionary biologist at Cornell University. Human preferences, however, come with consequences for the brachycephalic animals involved —which could not survive in the wild. 'We're breeding them to look cute, but this has led to very horrible health problems for them,' Drake says. Pets like Persians and pugs often have so much difficulty breathing that they often require corrective surgery, for example, and they frequently suffer from problems with their eyes, teeth and neurological systems. They are also intolerant to heat and exercise because they lack adequate oxygen. Drake, Losos and their co-authors had originally set out to understand the diversity of skull shapes in cats and dogs. They collected skull measurements for 1,810 animals from various sources, including computerized tomography (CT) scans of pets from animal hospitals and specimens from natural history museums. Their sample included 148 domestic cats and 677 domestic dogs, including both purebreds and mixed breeds. Of the dogs, they classified eight breeds as extremely brachycephalic: Boston terrier, Brussels griffon, English bulldog, French bulldog, Japanese chin, Pekingese, pug and shih tzu. For the cats, Persians, Himalayans and Burmese fell into that category. The team also collected data from hundreds of skulls of dozens of wild species representing the majority of the Canidae and Felidae families, to which domestic dogs and cats belong, respectively. To directly compare the animals, the team created three-dimensional models of each skull and marked anatomically similar points on them across species and breeds. The researchers found that skull shapes of brachycephalic animals are unlike anything that has evolved in nature; these breeds—whether cats or dogs—shared more similarities to each other in skull structure than they did to their wild ancestors. Specifically, their palate has been tilted up, which has drastically shrunk their nasal region and restricted their airway as well as the space at the back of their throat. Some Persian cats actually lacked nasal bones entirely. 'People talk about evolution taking millions of years,' Drake says. 'But if you isolate the gene pool with inbreeding and force massive selection pressures, you can produce a remarkable amount of diversity in a short period of time.' While this is fascinating from an evolutionary biology point of view, she and her colleagues emphasize that they do not think it is worth the health consequences for the animals. Losos agrees: 'The welfare of the animals should be the first priority,' he says. One future question for researchers to investigate is the underlying genetics of brachycephalic features, he adds. Some evidence suggests that domestic dogs and cats each have different genes associated with brachycephaly. 'Finding out more about the genetics would certainly be fascinating,' Losos says. Heather Lorimer, a geneticist at Youngstown State University, who was not involved in the research, agrees it would be worthwhile for scientists to investigate the genetics behind brachycephalic features. 'Starting from a careful, descriptive paper like this one, it might be possible to home in on individual developmental control genes that affect specific skull structure elements,' Lorimer says. 'This, in turn, could lead to understanding very specific changes that cause health issues, which could help in breeding choices to improve health and welfare of our pedigreed dogs and cats.' For those looking for a healthy pet that does not contribute to welfare issues, though, Drake has simple advice: get a mixed-breed animal from a shelter.
