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The Hindu
29-04-2025
- Science
- The Hindu
Changes in monsoon affect marine productivity in Bay of Bengal: study
Strong and weak monsoons can influence marine productivity in the Bay of Bengal, a study exploring fluctuations in the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) over the past 22,000 years has found. Marine productivity is a proxy for plankton growth – the main source of nourishment for aquatic life. The study is significant given that several climate models warn of significant disruption to the monsoon, under the impact of human-caused warming. The study, which appears in the peer-reviewed, Nature Geoscience, brought together scientists from India, China, Europe and the United States. 'By analysing their chemistry and tracking the abundance of certain types that thrive in productive waters, we reconstructed long-term changes in rainfall, ocean temperatures and marine life in the Bay of Bengal,' said Kaustubh Thirumalai, of the University of Austin and lead author of the study. 'Together, these chemical signals helped us understand how the monsoon and ocean conditions responded to global climate changes over the past 22,000 years.' Despite covering less than 1% of the world's ocean area, the Bay of Bengal provides nearly 8% of global fishery production. Its nutrient-rich coastal waters are vital to the densely populated communities along its shores, many of whom rely heavily on fisheries for food and income. 'Millions of people living along the Bay of Bengal rely on the sea for protein, particularly from fisheries,' said Yair Rosenthal, of the Rutgers University and a co-author. 'The productivity of these waters – the ability of the ocean to support plankton growth – is the foundation of the marine food web. If ocean productivity declines, it will powerfully affect the ecosystem, ultimately reducing fish stocks and threatening food security for coastal communities.' The study found that both abnormally strong and weak monsoons throughout history caused major disruptions in ocean mixing, leading to a 50% reduction in food for marine life in the surface waters. This occurs because extreme monsoon conditions interfere with the vertical movement of nutrient-rich waters from the deep ocean to the surface, where plankton—the base of the food chain—flourish. To reconstruct past ocean conditions, scientists analysed fossilised shells of foraminifera, tiny single-celled marine organisms that record environmental data in their calcium carbonate shells. These microfossils were retrieved from seafloor sediments by scientists aboard the JOIDES Resolution, a research ship operating under the International Ocean Discovery Program. The researchers found that marine productivity declined sharply during periods like Heinrich Stadial 1 (a cold phase between 17,500 and 15,500 years ago) and the early Holocene (about 10,500 to 9,500 years ago), when monsoons were either unusually weak or strong. Monsoon rainfall directly affects river run-off into the Bay of Bengal, altering ocean salinity and circulation. When too much freshwater builds up at the surface, it prevents nutrient mixing. Conversely, weak monsoons reduce wind-driven mixing, also starving surface waters of nutrients. 'Both extremes threaten marine resource availability,' Mr. Thirumalai said. By comparing ancient patterns with modern ocean data and climate model projections, researchers identified 'worrying' similarities, the authors said in a statement. Future scenarios suggest warmer surface waters and stronger freshwater run-off—conditions linked to past drops in marine productivity. Additionally, weaker future winds may fail to break through ocean stratification and restore nutrient cycling.
Time of India
29-04-2025
- Science
- Time of India
Extreme monsoon from global warming may lead to dip in sea fish catch: Report
Global warming is likely to lead to more intense and erratic monsoons in the region. To understand how such shifts could impact marine life in the Indian Ocean , a team of researchers examined ancient plankton shell records from the Bay of Bengal seabed, dating back 22,000 years. Their findings raise concerns about the future. #Pahalgam Terrorist Attack The groundwork before India mounts a strike at Pakistan India considers closing airspace to Pakistani carriers amid rising tensions Cold Start: India's answer to Pakistan's nuclear threats Monsoon extremes over the past 10-20,000 years led to disruptions in ocean ecosystems and a crash in marine productivity in the Bay of Bengal, showed their study, published in Nature on Monday. Combining these historical patterns with climate projections, researchers found that intense monsoons caused by global warming could result in similar disruptions in marine productivity in the future. "We argue that as the monsoon becomes stronger and more variable, productivity collapses," said Kaustubh Thirumalai, the study's lead author and a scientist at the University of Arizona . That's important, he notes, because although the Bay of Bengal covers less than 1% of ocean area, it generates almost 8% of global fishery production. "The hilsa fishery by itself sustains the protein needs of one of the most densely populated regions in the world," he said. 5 5 Next Stay Playback speed 1x Normal Back 0.25x 0.5x 1x Normal 1.5x 2x 5 5 / Skip Ads by by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like This Man Revealing His Strategy To Earn 3K-5K Daily Income thefutureuniversity Learn More Undo For the study, researchers analysed fossilised foraminifera, microscopic single-cell zooplankton that hold a record of environmental conditions in their calcium carbonate shells to reconstruct the history of the Indian summer monsoon. Interestingly, they found that both extremes of rainfall - low and high - led to similar disruptions in ocean ecosystems, suggesting that marine productivity depends on a specific range of environmental conditions. Weak monsoons occurred in a cold phase between 17,500 and 15,000 years ago, while strong monsoons occurred during a period of warming in the early Holocene around 10,000 years ago. Marine productivity declined in both periods. Live Events How does monsoon rainfall over land influence ocean processes? One way is through river runoff which brings fresh water from the Ganga and other rivers into the Bay of Bengal. This fresh water forms a layer on the surface of the ocean, preventing the mixing of water. "If the water doesn't mix, you don't have nutrients replenishing the surface ocean, the sunlit part of the ocean where plankton photosynthesise," said Thirumalai. Plankton are the foundation of the ocean's food chain. Warmer oceans - and the Indian Ocean is already warming - can also increase this "stratification" of water layers, and prevent the mixing of nutrients-rich waters. "Climate projections under future boundary conditions show stronger monsoon rainfall, warmer surface waters, and weaker winds - all conditions that echo the past extremes we studied," said Tirumalai. The new study is a collaboration between scientists from US, India, and Europe. Another study, from researchers at the Central University of Kerala published last week, came up with similar findings through the analysis of sediments from the Andaman Sea as well as the Bay of Bengal. (With TOI inputs)
India Today
29-04-2025
- Science
- India Today
Monsoon changes threaten Bay of Bengal: Your favourite fish curry is at risk
A new study published in Nature Geoscience reveals that climate-driven extreme weather events in India's summer monsoon could permanently disrupt the Bay of Bengal's marine productivity, jeopardising food security for by researchers from Rutgers University, the University of Arizona, and international collaborators, the analysis of 22,000 years of monsoon and ocean data warns of a 50% decline in surface food availability during intense rainfall or drought periods - a pattern poised to repeat as global warming intensifies monsoon Bay of Bengal, covering less than 1% of the global ocean, supplies nearly 8% of the world's fishery production, including critical species like hilsa, a dietary staple for coastal communities. By studying fossilised shells of foraminifera-microscopic plankton that record environmental conditions - the team reconstructed historical monsoon impacts. Stronger monsoons will increase freshwater runoff, while weaker winds fail to counteract stratification. (Photo: Getty) They found that both abnormally strong and weak monsoons stifled ocean mixing, blocking nutrient flow from deeper waters to surface Heinrich Stadial 1 (17,500–15,500 years ago), weak monsoons reduced wind-driven nutrient circulation. Conversely, early Holocene-era heavy rains (10,500–9,500 years ago) created a freshwater 'cap' on the ocean surface, starving plankton of nutrients. These extremes led to collapses in marine productivity, a scenario now projected to recur as climate models predict warmer surface waters and intensified monsoon 150 million people rely on the Bay's fisheries for protein and livelihoods. 'The ocean's ability to support plankton growth is the foundation of the marine food web. Its decline would reduce fish stocks catastrophically,' said Yair Rosenthal, a Rutgers climate scientist and study the crisis, artisanal fisheries-which constitute 80% of Bangladesh's marine catch-already face overfishing pressures, pushing stocks below sustainable levels. Modern ocean data and climate models align with past collapses: stronger monsoons will increase freshwater runoff, while weaker winds fail to counteract stratification. 'Both extremes threaten marine resource availability,' emphasized Kaustubh Thirumalai, the study's lead author. For example, the hilsa fishery, vital for regional protein needs, could collapse under repeated productivity study points to the urgency of refining climate models and implementing sustainable fisheries Rosenthal noted, 'These insights can inform strategies to protect coastal resources as climate impacts accelerate'. With the Bay's marine ecosystems at a tipping point, mitigating overfishing and curbing greenhouse emissions are critical to safeguarding this lifeline for future findings highlight a stark reality: the Bay of Bengal's role as a global food source hangs in the balance, demanding immediate action to avert a climate-driven crisis.
The Hindu
29-04-2025
- Science
- The Hindu
Changes in monsoon strength affects marine productivity in Bay of Bengal
Strong and weak monsoons can influence marine productivity in the Bay of Bengal, a study exploring fluctuations in the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) over the past 22,000 years has found. Marine productivity is a proxy for plankton growth – the main source of nourishment for aquatic life. The study is significant given that several climate models warn of significant disruption to the monsoon, under the impact of human-caused warming. The study, which appears in the peer-reviewed, Nature Geoscience, brought together scientists from India, China, Europe and the United States. 'By analysing their chemistry and tracking the abundance of certain types that thrive in productive waters, we reconstructed long-term changes in rainfall, ocean temperatures and marine life in the Bay of Bengal,' said Kaustubh Thirumalai, of the University of Austin and lead author of the study. 'Together, these chemical signals helped us understand how the monsoon and ocean conditions responded to global climate changes over the past 22,000 years.' Despite covering less than 1% of the world's ocean area, the Bay of Bengal provides nearly 8% of global fishery production. Its nutrient-rich coastal waters are vital to the densely populated communities along its shores, many of whom rely heavily on fisheries for food and income. 'Millions of people living along the Bay of Bengal rely on the sea for protein, particularly from fisheries,' said Yair Rosenthal, of the Rutgers University and a co-author. 'The productivity of these waters – the ability of the ocean to support plankton growth – is the foundation of the marine food web. If ocean productivity declines, it will powerfully affect the ecosystem, ultimately reducing fish stocks and threatening food security for coastal communities.' The study found that both abnormally strong and weak monsoons throughout history caused major disruptions in ocean mixing, leading to a 50% reduction in food for marine life in the surface waters. This occurs because extreme monsoon conditions interfere with the vertical movement of nutrient-rich waters from the deep ocean to the surface, where plankton—the base of the food chain—flourish. To reconstruct past ocean conditions, scientists analysed fossilised shells of foraminifera, tiny single-celled marine organisms that record environmental data in their calcium carbonate shells. These microfossils were retrieved from seafloor sediments by scientists aboard the JOIDES Resolution, a research ship operating under the International Ocean Discovery Program. The researchers found that marine productivity declined sharply during periods like Heinrich Stadial 1 (a cold phase between 17,500 and 15,500 years ago) and the early Holocene (about 10,500 to 9,500 years ago), when monsoons were either unusually weak or strong. Monsoon rainfall directly affects river run-off into the Bay of Bengal, altering ocean salinity and circulation. When too much freshwater builds up at the surface, it prevents nutrient mixing. Conversely, weak monsoons reduce wind-driven mixing, also starving surface waters of nutrients. 'Both extremes threaten marine resource availability,' Mr. Thirumalai said. By comparing ancient patterns with modern ocean data and climate model projections, researchers identified 'worrying' similarities, the authors said in a statement. Future scenarios suggest warmer surface waters and stronger freshwater run-off—conditions linked to past drops in marine productivity. Additionally, weaker future winds may fail to break through ocean stratification and restore nutrient cycling.
Time of India
29-04-2025
- Science
- Time of India
Extreme monsoon may lead to dip in sea fish catch: Study
A new study reveals that stronger, more unpredictable monsoons, driven by global warming, could devastate fish populations in the Indian Ocean. By analyzing ancient plankton shells, researchers found that past monsoon extremes led to collapses in marine productivity in the Bay of Bengal. These disruptions, caused by altered river runoff and ocean stratification, threaten the region's vital fisheries. Tired of too many ads? Remove Ads Tired of too many ads? Remove Ads Global warming is expected to bring stronger and more unpredictable monsoons to the region. How might these changes affect fish life in the Indian Ocean? A team of researchers tried to answer this question by looking at what happened in the deep past, through evidence left behind in plankton shells dating back 22,000 years on the seabed of the Bay of Bengal. What they found is not extremes over the past 10-20,000 years led to disruptions in ocean ecosystems and a crash in marine productivity in the Bay of Bengal, showed their study, published in Nature on Monday. Combining these historical patterns with climate projections, researchers found that intense monsoons caused by global warming could result in similar disruptions in marine productivity in the future."We argue that as the monsoon becomes stronger and more variable, productivity collapses," said Kaustubh Thirumalai, the study's lead author and a scientist at the University of Arizona. That's important, he notes, because although the Bay of Bengal covers less than 1% of ocean area, it generates almost 8% of global fishery production. "The hilsa fishery by itself sustains the protein needs of one of the most densely populated regions in the world," he the study, researchers analysed fossilised foraminifera, microscopic single-cell zooplankton that hold a record of environmental conditions in their calcium carbonate shells to reconstruct the history of the Indian summer monsoon. Interestingly, they found that both extremes of rainfall - low and high - led to similar disruptions in ocean ecosystems, suggesting that marine productivity depends on a specific range of environmental monsoons occurred in a cold phase between 17,500 and 15,000 years ago, while strong monsoons occurred during a period of warming in the early Holocene around 10,000 years ago. Marine productivity declined in both does monsoon rainfall over land influence ocean processes? One way is through river runoff which brings fresh water from the Ganga and other rivers into the Bay of Bengal. This fresh water forms a layer on the surface of the ocean, preventing the mixing of water. "If the water doesn't mix, you don't have nutrients replenishing the surface ocean, the sunlit part of the ocean where plankton photosynthesise," said Thirumalai. Plankton are the foundation of the ocean's food oceans - and the Indian Ocean is already warming - can also increase this "stratification" of water layers, and prevent the mixing of nutrients-rich waters. "Climate projections under future boundary conditions show stronger monsoon rainfall, warmer surface waters, and weaker winds - all conditions that echo the past extremes we studied," said new study is a collaboration between scientists from US, India, and study, from researchers at the Central University of Kerala published last week, came up with similar findings through the analysis of sediments from the Andaman Sea as well as the Bay of Bengal.
