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The Hindu
01-08-2025
- Health
- The Hindu
Malaria's new frontlines: vaccines, innovation, and the Indian endgame
In 2023, malaria infected nearly 294 million people and killed close to 6,00,000. Despite early victories in the fight against malaria, global progress has stalled in recent years. The parasites are adapting, becoming resistant to treatments, while mosquitoes are surviving insecticides. It's a shape-shifting enemy—and the old tools are slipping. India has reduced its malaria burden by over 80% between 2015 and 2023—but last year, tribal districts such as Lawngtlai (Mizoram) and Narayanpur (Chhattisgarh) still recorded malaria rates of over 56 and 22 cases per 1,000 people, respectively as per the National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control —reminders that the parasite continues to thrive in several pockets long after national averages have improved. While Africa faces mostly Plasmodium falciparum, India also battles the relapse-prone Plasmodium vivax which can lie dormant in the liver and reawaken weeks or, even months later. In Jharkhand, mixed infections account for nearly 20% of cases (NCVBDC), complicating elimination. Even where incidence has dropped, the parasite can persist—lurking in asymptomatic carriers (people with no symptoms) or returning months after infection. The search for smarter, longer-lasting vaccines has never been more urgent. Hope with limits: RTS,S and R21 After decades of setbacks, the first approved malaria vaccine—RTS,S—arrived in 2021. It offered about 55% protection in the first year, but efficacy waned by 18 months, requiring a fourth booster dose. The R21/Matrix-M vaccine, developed by Oxford and the Serum Institute, showed up to 77% efficacy in Phase 3 trials winning World Health Organization (WHO) approval in 2023. Fewer doses, low cost, and Indian production make it especially promising. Still, both vaccines target only one stage of the parasite, leaving reinfection and transmission a lingering threat. Whole-parasite vaccines: a stronger shot on the horizon Instead of targeting a single protein, like in RTS,S and R21, whole-parasite vaccines expose the immune system to the entire malaria parasite—alive, but weakened. The experimental PfSPZ vaccine mimics natural infection using radiation-weakened P. falciparum sporozoite (the parasite's early-stage form) delivered directly into the bloodstream. Early studies showed that 96% of participants developed strong antibodies, with up to 79% protection after the third dose. Building on that foundation, a modified version called PfSPZ-LARC2, developed by Sanaria, may push efficacy even further. The simplicity of a one-dose regimen, despite the intravenous requirement, could make it a strong candidate for targeted use in outbreak zones or among hard-to-reach migrant populations in India. Unlike vaccines that target the parasite's earlier stage, PfRH5 acts during the blood stage, when symptoms appear and the risk of severe illness increases. Since RH5 is a vital protein for red blood cell invasion that the parasite can't easily alter, it offers cross-strain protection—a rare asset in malaria vaccine design. Phase 1a/b and Phase 2b trials in the UK, The Gambia, and Burkina Faso have shown promising outcomes. These vaccines could complement earlier-stage ones and may help boost natural immunity in people who've previously had malaria. Transmission-blocking vaccines While the above vaccines aim to protect individuals, transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) target the parasite in the mosquito—halting its spread at the population level. Pfs230D1 induces antibodies that prevent parasite fertilization within the mosquito gut. In Mali, it reduced transmission by 78% in a Phase 2 trial. This strategy is especially relevant to India with a far higher proportion of asymptomatic carriers. 'Our group and others in India are actively working on TBVs to address this reservoir,' said Agam P. Singh, scientist at the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi. India, too, is entering the TBV space with its own candidates. In July 2025, AdFalciVax was announced by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the country's first indigenous dual-stage malaria vaccine. Unlike single-phase vaccines, it combines pre-erythrocytic (PfCSP) and transmission-blocking (Pfs230 and Pfs48/45) antigens to both prevent infection and block mosquito transmission. 'AdFalciVax has completed preclinical testing,' said Subhash Singh, who leads the programme at ICMR-RMRC Bhubaneswar. In mice, it triggered strong immune responses lasting over four months—roughly equivalent to a decade in humans—and remained stable at room temperature for nine months, potentially aiding rural deployment. Progress is also visible beyond P. falciparum. A first-in-human trial in Thailand showed that the P. vivax TBV Pvs230D1M reduced mosquito transmission by up to 96%, another ray of light for India's mixed-species numbers. India, too, is not far behind. 'A similar research program for P. vivax is underway, in collaboration with AdFalciVax co-inventors Sanghamitra Pati and Sushil Singh,' said Dr. Singh. Boosting immune power Strengthening the immune response itself is another active front. A recent protein-based vaccine combined a ferritin nanoparticle with CpG—a type of adjuvant, or immune booster already used in hepatitis B vaccines—and cut liver-stage parasite burden by 95% in mice. AdFalciVax showed over 90% protection in mice even with alum, a mild and widely used adjuvant. 'We saw protection on a par with more inflammatory adjuvants such as MPLA (a stronger adjuvant),' said Dr. Singh. 'Whether this holds in humans remains to be seen.' Scientists are also testing newer vaccine platforms such as mRNA, which allow vaccines to be made faster and tweaked more easily than protein-based ones. In 2025, researchers at CureVac and the U.S. National Institute of Health (NIH) encoded the Pfs25 antigen—targeting the parasite's sexual stage—into an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle. They observed complete transmission blockage in mice, with antibodies lasting over six months from just two doses. However, not all mRNA-based vaccine efforts are moving ahead smoothly. In early 2025, BioNTech's Phase I/IIa trial for its blood-stage mRNA vaccine candidate BNT165e was placed on clinical hold by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). While the company did not disclose the reason, it noted that discussions with regulators are ongoing. The pause highlights the hurdles of translating mRNA platforms into malaria vaccines. 'mRNA and nanoparticle platforms can certainly be explored—alone or in combination,' said Pawan Malhotra, emeritus scientist at the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi. 'But it's hard to predict what will work. Plasmodium is complex, unlike bacteria or viruses.' Augmenting existing vaccines, blocking immune evasions Beyond boosting the strength of the immune response, scientists are also exploring how to improve its aim—modifying malaria antigens to help the body recognise the parasite more efficiently. A new experimental vaccine links PfCSP—a surface protein from the malaria parasite—to MIP3α, a molecule that acts like a flare to draw in immune cells. In mice, it triggered stronger antibody and T cell responses than standard mRNA vaccines, reducing liver-stage infection by up to 88%. It hasn't yet been tested in humans, but it shows how tweaking the immune response could push malaria vaccines past current limits. Beyond vaccines, researchers are exploring how malaria hides from our immune system. P. falciparum uses RIFIN proteins to bind to immune 'off switches' like the LILRB1 receptor, shutting down immune cells. It's a tactic that helps the parasite hide in plain sight. A new study describes an experimental, engineered antibody, D1D2.v-IgG, designed to block this interaction. Built from a segment of the LILRB1 receptor, the antibody binds to RIFIN 110 times more strongly than the natural version—outcompeting the parasite at its own game. By blocking this interference, it freed the body's LILRB1 to function normally, restoring immune attack in lab tests. Though still untested in animals, the approach could one day support new malaria therapies or enhance vaccine responses. Gene drives and vector suppression While engineered antibodies attack the parasite, CRISPR-based gene drives go after its vector. These tools insert fertility-disrupting genes into mosquitoes. In a landmark study, this approach wiped out entire Anopheles gambiae colonies within a year—with no resistance detected. But evolution rarely plays along. In the wild, mosquitoes might adapt, ecosystems could shift, and once released, gene drives can't be recalled. The idea of eradicating a species raises thorny ethical and ecological questions. So, researchers are exploring subtler strategies. One 2025 study edited a single letter in the FREP1 gene, blocking the malaria parasite from developing inside the mosquito. With a gene drive, this parasite-blocking trait spread to over 90% of lab mosquitoes in ten generations—without harming their fertility or survival. But the parasite remains under pressure to evolve around the block, and infected mosquitoes still live long enough to potentially transmit malaria if the trait doesn't saturate the population. Another team took a different route—engineering mosquitoes to die sooner only when infected. By disabling an immune gene, they created a self-limiting feedback loop: the more malaria spreads, the more it kills its own carriers. Because this strategy doesn't attack the parasite directly, it reduces the pressure for resistance. It's an elegant inversion—using the parasite's success against itself to shrink transmission, without eradicating the vector or requiring perfect coverage. The Indian lens: challenges and the path ahead The nation aims malaria elimination by 2030. It's an ambitious plan—but one that hinges on precision and persistence. Tribal and forested districts in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand and parts of the Northeast are the last strongholds of malaria—often remote areas with limited healthcare access. Even in places where infections seem to be minimal, adults and older children often act as asymptomatic reservoirs, quietly sustaining transmission. The dual-species landscape in India further complicates elimination efforts. 'P. cynomolgi—a monkey malaria species—is the best model for P. vivax research,' said Dr. Malhotra. 'We were developing it 20 years ago with the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), but strict monkey access laws and lack of scientific foresight stalled it.' Despite these challenges in vivax research, efforts to develop a vaccine are gaining ground. Both Dr. Subhash Singh at ICMR and Dr. Agam P. Singh at NII confirm that P. vivax vaccine candidates are under active development. But even the most innovative science needs systems to carry it forward. 'We need a COVID-style push,' said Dr. Malhotra. 'Industry and academia must collaborate with proper funding. We've developed potent therapeutic antibodies against liver-stage parasites and now need partnerships to move them forward. A lone scientist in a lab can't do it all.' The science is advancing—but it needs infrastructure and political will to match. Dr. Singh echoes the sentiment. 'We are now concentrating on translating AdFalciVax's promising preclinical results into trials. Successful deployment however, will require good results over multiple stages of trials as well as regulatory approvals, likely taking at least 7–8 years.' In addition, strong coordination between regulators, industry, and researchers is needed. ICMR has already floated an Expression of Interest seeking industrial partners to co-develop the vaccine. 'Challenges that need to be addressed include producing GMP-grade components, developing immune biomarkers, and benchmarking efficacy against RTS,S and R21,' added Dr. Singh. 'We definitely need vaccines, antibodies, new drugs—for both P. falciparum and P. vivax,' said Dr. Malhotra. 'But that's not enough. Doctors need training, resistance must be tracked, and vector control has to keep pace.' It must be a full-spectrum battle—from the molecular level to the community clinic. India's malaria story is no longer one of uniform burden—it's a fight against hidden reservoirs, remote geographies, and a parasite that won't quit. With next-gen vaccines, homegrown innovation, and growing scientific momentum, the country stands at a critical juncture. Elimination by 2030 is not just a goal—it's a test of whether science, policy, and public health can unite to defeat an ancient foe. The tools are here. Now, we must use them—decisively and everywhere the parasite still survives. (Anirban Mukhopadhyay is a geneticist by training and science communicator from Delhi.
Business Insider
26-04-2025
- Health
- Business Insider
Mali launches first-ever Malaria vaccine campaign
On World Malaria Day, Mali's Ministry of Health, in collaboration with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, UNICEF, and the World Health Organization (WHO), launched a historic initiative to protect young children from malaria. Mali launches historic initiative to protect young children from malaria on World Malaria Day Mali becomes the 20th African country to introduce the malaria vaccine into its routine vaccination program with Gavi funding The government used a first-of-its-kind malaria vaccine distribution strategy, targeting children aged 5 to 36 months, marking a significant advancement in the fight against the fatal illness. With this decision, Mali becomes the 20th African country to introduce the malaria vaccine into its routine vaccination program, with Gavi funding. The implementation is vital not only for Mali but also for the continent's overall efforts to eradicate malaria. Initial distribution of the R21/Matrix-M vaccine, which will be utilized in Mali's rollout, is taking place in 19 priority districts spread across five regions: Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Ségou, and Sikasso, as reported by the WHO. Mali has received 927,800 vaccine doses in preparation for the launch, laying the groundwork for a comprehensive and effective vaccination campaign. Concerning data highlights how urgent Mali's immunization efforts are. The WHO World Malaria Report for 2024 states that in 2023, Mali was responsible for 2.4% of all malaria fatalities (14,328) and 3.1% of all malaria cases (8.15 million) worldwide. It is one of the 11 nations with the highest rates of malaria in the world. These numbers demonstrate the urgent need for successful interventions, such as the recently implemented vaccination program. Mali's debut comes after Uganda's recent large-scale deployment, which was the most widespread to date in terms of district and population coverage. The malaria vaccine is increasingly gaining popularity across Africa. Since 2023, approximately 24 million malaria vaccine doses have been supplied across the continent, as governments continue to expand their vaccination programs. Gavi is a key player in this historic initiative, overseeing the worldwide malaria immunization campaign. The organization collaborates closely with governments and partners to guarantee the success of these efforts.
Yahoo
27-02-2025
- Business
- Yahoo
Novavax reports large quarterly revenue declines, rethinks its strategic direction
Novavax (NVAX) reported a large fourth quarter sales decline Thursday — and said it no longer wants to be known simply as a vaccine maker. The COVID-19 vaccine company, based in Maryland, said during its earnings report that it would move from developing products to instead partnering with larger pharmaceutical companies and licensing its drug technology. Novavax reported $88 million in revenues in the fourth quarter, compared to $291 million the year prior, and $682 million for the full year 2024, compared to $984 million the previous year. The sharp decline reflected slumping sales of its COVID-19 vaccine — similar to other vaccine makers. Sales figures also reflected revenues of $200 million from the sale of a manufacturing facility in the Czech Republic to Novo Nordisk (NVO). Wall Street expected $84 million in revenues for the quarter and a loss per share of $0.75 for the quarter. The company reported a loss of $0.51 for the quarter, beating estimates, and loss of $1.23 per share for the full year, also beating estimates. The company missed on annual revenue estimates, where Wall Street expected $684 million. Novavax's stock was flat in premarket trading Thursday. Read more: Is health insurance tax deductible? Here's what you can claim. The company's Matrix-M adjuvant, which helped to improve the efficacy of the company's COVID-19 vaccine, Nuvaxovid, has helped seal two partnerships in the past year, and other companies are showing interest, CEO John Jacobs told Yahoo Finance. The biotech's shift to a drug platform company could reduce its exposure to headwinds from the Trump administration — namely, negative impacts to vaccine makers from newly confirmed Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Just this week, the FDA's committee meeting to select which flu strain to target each year was canceled. And the federal government is rethinking its funding of a bird flu vaccine candidate by Moderna (MRNA). On the day of RFK's appointment, all vaccine makers, including Novavax, saw their stocks slide. But Jacobs said he is still getting support from the federal government to develop the company's pandemic flu vaccine candidate, which was halted for a month by the FDA late last year. Novavax has had to face the sudden rise and fall of its fortunes tied to the pandemic, just like other COVID vaccine companies like Moderna and Pfizer (PFE). Novavax's struggle was exacerbated by its inability to gain market share away from the other COVID players after it stumbled multiple times through the trial and manufacturing process before getting FDA authorization. To date, the company has not yet received full authorization for the vaccine, but the FDA is expected to make a decision by April of this year. If it does, Novavax will receive a $175 million payment from Sanofi (SNY), which will handle commercializing the process. Jacobs previously said that Sanofi is the best-suited partner since it is familiar with the respiratory virus season through its top-selling flu vaccine. Novavax also reported a recent $50 million milestone payment from Sanofi through an agreement for a pediatric clinical trial of its vaccine. "We always had a focused strategy to partner and monetize our technology, and that Sanofi deal was the seminal deal for us to really show the value of our tech, and validate that, and then refocus ourselves and get away from trying to sell one product ... against the behemoths," Jacobs said. Read more: What is a health savings account (HSA)? That then refocuses the company's resources to the tech platform and licensing. Between winding down COVID manufacturing and the hand-off to Sanofi — as well as other cost cuts — Novavax's new target total spend rate is $250 million per year by 2027, or an 80% reduction from 2023 annual expenses, Jacobs said. As for how Novavax plans to battle headwinds from the Trump administration, Jacobs sees the company well-placed with the strategy shift and its global COVID manufacturing partner, the Serum Institute of India. "This administration is very close with the government of India ... and India is also an engine of innovation on vaccines and medicines, and we see this as an opportunity," Jacobs said. Additionally, with the negative outlook for vaccines from the new administration, Jacobs said the company is now focused beyond respiratory viruses. "We're looking at new versions and formulations of Matrix M that could facilitate approaches, even therapeutically, to oncology. It's still a work in progress," he said. Anjalee Khemlani is the senior health reporter at Yahoo Finance, covering all things pharma, insurance, care services, digital health, PBMs, and health policy and politics. That includes GLP-1s, of course. Follow Anjalee on social media platforms X, LinkedIn, and Bluesky @AnjKhem. Click here for in-depth analysis of the latest health industry news and events impacting stock prices Sign in to access your portfolio
Yahoo
20-02-2025
- Business
- Yahoo
Novavax to Host Conference Call to Discuss Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2024 Financial Results and Operational Highlights on February 27, 2025
GAITHERSBURG, Md., Feb. 20, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- Novavax, Inc. (Nasdaq: NVAX), a global company advancing protein-based vaccines with its Matrix-M™ adjuvant, today announced it will report its fourth quarter and full year 2024 financial results and operational highlights at 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time (ET) on Thursday, February 27, 2025. Details of the event and replay are as follows: Conference call details:Date: February 27, 2025 Time: 8:30 a.m. U.S. ET URL to register phone: Dial-in number: (800) 836-8184 (Domestic) or(+1) (646) 357-8785 (International) Webcast: Participants can join the conference call without operator assistance by registering and entering their phone number with the above URL to receive an instant automated call back. Participants can also dial direct to be entered into the call by an operator and will be prompted to request to join the Novavax, Inc. call. To ensure a timely connection, it is recommended that participants join at least 10 minutes prior to the scheduled webcast. Replay details:Date: Available starting at 11:30 a.m. U.S. ET, February 27, 2025, until 11:59 p.m. U.S. ET, March 6, 2025 Dial-in number: (888) 660-6345 (Domestic) or(+1) (646) 517-4150 (International) Passcode: 79349# Webcast: until March 29, 2025 About NovavaxNovavax, Inc. (Nasdaq: NVAX) promotes improved health by discovering, developing and commercializing innovative vaccines to help protect against serious infectious diseases. Novavax, a global company based in Gaithersburg, Md., U.S., offers a differentiated vaccine platform that combines a recombinant protein approach, innovative nanoparticle technology and Novavax's patented Matrix-M adjuvant to enhance the immune response. The Company's portfolio includes its COVID-19 vaccine and its pipeline includes COVID-19-Influenza Combination and stand-alone influenza vaccine candidates. In addition, Novavax's adjuvant is included in the University of Oxford and Serum Institute of India's R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine. Please visit and LinkedIn for more information. Contacts: InvestorsLuis Sanay, CFA240-268-2022ir@ MediaGiovanna Chandler202-709-5563media@ View original content to download multimedia: SOURCE Novavax, Inc. Sign in to access your portfolio
