Latest news with #McDougal
Yahoo
26-05-2025
- Yahoo
'Audrii's Law' signed into effect by Governor Abbott
The Brief Audrii's Law, or House Bill 2000, enforces a person convicted of child grooming in Texas to register as a sex offender. The bill was signed on Saturday by Governor Greg Abbott and will go into effect on Sept. 1, 2025. In 2024, 11-year-old Audrii Cunningham disappeared and was found dead days later. Don Steven McDougal, who was previously charged with enticing a child, pleaded guilty to capital murder for her death. HOUSTON - After being introduced in the Texas Legislature back in January, House Bill 2000, also known as Audrii's Law, was signed by Governor Greg Abbott on Saturday. The bill will go into effect on Sep. 1, 2025. RELATED: Texas girl Audrii Cunningham missing: Body found in Trinity River According to the bill, any person convicted of child grooming must register as a sex offender. Convictions such as enticing a child will now fall under the offense of child grooming. The backstory On Feb. 15, 2024, an AMBER Alert was issued for 11-year-old Audrii Cunningham after it was reported she didn't get on her school bus. Don Steven McDougal, 42, was announced as a person of interest. Officials say he was a friend of Audrii's father and was allowed to live in a trailer behind their house. SUGGESTED: Audrii Cunningham found dead, timeline of disappearance He admitted to Polk County authorities he left the house with Audrii the day she went missing. The day after his admission, the 11-year-old's body was found in Trinity River on Highway 59 near Livingston, Texas. The Harris County Medical Examiner's Office reports that she died of blunt head trauma, which was caused by homicidal violence. McDougal was charged with capital murder and pleaded guilty in exchange for a life in prison sentence without the possibility of parole. The backstory McDougal has a prior criminal history and was charged with enticing a child in 2007, but wasn't required to register as a sex offender because of a plea bargain. He received a two-year sentence. The Saturday following her disappearance, authorities announced that McDougal was being considered a person of interest in the case and had been taken into custody on Friday for an unrelated charge. Get news, weather and so much more on the new FOX LOCAL app Authorities say McDougal was a friend of the family who lived in a camper behind the house where Cunningham lived with her father, grandparents, and other family. According to the Polk County Sheriff's Office, McDougal would occasionally drop her off at the bus stop or take her to school if she missed the bus. The Source Information was provided by the Texas Legislature website and previous FOX 26 reports about Audrii Cunningham's disappearance and death.
Yahoo
16-05-2025
- Politics
- Yahoo
Inmate in Green Bay accused of threatening to cut Donald Trump's body up into ‘small chunks' has cash bond set at $50k
(WFRV) – An inmate at the Green Bay Correctional Institution recently had his cash bond set at $50,000 following allegations of making threats towards multiple public figures, like current President Donald Trump and Governor Evers. According to a criminal complaint obtained by Local 5, 39-year-old William McDougal was charged with multiple counts of making terrorist threats in addition to other charges. Back in August of 2024, the Wisconsin Department of Justice (WI DOJ) got a handwritten letter from an inmate at the Green Bay Correctional Institution (GBCI). 17-year-old hospitalized with life-threatening injuries after accidental shooting in Wisconsin The letter was allegedly sent from McDougal, and it reportedly included threats to the Governor of Wisconsin, Donald Trump (who was not the President at the time of the alleged letter), and the WI DOJ Building. Additionally, the letter mentioned cutting up Trump's body and other gruesome details on what he would do to other people. The complaint said McDougal has an 'extensive' criminal history dating back to 2003. That history reportedly includes 15 charges specifically for bomb scares, terroristic threats, battery or threats to judge, battery and unlawful use of phone. In September, authorities spoke with McDougal at GBCI. He admitted to writing the letter, and when asked why he did it, he reportedly said '(I) just kind of want to stay in prison I guess.' He also mentioned that if he was let out, there were 'bad things' in his head that he wanted to do, the complaint said. According to the complaint, McDougal claimed he would use pipe bombs and cherry bombs in people's gas tanks. When asked about the threats to Trump, McDougal reportedly said he just wanted to hurt some 'higher-up' people. Mayor in central Wisconsin declares State of Emergency after substantial storm damage, destruction McDougal also told authorities that he had previously sent letters like this, the complaint said. McDougal is charged with: Threat to prosecutor, repeater Felony Up to six years in prison (Can be increased by four years due to being a repeater) Terrorist threats – create risk of causing result, repeater Felony Up to three and a half years in prison (Can be increased by four years due to being a repeater) Terrorist threats – create risk of causing result, repeater Felony Up to three and a half years in prison (Can be increased by four years due to being a repeater) Disorderly conduct, repeater Misdemeanor Up to 90 days in prison (Can be increased by two years due to being a repeater) Court records show McDougal was in court on May 14 for his initial appearance. His cash bond was set at $50,000 and he is scheduled to be back in court for a competency hearing on June 9. Wisconsin State Patrol ramps up seat belt enforcement for Click It or Ticket campaign No additional information was provided. Copyright 2025 Nexstar Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Yahoo
15-05-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Could a planet really develop a brain?
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. The idea that Earth may operate as a single, self-regulating, living organism has existed for decades, emerging in the 1970s as the Gaia hypothesis. In this excerpt from "Gaia Wakes: Earth's Emerging Consciousness in an Age of Environmental Devastation" (Columbia University Press, 2025), economic development and peacebuilding expert Topher McDougal describes how Earth might acquire a planetary brain powered by artificial intelligence (AI) in what he dubs the "Gaiacephalos hypothesis." McDougal argues that this giant, global brain could benefit humanity by boosting the complexity of life on Earth and ultimately secure a more sustainable future. What if our entire planet were to grow a consciousness? The human race finds itself aboard a vessel traversing the vastness of the Milky Way — the Spaceship Earth, as Henry George, Kenneth Boulding, Buckminster Fuller, and others since have so appositely described it. But those thinkers were using the phrase only to evoke the limitations placed on human societies in a relatively closed, steady-state system. They were merely implying that our economies can only grow so far before they come up against the very real resource constraints of our tiny planet floating in the vast emptiness of space. Certainly, the widening scope of environmental devastation humans are wreaking on this planet throws these considerations into stark relief. But what if Spaceship Earth is itself developing (and indeed has already developed much of the infrastructure to support) a single emergent consciousness? I call this idea the "Gaiacephalos hypothesis," in deference to the "Gaia hypothesis" forwarded by James Lovelock, Lynn Margulis, and others, which contends that Earth's interlocking environmental systems could be thought of as a single organism. I argue that the two phenomena associated with Spaceship Earth — first the global environmental devastation we are starting to experience, and second the development of a planetary brain — are two halves of the same process. This process is part of a naturally recurring cycle that has driven the increasing complexity of life on Earth — one that will, with effort, culminate in the emergence of a global AI-powered "brain" capable of coordinating the body planetary. Could a planet really develop a brain? A mind? Would such an outcome be desirable, and could we thwart that development if not? I don't claim to predict what will happen, but rather what could happen. My contention is that Earth may, if we are lucky and diligent and clever enough, grow an emergent superconsciousness. The questions this development would beg range from the practical to the philosophical and even quasi-mystical. For instance: Is life itself a natural and inextricable part of the evolution of the universe? Are there any limits to the scale of life? Is life the process by which the universe comes to know and understand itself? To postulate the growth of a planetary brain may at first sound bizarre, even outlandish. Consequently, many readers may, in an effort to grant me the benefit of the doubt, be tempted to misread this treatise in metaphorical terms. "Perhaps the author means that the Earth has interlocking systems — climatological, ecological, biophysical — that could be thought of as a 'brain' or be likened to a mind." But no, let's eliminate any possibility of confusion: I postulate the growth of an emergent neural network — one whose totality is not designed by humans, even if its initial constituent parts are. This neural network could quite literally enable Earth to achieve unitary consciousness on a massive scale. After the advent of this development, humans would likely continue to play various supporting roles in the life of the planet, but will ultimately find themselves subordinate to and conditioned by a higher intelligence with higher purposes. What would this new mind consist of in tangible, physical terms? Well, microchips, circuits, superconductors and semiconductors, digital storage devices, fiber optic cables, eventually quantum computers — the stuff of electronic processors and communications. In other words, the planetary mind and the brain supporting it would emerge from what geoscientist Peter Haff has termed the "technosphere," the vast panoply of tools we have created to fashion for ourselves a more interconnected world. The planetary brain, if it emerges, would likely arise from AI-enhanced, human-made institutions: technologically sophisticated corporations and the governments regulating them, or what we collectively term "postindustrial economies," themselves increasingly cybernetic. But these interconnected systems and the spectacular potential for information processing they represent operate according to an inherently global logic. As such, a natural scalar synergy exists between high technology and global human institutions, including but not limited to transnational corporations, the United Nations, and transnational social movements. The more extensive the network, the richer its capacities. If they become extensive and fast enough, these systems may, eventually, function together as a brain. And just as in the human brain, where logic may at times war with "gut" instinct, or the need for fresh thinking wrestle with well-laid plans, the decisions made by Gaiacephalos would almost always be the mediated results of discussions, conflicts, and compromises amongst constituent analytical components. The emergence of a planetary mind would not be the first radical scalar upgrade in the complexity of life on Earth. Indeed we have no fewer than four precedents from which to infer the general patterns at work. All previous upgrades have built on the scalar units of their predecessors. All of them have radically increased life's capacity to harness and use energy — in other words, its capacity for entropy. These entropy-maximizing processes oscillate cyclically between episodes of expansion and centralization, growth and coordination. Successful units first begin to predate others, but eventually forge more mutualistic relationships with them as prey becomes scarce. Mutualism yields hierarchical collectives. But these collectives are unwieldy; they require the countervailing formation of centralized information-processing to coordinate their myriad functions. Collectives that succeed in developing coordination apparatuses thrive. In this way, a new, higher-order unit emerges. The first three of Earth's upgrades are studied in biology. They include the emergence of, respectively, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and brainy multicellular organisms. The fourth of these upgrades is studied in the social sciences, and involves the emergence of centralized states as massively coordinated resource exploiters. As with the brains of multicellular organisms, Earth's brain will be energetically taxing to maintain. But it will also potentially pay great returns, allowing the planet to seek out new sources of energy, while regulating those internal functions that would dispose of the energy waste (heat). And while human-devised forms of organization would (at least initially) set the parameters for the basic structure, it would likely evolve quickly. Its abilities to make quick sense of terabytes of information, identify and anticipate possible problems, find optimal solutions to them, and take appropriate actions will far outstrip the capacities of human institutional apparatuses. At least a few questions confront us under the Gaiacephalos scenario. First, is Earth endowed with the resources necessary to afford a planetary brain? Brains are always energy-intensive organs, and the emergence of the Gaiacephalos, nascent though it may be, has already proved extremely taxing to the body planetary. Larger planets can probably more easily afford to invest in brain development than smaller ones. Do we have the necessary biological capital to support a brain, or will its development prove so costly that the planet falls back to a brainless state? Second, are there smarter policies that we can adopt that can make Gaiacephalos more likely to develop? Third, if we are successful in creating a planetary brain, what would daily life for humans look like? Will we be part of this brain? Or will we have worked ourselves out of a job? Will the planetary intelligence that emerges be inimical to human flourishing? And will our free will be totally overridden by this potential tyrant? And finally, what are the implications of the emergence of a planetary brain for our understanding of the universe and our place in it? RELATED STORIES —Climate wars are approaching — and they will redefine global conflict —Can our brains help prove the universe is conscious? —'We can't answer these questions': Neuroscientist Kenneth Kosik on whether lab-grown brains will achieve consciousness I cannot claim that what I describe will happen. Nor can I even say I believe it is statistically probable. It is for me one analytic possibility of uncertain likelihood. The argument traces a hopeful path into the future, but that hope should not bias our assessments of the path's likelihood of success. But this argument does have the potential to direct our policy actions in order to make this path more likely. In that sense, it might serve as a self-fulfilling prophecy. It is important enough to deserve our attention, and perhaps also our best collective efforts: it may prove preferable to the foreseeable alternatives. It is something to run towards, rather than merely run away from. For those who despair of ever achieving environmental sustainability, it may plot one feasible course toward a version of that end. Excerpted from Gaia Wakes: Earth's Emergent Consciousness in an Age of Environmental Devastation by Topher McDougal (2025) with permission from Columbia University Press. Gaia Wakes: Earth's Emergent Consciousness in an Age of Environmental Devastation Hardcover — $30.00 on Amazon Gaia Wakes presents a compelling new framework for understanding the past, present, and future of our planet. Starting from a strong foundation in economics and drawing on a vast range of multidisciplinary scholarship, Topher McDougal explores the possibility of a fifth transition towards an upgraded Earth: the development of a technologically enabled planetary brain capable of coordinating ecological functions and peering far into the future and Deal
Yahoo
07-05-2025
- Politics
- Yahoo
Climate wars are approaching — and they will redefine global conflict
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. Without action, climate change will destabilize society, potentially resulting in wealthy individuals taking matters into their own hands, McDougal argues. . | Credit: JMGehrke/Getty Images Climate change is increasingly recognized not merely as an environmental crisis but as a threat multiplier, worsening political and economic tensions worldwide. Two factors — water scarcity and mass migration — are poised to completely reshape global conflict dynamics. Without coordinated global action, these pressures may induce a vicious circle of interlocking issues: destabilization of livelihoods, unprecedented waves of civil unrest and political violence, mass migration and surging border conflicts. Topher McDougal is Professor of Economic Development & Peacebuilding at the University of San Diego's Kroc School of Peace Studies, where he directs the graduate programs in Peace & Justice and Humanitarian Action. | Credit: Topher McDougal The world is interconnected. A shift in one location will impact another. Fresh water is a resource we all need to survive, and as it dwindles, conflicts can flare. At the same time, rising sea levels and soaring temperatures will make many cities and huge swathes of land uninhabitable. Put together, these human-induced changes will lead to the widespread movement of people into countries that are hell-bent on protecting their resources. In response, governments will likely deploy ever-more sophisticated military technology to protect their own citizens, becoming more insular in the process. Once capitalism is at risk of crumbling, social divides increase, and nations, corporations, or even ultra-wealthy individuals may begin to take matters into their own hands — addressing climate change in a way that benefits them, potentially at the expense of others. Water scarcity Civilizations first emerged along fertile downstream river valleys — the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates and Indus. Nowadays, upstream states increasingly control the water that downstream populations rely upon — and in a warming world, that could fuel explosive conflicts. Consider Iraq: The once-rich agricultural areas near Basra have become increasingly barren due to upstream Turkish dams and accelerating climate change. This scarcity has heightened tensions between Iraq's diverse regions, including the upstream Kurdistan Regional Government (which has proposed adding 245 dams to the governorate), central Baghdad, and the downstream southern populations near Basra. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is a huge hydropower project on the Blue Nile. | Credit: Getty Images Similar conflicts are brewing in the Nile Basin, where Ethiopia's Grand Renaissance Dam has heightened Egypt's anxieties over future water security. While Egypt's recent history of internal unrest has many roots, projected water shortages linked to the dam and increasingly erratic rainfall have amplified fears about food insecurity, unemployment and migration, all of which could compound domestic instability. As global warming accelerates, it's possible that downstream states may clandestinely carry out or finance acts of ecoterrorism against their upstream neighbors, for instance by destroying dams, as Russia did in Ukraine . Closer to home, recent tensions between the United States and Mexico over water rights have spilled over into economic policy. President Donald Trump recently threatened sanctions and tariffs against Mexico over disputes related to water treaties involving the Rio Grande and Colorado rivers, which have had dwindling flow in recent years thanks to climate change. In 2020, conflict began when Mexican government forces sought to release the water in La Boquilla dam in Chihuahua, Mexico, downstream to the United States. They clashed violently with local farmers whose farms would be receiving less water. Mass migration overwhelming borders As hostilities over water grow, climate-driven migration will also fan the flames of conflict in and between countries. After climate-affected people have exhausted all other options for adapting in place, they may resort first to internal migration and then south-to-north mass migrations that may overwhelm national borders. Sea-level rise threatens coastal cities worldwide — including Miami, Venice, Lagos, Jakarta and Alexandria — potentially displacing millions of people and intensifying competition over dwindling livable land and resources. As migration pressures mount, wealthier nations may increasingly militarize their frontiers rather than let in these climate refugees . They are already doing so . Of course, history reveals the limitations of this approach. Rome's sophisticated border fortifications eventually failed as climate change fueled the in-migration of rival groups like the Huns and Goths. To avoid this fate, modern states are going beyond simply building physical barriers; they are also deploying drones , artificial intelligence surveillance and even autonomous defense systems to keep refugees out. Border hardening may go hand-in-hand with policy shifts that mean governments only protect the rights of those who can pay. This shift is already underway. The recent proposal for restructuring the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) into the US International Humanitarian Agency explicitly prioritizes American "taxpayers" and companies rather than its citizens, reflecting a broader global trend toward commodifying citizenship . This trend will worsen inequality, insulating the wealthy from climate change while the poorest suffer. A hard road ahead Effectively addressing these challenges requires strong democratic governance. Democracies that prioritize distributing resources equitably and adapting to climate change are more resilient . Unfortunately, many countries today are backsliding, becoming less democratic and even rolling back climate policies. Recent wildfires in California have been linked to climate change, with reduced rainfall causing increased dryness in the region. | Credit:The potential collapse of insurance markets due to climate impacts, highlighted recently by Allianz, vividly illustrates what will happen if governments fail to adequately respond to climate change. Günther Thallinger , a member of the insurance giant's board, warned that pretty soon the company won't be able to cover climate risks — an impact that will ricochet through financial services. "The financial sector as we know it ceases to function," he wrote in a LinkedIn post. "And with it, capitalism as we know it ceases to be viable." When climate risks make large segments of global assets uninsurable — think entire districts or even cities vulnerable to flooding or wildfire — the foundations of capitalism wobble. Without significant political intervention, these pressures will dramatically widen social divides, fueling migration or even revolutionary movements. The above scenarios could collectively heighten the risk of an often overlooked possibility: one where a single nation or group of nations unilaterally decides to deploy a stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) — a type of geoengineering that, theoretically, reduces the effects of climate change by lowering overall solar radiation entering the atmosphere. However, the effects of such geoengineering strategies on rainfall patterns may inadvertently alter downwind rainfall patterns , or even cause " termination shocks " to temperature when ceased. Related stories —Scientific research is the lifeblood of our economy. Now, a wrecking ball has come. —The US is squandering the one resource it needs to win the AI race with China — human intelligence —'It is a dangerous strategy, and one for which we all may pay dearly': Dismantling USAID leaves the US more exposed to pandemics than ever Middle-income "buffer zone" countries, like Mexico or Turkey, that may be overwhelmed by a surge of migration, could view an SAI as a way of reducing migration pressure. So, too, might democratic countries whose governments want to take action on climate change but can't find a global policy consensus. Craig Martin , co-director of the International and Comparative Law Center at the Washburn University School of Law, and Scott Moore , a University of Pennsylvania political scientist, have described the SAI scenario as a conceivable cause for war , possibly declared by autocratic or oligarchic nations that are negatively affected, or that are looking for excuses to seize resources or territories. To prevent this spiraling scenario of violence, economic disruption and political breakdown, we need urgent, proactive international cooperation. In addition to dramatic climate change prevention efforts, we must include legally binding resource-sharing treaties, humane migration frameworks and collaborative adaptation efforts, where richer nations help poorer ones. Climate change's profound reshaping of conflict dynamics is already underway. The question facing humanity now is not whether we will confront these pressures, but how we will choose to do so: through cooperation and proactive governance or through escalating militarization, inequity and instability. Our collective response today will define the peace and stability of tomorrow's world. Opinion on Live Science gives you insight on the most important issues in science that affect you and the world around you today, written by experts and leading scientists in their field.
Yahoo
02-05-2025
- Sport
- Yahoo
What does history tell us about the current Notre Dame football quarterback competition?
SOUTH BEND ― We didn't see it until we saw it. It was summer 1993, a simpler era of Notre Dame football. The Loftus Center indoor facility seemed state of the art, stadium capacity was 59,075, and almost every minute of every practice was open to the media. What a concept. What a time. Advertisement It was then that media and players and coaches would trudge, often side by side, to and from the practice field. Head coach Lou Holtz would zoom past in his golf cart, often leaving a trail of pipe smoke. Offensive line coach Joe Moore would breeze by in his comp car, which he would park along a fence at the back of one end zone. It was there on those practice fields where everyone assumed that the starting quarterback that season would be a freshman phenom from Western Pennsylvania by the name of Ron Powlus. Few were certain about what they'd see from that '93 team, but we'd probably see Powlus under center. He was the chosen one. Noie: How did one group of Notre Dame football fans plan to spend a spring game Saturday? Advertisement A broken collarbone suffered when Powlus was buried under a pass rush in the final scrimmage seven days before the season opener scrapped that plan. It opened the door for a career backup known more for his BMX talents. Nobody gave the guy the time of day. Nobody likely even asked him the time of day over his first three seasons. Kevin McDougal seemed just another guy. While the Powlus hype swirled, McDougal was quietly cementing confidence among the offensive linemen, through the locker room and with the coaching staff. Like, we could win with K-Mac. Notre Dame won with McDougal, won almost every time out in 1993, won right up until a certain left-footed kicker from Boston College split the uprights and cost Notre Dame a national championship. Thanks, David Gordon. Advertisement McDougal, the career backup, the guy no one saw coming, was magical that season. He made the most of an opportunity few thought he'd ever see. Fast forward 23 years to 2018 when another Notre Dame quarterback competition centered on average recruit Ian Book and all-everything Brandon Winbush. Everyone figured the job would go to Winbush, who could run and pass and confuse defenses like nobody since maybe Tony Rice in the early 1990s. Book seemed just another guy. We didn't see until we saw. At a practice inside the stadium on a Saturday morning in August, the quarterbacks were in a drill that demanded they throw screen passes into several spots at a nearby net. Wimbush missed high. He missed low. He missed wide. He missed, to the point where you wondered if he was just clowning the media. It couldn't be that complicated. Advertisement Book handled throws with relative ease. Pinpoint ease. Poise ease. Book left Notre Dame in 2020 as the winningest quarterback ― 30 wins and two College Football Playoff appearances ― in program history. With McDougal and with Book, you didn't see until you saw. You didn't know until you knew. That brings us to Notre Dame football 2025. Questions about what we will see come fall from Notre Dame spray everywhere. Can the defense pick up under first-year coordinator Chris Ash where it left off under Al Golden? Who will be captains? Will this team finish what it started last season in getting this close to the school's first national championship since 1988? Advertisement Oh, and who will play quarterback? Nothing else may matter as Notre Dame looks to build off last season's 14-2 run. The assumption following the transfer portal departure of veteran Steve Angeli, who landed at Syracuse, is the job will go to freshman CJ Carr. He's big and he's strong and he's athletic and accurate and he seems built to handle everything that comes with being the Notre Dame quarterback. Somewhere down the line in early August, nobody would be surprised if head coach Marcus Freeman steps to the podium inside Notre Dame Stadium, which no longer holds 59,075, and tabs Carr to be the guy to lead Notre Dame into Hard Rock Stadium against Miami (Fla.) on August 31. Don't sleep on sophomore Kenny Minchey, long considered one of the other guys in the QB room, but likely never the main guy. When it was time to talk to the quarterbacks in 2023, it was important to get with graduate transfer Sam Hartman and Angeli, his backup. When it was time to talk to the quarterbacks in 2024, it was important to hear from graduate transfer Riley Leonard and, hey, there's Carr. Advertisement Minchey always off to the sider someone who got maybe a question or two or three. A backup, the third guy in a two-quarterback competition. He seemed destined for the portal whenever he realized that it wasn't going to work. It may work. Minchey has quietly gone from a non-story to a potentially great story. Like McDougal. Like Book. He can run. He can throw. He can backflip to celebrate a score. It will be Carr or Minchey in South Florida. Minchey, like Angeli in recent seasons, carries himself like a capable quarterback. That lost look he showed into earlier meetings with the media is gone. In its place is a confidence that knows the offense. That he can run the offense. That he can be the guy. He looks the part, but can he play it? His next start at Notre Dame will be his first start at Notre Dame. That's a big leap, but there's something about Minchey that makes you believe he can stick the landing. Advertisement Nobody saw McDougal coming. Nobody saw Book coming. Both were guys that were dismissed and doubted. The same once was thought of Minchey. Just when you think you know ... We may not see it until we see it. Again. Follow South Bend Tribune and NDInsider columnist Tom Noie on X (formerly Twitter): @tnoieNDI. Contact Noie at tnoie@ This article originally appeared on South Bend Tribune: This isn't first time that Notre Dame football carries QB question into summer
