Latest news with #KwiYoungHan
Yahoo
13 hours ago
- Science
- Yahoo
Humans have forced cod to shrink in size by half since 1990s, scientists find
Excessive fishing has forced Baltic cod to undergo genetic changes that have halved their size over the past 30 years, a new study has found. The research, published in the journal Science Advances, is the first to show that decades of overfishing and environmental change can profoundly alter the genetic make-up of a fully marine species. Baltic cod once measured more than a meter long and weighed up to 40kg, forming the backbone of the region's fishery. In the last three decades, however, the species has shrunk so much that even a full-grown cod can fit neatly on a dinner plate. 'For the first time in a fully marine species, we have provided evidence of evolutionary changes in the genomes of a fish population subjected to intense exploitation, which has pushed the population to the brink of collapse,' lead author Kwi Young Han said. Researchers examined an archive of ear stones from 152 overexploited Eastern Baltic cod, Gadus morhua, caught in the Bornholm Basin between 1996 and 2019. The ear stones record annual growth in some fish species, similar to tree rings, making them valuable timekeepers. They specifically looked into the growth trends of the cod over 25 years of heavy fishing and compared the changes with genetic alterations found in the species at the full genome level. The study revealed a '48 per cent decrease in asymptotic body length' of the cod from 1996 to 2019, with indications that the species had evolved due to human interference. Genetic variations in the cod associated with body growth showed signs of 'directional selection', researchers pointed out. Some structural changes in the genome seemed to indicate environmental adaptation, hinting the "shrinking" had a genetic basis tied to human activity. "Selective overexploitation has altered the genome of Eastern Baltic cod," Dr Han explained. "We see this in the significant decline in average size, which we could link to reduced growth rates.' The study found the genomes of fast-growing cod differed systematically from slow growers, with the fast growers nearly disappearing from the Baltic. "When the largest individuals are consistently removed from the population over many years, smaller, faster-maturing fish gain an evolutionary advantage," Thorsten Reusch, another author of the study, said. "What we're observing is evolution in action, driven by human activity. This is scientifically fascinating, but ecologically deeply concerning.' The new research calls for conservation policies to look into the adaptive potential of marine species.
The Independent
14 hours ago
- Science
- The Independent
Humans have forced cod to shrink in size by half since 1990s, scientists find
Excessive fishing has forced Baltic cod to undergo genetic changes that have halved their size over the past 30 years, a new study has found. The research, published in the journal Science Advances, is the first to show that decades of overfishing and environmental change can profoundly alter the genetic make-up of a fully marine species. Baltic cod once measured more than a meter long and weighed up to 40kg, forming the backbone of the region's fishery. In the last three decades, however, the species has shrunk so much that even a full-grown cod can fit neatly on a dinner plate. 'For the first time in a fully marine species, we have provided evidence of evolutionary changes in the genomes of a fish population subjected to intense exploitation, which has pushed the population to the brink of collapse,' lead author Kwi Young Han said. Researchers examined an archive of ear stones from 152 overexploited Eastern Baltic cod, Gadus morhua, caught in the Bornholm Basin between 1996 and 2019. The ear stones record annual growth in some fish species, similar to tree rings, making them valuable timekeepers. They specifically looked into the growth trends of the cod over 25 years of heavy fishing and compared the changes with genetic alterations found in the species at the full genome level. The study revealed a '48 per cent decrease in asymptotic body length' of the cod from 1996 to 2019, with indications that the species had evolved due to human interference. Genetic variations in the cod associated with body growth showed signs of 'directional selection', researchers pointed out. Some structural changes in the genome seemed to indicate environmental adaptation, hinting the "shrinking" had a genetic basis tied to human activity. "Selective overexploitation has altered the genome of Eastern Baltic cod," Dr Han explained. "We see this in the significant decline in average size, which we could link to reduced growth rates.' The study found the genomes of fast-growing cod differed systematically from slow growers, with the fast growers nearly disappearing from the Baltic. "When the largest individuals are consistently removed from the population over many years, smaller, faster-maturing fish gain an evolutionary advantage," Thorsten Reusch, another author of the study, said. "What we're observing is evolution in action, driven by human activity. This is scientifically fascinating, but ecologically deeply concerning.' The new research calls for conservation policies to look into the adaptive potential of marine species.
The Guardian
a day ago
- Science
- The Guardian
Overfishing has caused cod to halve in body size since 1990s, study finds
Overfishing has led to a collapse in the eastern Baltic cod population, but over the past three decades the size of the fish themselves has also been dramatically and mysteriously shrinking. Now scientists have uncovered genomic evidence that intensive fishing has driven rapid evolutionary changes that have contributed to these fish roughly halving in average body length since the 1990s. The 'shrinking' of cod, from a median mature body length of 40cm in 1996 to 20cm in 2019, has a genetic basis and human activities have left a profound mark on the population's DNA, the study concluded. 'When the largest individuals are consistently removed from the population over many years, smaller, faster-maturing fish gain an evolutionary advantage,' said Prof Thorsten Reusch, head of the marine ecology research division at Geomar Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and senior author of the research. 'What we are observing is evolution in action, driven by human activity. This is scientifically fascinating, but ecologically deeply concerning.' The dramatic shrinking of cod has been a source of concern for several decades, but it was not clear to what extent the phenomenon has been driven by environmental factors such as hypoxic conditions caused by algal blooms, pollution and more extreme marine seasonal temperature changes. 'It was very hard to prove that it was an evolution that had happened,' said Dr Kwi Young Han, first author of the study, who completed her PhD at Geomar. The study used an archive of tiny ear bones, called otoliths, of 152 cod, caught in the Bornholm Basin between 1996 and 2019. Otoliths – a bit like tree rings – record annual growth, making them valuable biological timekeepers. The scientists combined annual growth data with the cods' body size metrics and genetics to assess whether there had been a genetic shift in the population over 25 years under fishing pressure. Between 1996 and 2019, the median length of a mature cod in the dataset fell from 40cm to 20cm. The median weight in 2019 (272 grams) was just a fifth of the median weight of a mature cod caught in 1996 (1,356 grams). The analysis revealed systematic differences between fast- and slow-growing fish and that the gene variants that make a large body size more likely have become less common over time, indicating an evolutionary pressure. Trawling is intended to be size selective, with legally binding minimal mesh sizes designed to protect smaller individuals and allow fish to reach maturity and spawn before being caught. However, this may have had the unintended consequence of producing a strong selective evolutionary pressure in favour of smaller fish, which would be more likely to escape the nets. 'The demographic argument is that each individual should at least reproduce once before being caught,' said Reusch. 'While this seems logical in terms of keeping a healthy demography of fish stocks, it has the potential to totally mess up the genetic and size structure.' The findings, published in the journal Science Advances, could help explain why there has been no rebound in the body size since the collapse of the stock prompted a complete fishing ban of eastern Baltic cod in 2019, which remains in place. Prof Stefano Mariani, a marine biologist at Liverpool John Moores University, who was not involved in the research, said the genetic analysis could not explain the full extent of the shrinking that has been observed, with environmental factors probably also playing a significant role. But he said showing that 'the activities of humans can speed up evolution' was a 'milestone' result that highlights the importance of monitoring the gene pool of fish populations, as well as simply tracking numbers of fish. 'It would be really good to try to maintain diversity because as soon as you chop away a certain section of diversity, it's like losing an insurance for the future where that might have an advantage,' he said.
