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Indian Express
2 days ago
- Politics
- Indian Express
Why are Afghan refugees being displaced from Iran?
More than 1.3 million Afghan refugees in Iran have been forced to return home since March 20, according to a new report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Published on July 16, the report also said that this year so far, Iran had deported more than 1.57 million Afghan refugees. Iran hosts the world's largest refugee population, and about 95% — estimated to be around four million — are Afghans, UNHCR says. Iran claims the real number is closer to six million. For more than 40 years, Afghanistan has endured conflict, economic turmoil, natural disasters, poverty, and food scarcity. Successive waves of people fled the country to escape the Soviet invasion, civil wars, the US-led intervention, and the Taliban insurgency. Over the years, a large number of them have taken refuge in neighbouring Iran. However, the influx particularly swelled after the Taliban returned to power in August 2021, leading to a severe humanitarian crisis and worsening human rights conditions, especially for girls and women. Currently, more than 20,000 Afghans are crossing the borders every day. Refugees in Iran have arrived from areas such as Kabul, Herat, Balkh, Nangarhar, and the Hazara regions. Large communities are now based in provinces such as Razavi Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Khorasan, Tehran, and Yazd, primarily in low-income neighbourhoods. The legal status of Afghan refugees varies in Iran based on their documentation. Amayesh cardholders are refugees who entered before 2003 and are in the Comprehensive Refugee Registration Plan, also known as Amayesh. Only around 780,000 individuals hold the Amayesh card, which grants limited access to education and healthcare. A smaller number possess valid Afghan passports and Iranian visas. The third category includes refugees registered with the headcount slip, a temporary document provided to Afghan refugees for registration purposes. These slips expired on March 20 this year, and the Iranian government gave July 6 as the deadline to allow these individuals to either become documented or leave the country. However, the vast majority are undocumented. This group lives precariously, constantly at risk of arrest and deportation, and often works in exploitative conditions in the informal economy, construction, agriculture, domestic work, and manual labour. A severe economic crisis, fueled by years of international sanctions and mismanagement, lies at the heart of the recent deportation. The Iranian government often blames Afghan refugees, particularly the undocumented, for job losses among Iranians and the strain on heavily subsidised public services such as fuel, food, healthcare, and education. The conflict between Iran and Israel in June has escalated the situation of displacement. Iranian officials have claimed that Israel and the US had recruited Afghans, posing an alleged threat to national security. Kadijah Rahimi, a 26-year-old cattle herder, told The New York Times that during her arrest in Iran last month, the security agent told her, 'We know you're working for Israel.' This is not the first time that Afghan refugees have been accused of being recruited by Israel. After the devastating twin suicide bombings in Kerman in January 2024, Iran's government linked the attack to Afghan nationals, as its responsibility was claimed by the Islamic State affiliate ISIS-K, which operates primarily in Afghanistan. The authorities raided Afghan homes and workplaces. Mass detentions and expulsions, often regardless of individuals' documentation status, took place. The attack also fueled existing nationalist and hardline political currents within Iran that have long advocated for refugee repatriation. Strained relations between Iran and the Taliban regime over issues such as water rights from the Helmand River and the treatment of Shia Hazaras in Afghanistan have also contributed to the dynamic. Forcing large numbers of refugees back can be seen as a form of pressure on the Taliban, overwhelming its limited resources and highlighting the instability Tehran blames Kabul for. While the Iranian government claims that it is only deporting undocumented citizens, reports by The New York Times suggest otherwise. Some being deported are legal residents living in Iran for decades, and others have reported that their documents were torn by officials. The writer is a student who is a summer intern at The Indian Express.
Boston Globe
7 days ago
- Politics
- Boston Globe
As Iran deports a million Afghans, ‘Where do we even go?'
'I worked in Iran for 42 years, so hard that my knees are broken, and for what?' Mohammad Akhundzada, a construction worker, said at a processing center for returnees in Islam Qala, a border town in northwestern Afghanistan, near Herat. Advertisement The mass expulsions threaten to push Afghanistan further toward the brink of economic collapse with the sudden cutoff of vital remittance money to Afghan families from relatives in Iran. The sudden influx of returnees also piles on Afghanistan's already grim unemployment, housing, and health care crises. More than half of Afghanistan's estimated population of 41 million already relies on humanitarian assistance. Advertisement Iran hosts the world's largest refugee population, and about 95 percent — estimated to be around 4 million — are Afghans, according to the UN refugee agency. Iran says the real number is closer to 6 million, after decades of war and upheaval in Afghanistan. Iran limits where Afghans can live and work — only in 10 of the country's 31 provinces — and they are usually allowed only arduous, low-skill work. Iran's government has said it can no longer absorb Afghan refugees given its own economic crisis and shortage of natural resources, including water and gas. In March, the government said Afghans in the country without authorization would be deported and set a July 6 deadline for voluntary departures. But after last month's 12-day conflict with Israel, the crackdown intensified. Security forces have raided workplaces and neighborhoods, stopped cars at checkpoints set up throughout big cities, and detained scores of Afghans before sending them to overcrowded deportation centers in sweltering heat. Officials and state media, without providing evidence, have claimed that Afghans were recruited by Israel and the United States to stage terrorist attacks, seize military sites, and build drones. Kadijah Rahimi, 26, a cattle herder, echoing many Afghans at the border crossing, said that when she was arrested in Iran last month, the security agent told her, 'We know you're working for Israel.' Abolfazl Hajizadegan, a sociologist in Tehran, the Iranian capital, said Iran's government was using Afghans as scapegoats to deflect blame for intelligence failures that enabled Israel to infiltrate widely within Iran. 'Mixing Afghan deportations with the Iran-Israel conflict underscores the regime's reluctance to acknowledge its security and intelligence shortcomings,' Hajizadegan said in an interview. Advertisement The spying accusations have fueled racist attacks on Afghans in Iran in recent weeks, according to interviews with more than two dozen Afghans living in Iran or those who have recently returned to Afghanistan, reports by aid and rights groups, and videos on social media and news media. Afghans have been beaten or attacked with knives; faced harassment from landlords and employers who are also withholding their deposits or wages; and have been turned away from banks, bakeries, pharmacies, schools, and hospitals. Ebrahim Qaderi was riding his bicycle to work at a cardboard factory in Tehran one morning last month when two men stopped him. They shouted 'Dirty Afghan' and demanded his smartphone. When Qaderi refused, they kicked him in the leg and slashed his hand with a knife, he recounted at a relocation center in Herat. His mother, Gull Dasta Fazili, said doctors at four hospitals turned him away because he was Afghan, and that they left Iran because of the attack. Jawad Mosavi and nine of his family members stepped off the bus from Iran last week, scrambling under the sweltering heat of Islam Qala to gather his thoughts and the family's dozen suitcases, rugs, and rucksacks. 'Where do we even go?' he called out. His son Ali Akbar, 13, led the way to the building where they could get their certificates of return. His half-open backpack carried his most precious belongings — a deflated soccer ball, a speaker, and some headphones to listen to his favorite Iranian hits, in Persian. 'The only kind of music I understand,' he said. Like the Mosavi family, between 20,000 and 25,000 people were left to navigate a maze of luggage, tents, and fellow returnees every day last week, trying to find their way through crowded buildings and warehouses run by Afghan authorities and UN agencies. Advertisement Mothers changed their babies' diapers on filthy blankets amid relentless gusts of wind. Fathers queued for hours to get their fingerprints taken and collect some emergency cash under temperatures hovering over 95 degrees. Outnumbered humanitarian workers treated dehydrated returnees at a field clinic while others hastily distributed food rations or dropped off large cubes of ice in water containers. Afghanistan was already grappling with cuts in foreign aid from the United States and other donors before Iran began expelling Afghans en masse. Even before then, nearly a million Afghans had been ejected from or pressed to leave Pakistan. Organizations have been able to fund only a fifth of humanitarian needs in the country this year, and more than 400 health care centers have been shut down in recent months. Afghan officials have pledged to build 35 townships across the country to cope with the influx of returnees, many of whom have been deported without being allowed to collect belongings or cash from the bank. In Islam Qala, many Afghans said they were coming back to a country they hardly recognized since the Taliban took control and imposed strict rule in 2021. Zahir Mosavi, the patriarch of the family, said he dreaded having to halt education for his four daughters because the Taliban have banned girls' education above sixth grade. 'I want to keep them busy, I want them to learn something,' he said. Advertisement
