Latest news with #PolishAcademyofSciences'
The Guardian
28-04-2025
- Science
- The Guardian
The missing lynx: how the rise of border walls has split up wildlife populations
The lynxes of the Białowieża forest once freely prowled through 1,420 sq km (548 sq miles) of ancient woodland. Then, in 2022, the habitat was abruptly sliced in two. Poland built a 115-mile (186km) wall across its border with Belarus to stop refugees and migrants entering the EU. About 15 lynxes were left stranded on the Polish side of the forest, forced into a genetic bottleneck. The 5.5-metre high barrier, which is topped with wire and cameras, also dissects the forest's population of bison, wolves and elk. Researchers monitored 10 sites along the border, walking along sections and counting signs of humans and wildlife. 'I could not have foreseen the diversity of impacts that we ended up finding,' says the lead author of the paper, Katarzyna Nowak, from the Polish Academy of Sciences' Mammal Research Institute. Humans have been building walls for thousands of years, but the speed and scale with which they are now being constructed has ballooned over recent decades. With refugee crises in Europe and Asia, and the rise of governments cracking down on immigration, the planet is increasingly crisscrossed with steel barriers, chain-link fencing and razor wire – with significant consequences for wildlife. There are now an estimated 74 border walls globally, up from just six in 1989, with more in the pipeline. 'The hardening of international borders through fortification and militarisation is on the rise,' researchers say in the paper on the impacts of the Polish-Belarusian border wall. In a separate paper published in February, another researcher argues for 'ecological peace corridors' to protect wildlife movement amid growing human conflict. At the same time that borders are strengthened, the need for humans and other animals to migrate is being supercharged by climate breakdown. 'It is a worrying future in multiple respects,' says Dr Stuart Butchart, chief scientist at BirdLife International. 'This is a worldwide phenomenon that is going to become of increasing importance.' His research found that border walls obstruct the ranges of more than 700 species of mammals, including leopards, tigers, cheetah and the critically endangered Saiga antelope. The study identified 20,000 miles of borders fortified with fences and walls, which can cause habitats to fragment and create injuries from entanglement, genetic bottlenecks and blocked migration routes. The US-Mexican border wall – which was found to have the most impact of those studied – bisects the ranges of 120 mammals alone. Pygmy owls, which stay close to the ground for safety, do not fly high enough to cross the wall, and populations of pumas and coatis – a raccoon-like animal found across Latin America – have fallen. Bighorn sheep risk becoming 'zombie species' as the populations become too genetically fragmented and unable to move sufficiently to adapt to climate change. The study of the Polish-Belarusian border showed animals were keeping their distance from the wall because they were scared of it. Despite the fact that it passed through a rich forest habitat, Nowak says: 'We had very few signs of animals along the border.' Thirty-six cameras were up for more than a year and images of lynxes were only found on them twice. Humans were more frequently seen on cameras than wildlife, especially at border sites. Sound recordings revealed human sounds – such as vehicles, music, dogs and gunshots – penetrated up to 250 metres into the forest, which is a Unesco world heritage site. Rubbish lined the border, drawing dogs, cats and other scavengers to the area. 'This again creates an unnatural interface, not just between people and wild animals, but also domestic animals,' says Nowak. Plant surveys suggested invasive species might be able to survive in the 'sun-streaked strip in the middle of the forest', says Nowak, who is worried that the forest could start to split into two. Borderland regions such as Białowieża Forest can also be among the continent's most biodiverse places. The border fence between Slovenia and Croatia has sliced up the Dinaric mountain range, home to some of the most important brown bear and wolf populations in Europe. The region's lynx population is threatened with high levels of inbreeding, with researchers warning that the fence 'may just be the last push for the population to spiral down the extinction vortex'. The 3,000-mile border between China and Mongolia, which is almost entirely fenced, has blocked the migrations of Asiatic wild ass. Even if these fences are removed in the future, migratory routes are not easily re-routed. Red deer on the border between the Czech Republic and the former West Germany still do not cross what was the 'iron curtain' – even though the electric fence that divided the countries was taken down 25 years ago, a study found. The life expectancy of a deer is 15 years, so no deer alive at the time of the study would have ever encountered the barrier. A 2025 review of the impacts of border walls had four key recommendations to make them less damaging: leave gaps in the fencing; cut down on light and noise; avoid the concertina razor-wire tops, which many animals die on; and increase cooperation between countries on the borders. To ease the pressure on wildlife, scientists are pushing for small gaps in fencing to allow species through. The US-Mexican border wall covers more than 700 miles of the almost 2,000-mile long frontier, and crosses the Madrean Sky Islands – patches of woodland that are home to the greatest diversity of mammals, reptiles and ants in the US. A study looked at the 13 small passages for wildlife along 80 miles of continuous border – or roughly one every 10km – each about the size of an A4 sheet of paper. Researchers collected and analysed more than 12,000 videos of animals encountering them. Deer, bears, wolves and pronghorn sheep were all blocked by the wall, but cameras showed coyotes, wild pig-like peccaries, American badgers and even some smaller mountain lions were squeezing through. 'We were surprised by how busy the A4 holes ended up being,' says Eamon Harrity, wildlife programme manager at Sky Islands Alliance in Arizona and lead author of the study of the wall along the US-Mexico border. 'We want more of them,' says Harrity. 'They need to be, at a minimum, every half a kilometre.' Find more age of extinction coverage here, and follow the biodiversity reporters Phoebe Weston and Patrick Greenfield in the Guardian app for more nature coverage
Yahoo
03-04-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Lichens Thrive in Harsh Mars-Like Conditions, Groundbreaking Study Finds
Lichens are true pioneers, setting themselves up in environments so harsh as to be considered virtually barren. Given time, they can lay the foundations for whole fields of stone, sand, or even rooftops to transform into diverse ecosystems. So why not Mars? A team of biologists from Jagiellonian University in Poland and the Polish Academy of Sciences investigated just that in an experiment conducted inside the Polish Academy of Sciences' Space Research Center. They wanted to know which physical and biochemical properties might help lichens survive Mars-like conditions while remaining metabolically active. "Our study is the first to demonstrate that the metabolism of the fungal partner in lichen symbiosis remained active while being in an environment resembling the surface of Mars," says lead author Kaja Skubala, a botanist from Jagiellonian University in Poland. "These findings expand our understanding of biological processes under simulated Martian conditions and reveal how hydrated organisms respond to ionizing radiation – one of the most critical challenges for survival and habitability on Mars." Lichens are bizarre structures in which a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria partner up to form a colony that can survive conditions they never would on their own. They can enter a state of dormancy when times are tough, reviving on contact with water to feed and grow once more. Like the tardigrades that sometimes inhabit their nooks and crannies their ability to survive Earth's harshest conditions makes them prime candidates for extraterrestrial study. Because the fungi-algae duos are fundamentally reliant upon one another, each kind of lichen is still named as if it is a single species. The two species entered in this Mars simulation were the crusty, pale, and bulbous Diploschistes muscorum, and the dark, branching, seaweed-like Cetraria aculeata. Each lichen was awoken with a light misting of water before being placed inside a vacuum chamber for five hours, with the first two hours set to a Martian daytime surface temperature of 18 degrees Celsius (about 64 degrees Fahrenheit), dropping gradually into a two-hour-long Martian night at -26 degrees Celsius. Gas consisting of 95 percent carbon dioxide was pumped into the tank to simulate a Martian atmosphere at ground level, with humidity ranging from an extremely arid 8 to 32 percent. The pressure was set to a very low 5 to 7 millibars, which is more than 1000 millibars lower than the pressure of Earth's atmosphere at sea level. How lichens cope with Martian levels of UV radiation and other harsh conditions has already been studied extensively, so Skubala and team were focused instead on the ionizing power of X-rays. The lichens were zapped with a 50-gray dose of X-ray radiation, comparable to what the surface of Mars can receive in a year via energetic Solar particles and flares. The red planet has a thin atmosphere and no global magnetic field; two factors that protect us Earthlings from the solar onslaught. Only one of the species survived these conditions: D. muscorum. The researchers think its heavy crust, laced with calcium oxalate crystals inside and out, might have protected it from radiation damage. "While calcium oxalate has a relatively low atomic number, which makes it less effective at absorbing X-rays than heavier elements, the dense crystal deposits on the [lichen's] surface could allow calcium atoms to interact with low-energy X-rays, absorbing part of their energy," the authors write. The other species, C. aculeata, did not fare so well, though it was selected for its ability to survive extreme Earth environments in the Arctic and Antarctic. The scientists knew the melanin pigments that give this lichen its dark brown to black colour would protect it from unbridled Martian sunburn, since the coloration can filter radiation in the UVB and UVA spectrum. But melanin is also a powerful antioxidant, which the team thought may help it withstand ionizing radiation. Yet, C. aculeata experienced high levels of stress from the X-rays, which showed up as damaged membranes, failing enzymes, and hydrogen peroxide build-up. Notably, this lichen has no calcium oxalate, which may be a deciding factor in Mars survival. Of course, whether we should introduce new species to unknown environments to achieve our goals is a different question – one we humans don't exactly have the best track record with. That's if it's even possible: a simulation like this provides just a small taste of the harsh realities of the red planet. "Ultimately, this research deepens our knowledge of lichen adaptation and their potential for colonizing extraterrestrial environments," Skubala says. This research was published in IMA Fungus. Climate Change Could Wipe 40% Off Global Economy, Study Predicts Oxygen Levels in Earth's Lakes Are Plummeting, Study Reveals Scientists Discovered An Amazing Practical Use For World's Leftover Coffee Grounds
