2 days ago
Fraxinet, a 10th-century Muslim trading post in Saint-Tropez
In the 10th century, Saint-Tropez was home to a Saracen trading post following a Muslim conquest around 890, likely led by sailors from Al-Andalus. This historic land, situated at the crossroads of maritime, commercial, and military routes in the Mediterranean, witnessed the evolution of civilizations due to its proximity to Sardinia and Sicily. Over the centuries, the French commune absorbed these influences. At the turn of the 9th century, the territory experienced Muslim raids and incursions in southern Europe, where Al-Andalus and the Italian islands endured centuries of caliphal rule.
Fraxinet emerged amid numerous armed power struggles. Alongside the Three Sacks of Rome in 846, 849, and 876, raids targeted Provence, including attacks on Marseille in 838 and 846. Simultaneously, Muslim forces established bases in Camargue (France), Bari (Italy), and Crete (Greece) during the 9th century. More than a corsair outpost in Saint-Tropez, Fraxinet became a significant economic and political landmark, though historical records remain scarce.
Some accounts link Saint-Tropez's Muslim past to these incursions, leaving a lasting mark on the commune. The 10th-century Muslim chronicler and geographer Mohammed Abul-Kassem ibn Hawqal mentioned Fraxinet in his travel writings. Known for his journeys between 943 and 969, the author of the famous Configuration of the Earth describes an island at the Rhône's mouth, near Al-Andalus, reminiscent of the Balearics.
An Autonomous Muslim Stronghold
Historian and chronicler Ibn Hayyan al-Qurtubi (987–1076) refers to an Umayyad «peace treaty» sent around 941 to affiliated territories, including Fraxinet's leader. According to this scholar from Córdoba, the border area primarily served a military function, acting as a fortress and launch point for offensives. Despite its distance from the caliphal center in Al-Andalus, the trading post was managed by leaders who maintained significant autonomy.
This collection of historical clues suggests that Fraxinet's warriors founded their Saint-Tropez outpost for defensive purposes, reinforcing border Muslim raids. Political instability in the region facilitated the rapid conquest of southern European lands. Additionally, the fertile land fostered agricultural and economic prosperity, even as the Fatimids (909–1171) rose in Egypt, North Africa's Ifriqiya, and Sicily before the Norman conquest in the 11th century.
In The Saracens of Fraxinetum in the 10th Century, published in Islamic Lands and the Latin World (Presses universitaires de Lyon, 2000), medieval historians Pierre Guichard and Denis Menjot confirm these insights. They note that «Provence suffered from Saracen raids since the mid-9th century, similar to southern Italy». However, these repeated attacks mainly affected the western region and did not quickly lead to lasting settlement. The second wave of invasions, however, brought about deeper changes «for nearly a century», as testified by Bishop Liutprand of Cremona (920–971/972), cited by the authors.
«A familiar of Otto I, whom he served as ambassador to Byzantium, Liutprand lived for a long time at the court of Hugh of Arles and had good knowledge of Provence. In his main work, dedicated to Bishop Recemund of Elvira, the Antapodosis ('Reprisals' against Berengar II of Ivrea), he recounts the events in Provence from the Saracens' arrival to their final defeat», the researchers explain. They add that the Saracens' settlement «may have begun with a fortuitous event: the shipwreck of a marauding boat from Umayyad Spain».
A Military Base for Northern Incursions
Guichard and Menjot further explain that the new conquerors «were reinforced between the late 9th century and early 10th century» to «take over the forested scrubland of the Maures and fortify themselves on the Fraxinet peninsula, in the Gulf of Grimaud (Var)». From this base, «they devastated eastern Provence, raided deep into the Alps, and created a genuine climate of insecurity», the historians emphasize. The Saracens' raids intensified alongside escalating political struggles in the Kingdom of Arles.
The authors note that «King Hugh secured the Byzantine emperor's support, whose troops blockaded Fraxinetum in 942, but Hugh's rival Berengar of Ivrea engaged the Saracens, angering Liutprand. Emperor Otto unsuccessfully negotiated with the Caliph of Córdoba to recall the Muslim bands. The capture of Abbot Mayeul of Cluny at the Great Saint Bernard Pass provoked a strong reaction, leading to military operations — primarily by Count Guillem of Provence against Fraxinetum — resulting in the Saracens' final expulsion in 972».
In Fraxinetum: An Islamic Frontier State in Tenth-Century Provence, Mohammad Ballan describes the Andalusian colony of Fraxinet as an «Islamic frontier entity» developed into a significant economic and military center in Provence. Serving as an advanced post of Al-Andalus, Fraxinet had the dual purpose of defense and community enrichment, as Ibn Hawqal described.
Thus, the Saracens proclaimed their emirate of Fraxinet to invest in the territory and use it as a base for larger-scale northern military expeditions. Notably, they controlled western Alpine passes and dominated trade routes between France, Italy, and Switzerland, parts of which were under their control.
Between 890 and 972, the Saint-Tropez peninsula was an Arab-Muslim colony known as Jabal al-Qilâl («Mountain of Peaks«) or Farakhshinit — the Arabized form of the Gallo-Roman fraxinetu. The region was governed by Nasr ibn Ahmad, appointed caïd around 940. The Saracens were definitively expelled in 976 by Guillaume I, Count of Provence (960–993) and Lord of Grimaud, who fortified the city by building a tower on the current site of the Suffren in 980.
