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Indian Express
22-07-2025
- Health
- Indian Express
For women, nutrition is not just about food but a socio-cultural construct
— Rituparna Patgiri Post-independent India has faced a triple crisis of nutrition – undernutrition, overnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. As per the Global Hunger Index (2020), India's position is 94 out of 107 countries. The Global Nutrition Report in 2020 also underlined that India is most likely to miss global nutrition targets by 2025. These findings seem to align with the data released from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2019-21). The survey reported that among children under the age of five, 35.5 per cent are stunted, 19.3 per cent are wasted, and 32.1 per cent are underweight. Although these figures have improved from the last round of survey conducted in NFHS-4 in 2015-16, nutrition still remains a concern. When it comes to women, nutrition is not just about food, but a socio-cultural construct. Let's explore. The nutritional burden also has a gendered dimension. According to the NFHS-5 data, as many as 57 per cent of women aged 15-49 were anaemic in 2019-21, compared to 53 per cent in 2015-16. Nutrition is not just about food, but a socio-cultural construct. It is influenced by structural inequalities, gendered roles, household food distribution and cultural factors. Notably, the prevalence of anaemia (57.2 per cent) was higher in non-pregnant women than in pregnant women (52.2 per cent). It shows that women, especially non-pregnant women, rarely receive special care and nutritious food sources. For instance, anthropological studies – such as Leela Dube's Women and Kinship: Perspectives on Gender in South and South-East Asia (1997) – show that customarily girls are denied milk except in the educated, upper middle-class. Most are entitled to milk only in special circumstances such as lactation, illness and pregnancy. The neglect of menstrual health further leads to worsening rates of anemia, with 59 per cent of adolescent girls (15-19 years) found to be anemic, which poses increased risks during pregnancy and childbirth. Apart from anemia, 33.1 per cent of girls under the age of five are stunted. This is a result of several factors, including anemic and malnourished mothers as well as less care after childbirth because of being born as girls. While wasting and underweight figures are similar for girls and boys, girls receive less health care and nutrition during illness. Moreover, despite being responsible for managing the nutritional needs of their families, women are often the ones who eat less and last. These trends highlight inter-generational nutritional inequality. Children born to thin mothers, whose Body Mass Index (BMI) is less than 18.5 kg/m2 have higher probability of being stunted, wasted, and underweight. Out of 28 states, the prevalence of anemia rose in 21. West Bengal and Gujarat have the highest rates. Assam, Chhattisgarh and Tripura experienced an increase by 15 percentage points, while Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Telangana recorded a rise of less than 5 percentage points. Women from Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities face a higher risk of anemia, indicating a lack of access to healthcare. In comparison, women with higher education levels are less likely to be anemic, suggesting that education improves nutrition knowledge and leads to better dietary practices. It needs to be underlined here that Kerala stands out for its relatively nutritional equity across gender due to high female literacy, late marriage and good reach of the public distribution system. Stunting in children decreases with improvements in mothers' educational and nutritional status. Contrastingly, children born to mothers with no access to schooling and in the lowest wealth percentile are more undernourished. In this context, Sikkim is another notable state as it has focused on improving women's access to education and healthcare facilities. As such, Sikkim fares second best after Mizoram in the North-East with respect to gender and nutrition as per the NFHS-5 data. These numbers indicate the need for good governance and best practices at the local level to improve nutritional status, particularly of women. Another emerging nutritional issue among Indian women is overnutrition. For the first time in the country's recorded history, there are more overnourished than undernourished women in the 15-49 year age group. Currently, 41.3 per cent of women are overweight or obese. This trend is more pronounced in urban areas where 33 per cent of women are overnourished compared to 21 per cent in rural areas. As a result, women face a heightened risk of contracting non-communicable diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Most often, women are the primary caregivers and have limited or no time for self-care, health management, and physical activity. In addition to this, women also have micronutrient deficiency as their diets often lack diversity, with protein intake missing significantly. The cultural norm of eating less and often eating last further impacts women's nutritional well-being. The Indian Constitution recognises the Right to Food – access to adequate food and nutrition for every citizen – under the Right to Life as per Article 21. Article 47 of the Directive Principles of State Policy also places a duty on the state to raise the level of nutrition and public health. India has also committed to end hunger as per Goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. To address such concerns, the government has launched a number of policies and schemes. These include the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) launched in 1975, the National Nutrition Policy (1993), National Health Policy (2017), the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) (2017) and Poshan 2.0 launched in 2021. While most of the earlier initiatives focused on children, pregnant and lactating women, Poshan 2.0 expanded the lens to adolescent girls. Nutritional status is not determined only during pregnancy and childbirth. Improving nutrition and health requires a longitudinal approach. Poshan 2.0 also advocates for the use of technology, real-time monitoring using a digital tracking app (Poshan tracker) and behavioural change to improve nutrition. While India has a significant number of policies and schemes, their implementation and performance vary across states and districts. Grassroot service providers like the Anganwadi workers are underpaid and overworked. Some studies also noted that at times, they also have to provide supplementary food items and take home ration (THR) packets from their own pockets. These factors demotivate them and affect the adequate delivery of childcare and nutritional services. Nutrition is also connected with issues of social justice and healthcare and requires coordinated actions across multiple sectors and departments. While India has so far focused on undernutrition, there is now an emerging need to address the issue of overnutrition too. Adequately expanding the ambit of policymaking would help combat obesity and non-communicable diseases. State-led initiatives, such as mid-day meals, THR packets, could incorporate more healthy and diverse diets. Promoting nutrition-sensitive agricultural practices and building private-public partnerships to deliver nutritional services would also help expand the reach and quality of nutritional services. Having a multi-disciplinary approach to nutritional policies by involving economists, sociologists, policy makers and nutritionists, and, more importantly, women representatives would also help them become more socially effective. Nutrition is not just about food, but a socio-cultural construct. Comment. The Indian Constitution recognises the Right to Food. How do you see this in the context of the cultural norm of women eating less and often eating last? How does the nutritional status of women affect intergenerational health outcomes, particularly in children under five? Do you think that overnutrition among urban women complicates the policy focus on undernutrition? Why and what could be the possible ways to address this? There are noted variations in state-level performance with regard to women's nutritional status. What does this say about the role of governance and socio-cultural context in improving gendered nutrition outcomes? (Rituparna Patgiri is an Assistant Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Guwahati.) Share your thoughts and ideas on UPSC Special articles with Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
11-07-2025
- Politics
- Indian Express
How National Education Policy seeks to bridge gender gap in education
— Rituparna Patgiri Malala Day, celebrated on July 12, honours the bravery of Malala Yousafzai who has become a symbol of the fight for girls' education. Her fight began when she stood up against the Taliban in Pakistan and advocated for girls' right to education. A Taliban gunman shot her on October 9, 2012, for not following restrictions on girls' education. However, following her recovery, she continued her fight for girls' education. Her story continues to inspire global efforts to ensure equitable and inclusive education. Malala Day offers an opportune moment to revisit girls' education in India, specifically in light of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which is largely seen as a transformative step in the country's education system The NEP, which replaced the National Education Policy of 1986, gives a comprehensive framework for both school and higher education. The objective is to make India's education more inclusive, equitable, holistic, multidisciplinary and flexible. It reflects India's commitment to Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. It also aims to address existing gender inequalities through its provisions. This is in alignment with SDG 5, which aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. The primary focus areas of NEP 2020 with respect to gender are access and equity, curriculum and infrastructure building and gender sensitisation. When it comes to school education, India has made significant strides in girls' enrollment after the enactment of the Right to Education Act of 2009. According to the report titled The Indian Economy: A Review released by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in January 2024, the female gross enrollment ratio (GER) in higher education increased from 6.7 per cent in 2000-01 to 27.9 per cent in 2020-21. The same report also suggests that more girls are in higher education than boys now. But school dropout rates remain a concern. According to the Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE), in 2021–22, 12.6 per cent of students dropped out of secondary education (9–10 class), 3 per cent from upper primary (6–8 class), and 1.5 per cent from primary education (1–5 class). Notably, the average dropout rate for girls in primary school is 1.4 per cent, while in upper primary, it is 3.3 per cent, and in secondary school, it is 12.3 per cent. The NEP 2020 aims to address dropout rates by targeting a 100 per cent Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030. As part of this effort, the government plans to create a Gender Inclusion Fund (GIF), which will be available to states for building inclusive, safe, and hygienic infrastructures, such as hostels and toilets, in schools. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBVs), residential schools for girls from classes 6 to 12, will be expanded to increase participation in schools for girls from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Girls have been identified as one of the four Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Groups (SEDGs) who require special protection. Women make up about half of all the SEDGs, cutting across caste, class and religion. To incentivise their school education, measures such as Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) and transportation support like bicycles have been proposed to reduce dropout rates and retain girls in schools. Notably, the NEP also includes transgenders within this category. However, additional concrete measures for girls from marginalised communities, as well as transgender students, are needed in view of their higher dropout rates. The NEP talks about sensitisation of faculty, counsellors and students on issues of gender. But it needs to be extended to families to bridge the gap between parents and girls. In many cases, families do not realise the importance of education for girls and unknowingly engage them in carework and other household chores. As such, families need to be better sensitised about the significance of education for girls, as well as promoting ideas of gender equity. The NEP recognises gender sensitivity as an essential skill for all students and promotes gender equality as an integral part of the curriculum. However, measures such as placing greater emphasis on building a gender-sensitive curriculum, incorporating sex education and menstrual health in school education, and spreading awareness among girls, particularly in rural areas, about their legal, financial and digital rights are crucial for enabling them to become self-reliant. While NEP 2020 encourages online education, it falls short in addressing the gendered digital divide. As per the 2019-20 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), only one in three women (33 per cent) have ever used the internet, compared to 57 per cent of men. The gap becomes wider in rural areas, where 49 per cent of men have used the internet compared to 25 per cent of women. This digital divide is an obstacle to ensuring equitable access to online learning for girls and women. To address this disparity, the availability of computers, mobile phones and internet facilities at both institutional and individual levels needs to be ensured by the government so that women and girls have an equal chance to access and benefit from online education. The NEP also asks governments to take steps to enhance gender balance in admissions to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). To support this, trained social workers, counsellors and teachers will have to mediate between parents and HEIs, facilitating women's education at the higher levels. It is also necessary to focus on building government-run HEIs in small towns and cities, as families are often apprehensive about sending women to far-off places for education. Moreover, some other measures are significant to facilitate the entry of women into higher education and improve the gender balance, including: — Ensuring safe infrastructural facilities in HEIs like toilets, child care — Institutional and legal mechanisms to address grievances of sexual harassment — Provision of medical care and counselling — Strict implementation of anti-ragging and anti-sexual exploitation measures through dedicated units. In addition, more representation of women in educational leadership and policy-making is also required. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report 2024-25 highlights that women constitute 62.4 per cent of primary school teachers in India. But only 42.1 per cent of secondary school principals and 28.6 per cent of higher secondary school principals are women. At the higher education level, the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE 2022-23) reports that women make up 45.8 per cent of faculty. But only 31.2 per cent of them are in leadership roles, such as deans or vice-chancellors. These figures show that women continue to face structural and institutional barriers to breaking the glass ceiling. While the NEP 2020 emphasises children's health, it is equally important to ensure special care for girls. According to the NFHS-5, the prevalence of anaemia is 67.1 per cent for young girls (6–59 months). The anaemia rate among adolescent girls (15–19 years) is 59.1 per cent. This means that girls need better nutritional care in schools, especially in the midday meal. Girls often experience disproportionate nutritional stress because of gendered food habits, early marriage, pregnancy and the impact of menstrual health. Gender equality is seen as a cross-cutting priority to be achieved within the NEP 2020. However, structural resistance to gender equity is rooted in families and societies. Therefore, effective implementation of the NEP on the ground would require sustained engagement with non-governmental agencies and communities. To institutionalise gender sensitivity, modules on gender need to be included in the curriculum of teacher education programs. Within the school curriculum, emphasis on stories of women from diverse fields, such as science, mathematics, arts, literature, sports, would be yet another step in the right direction. Normalising women as role models from across communities is also essential. For these to happen, women should also be a part of the syllabus revision committees. Hence, the NEP 2020 advocates for gender equity, but only proper execution will make it a reality. Why is the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 seen as a transformative step in India's education system? Analyse its key objectives. Why does school drop out rate, particularly among girls, remain a persisting concern? How does NEP 2020 seek to address this? How does gendered digital divide hinder equitable access to education? How does the implementation of online education initiatives under NEP 2020 address it? Is it important to include families in gender sensitisation efforts under NEP 2020? What are the effective ways to overcome structural and societal barriers that continue to prevent women from entering leadership positions in education? (Rituparna Patgiri is an Assistant Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Guwahati.) Share your thoughts and ideas on UPSC Special articles with Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Hans India
01-07-2025
- Business
- Hans India
Social media, food delivery apps transforming food culture: IIT Guwahati study
New Delhi: -The rise of social media combined with food delivery apps is significantly changing food practices and consumption patterns in urban India, according to an interesting study by Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati researchers. The study explored how the digitisation of food influences consumer behaviour while simultaneously changing social dynamics such as class, caste, and labour. The findings, published in the prestigious Sociological Bulletin (SAGE Publications) journal, showed that digital food practices and cultures have become a habitual part of people's lives, especially among the urban Indian middle-class youth. Digital technologies such as food ordering applications, and online reviews on social media platforms have been gradually integrated into everyday culinary habits. Food economies are becoming platform-dependent. Platforms providing services such as search, social media, and content aggregation are becoming digital gatekeepers of access to food-related content, revealed the research led by Dr Rituparna Patgiri, Assistant Professor, from the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Guwahati. 'Food has been viewed as aproduct that moves through five stages -- production, distribution, preparation, consumption, and disposal. In this research, I argue that one must now add a sixth stage digitalisation,' Patgiri said. While earlier research has examined how globalisation has impacted food practices in India, the new study significantly reveals how digital technologies are reshaping food practices in ways that reinforce existing caste, class, and gender hierarchies. It shows that digital food culture practices such as food blogging, online review, and aesthetic presentation, are largely confined to upper- and middle-class, and urban groups, while small businesses and lower socio-economic communities are often excluded, Patgiri said. The study highlights the need for inclusive digital policies that support marginalised food producers, regulate platform-driven practices, and promote equitable visibility. It also underscores the importance of using digital platforms for public health messaging and the preservation of diverse culinary traditions. It also urges policymakers to address the socio-economic implications of digitalisation in food systems through targeted support, regulation, and cultural inclusion.
Hans India
28-06-2025
- Business
- Hans India
Social media, food delivery apps transforming food culture in urban India: IIT Guwahati study
New Delhi: The rise of social media combined with food delivery apps is significantly changing food practices and consumption patterns in urban India, according to an interesting study by Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati researchers on Saturday. New Delhi, June 28 (IANS) The rise of social media combined with food delivery apps is significantly changing food practices and consumption patterns in urban India, according to an interesting study by Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati researchers on Saturday. The study explored how the digitisation of food influences consumer behaviour while simultaneously changing social dynamics such as class, caste, and labour. The findings, published in the prestigious Sociological Bulletin (SAGE Publications) journal, showed that digital food practices and cultures have become a habitual part of people's lives, especially among the urban Indian middle-class youth. Digital technologies such as food ordering applications, and online reviews on social media platforms have been gradually integrated into everyday culinary habits. Food economies are becoming platform-dependent. Platforms providing services such as search, social media, and content aggregation are becoming digital gatekeepers of access to food-related content, revealed the research led by Dr Rituparna Patgiri, Assistant Professor, from the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Guwahati. 'Food has been viewed as a product that moves through five stages -- production, distribution, preparation, consumption, and disposal. In this research, I argue that one must now add a sixth stage -- digitalisation,' Patgiri told IANS. While earlier research has examined how globalisation has impacted food practices in India, the new study significantly reveals how digital technologies are reshaping food practices in ways that reinforce existing caste, class, and gender hierarchies. It shows that digital food culture practices such as food blogging, online review, and aesthetic presentation, are largely confined to upper- and middle-class, and urban groups, while small businesses and lower socio-economic communities are often excluded, Patgiri told IANS. The study highlights the need for inclusive digital policies that support marginalised food producers, regulate platform-driven practices, and promote equitable visibility. It also underscores the importance of using digital platforms for public health messaging and the preservation of diverse culinary traditions. It also urges policymakers to address the socio-economic implications of digitalisation in food systems through targeted support, regulation, and cultural inclusion.
Indian Express
25-06-2025
- Politics
- Indian Express
What gender gap lens reveals about declining fertility rate
— Rituparna Patgiri The under-representation of women in diplomacy and the importance of breaking down structural barriers to support women in global decision-making roles were highlighted during the International Day of Women in Diplomacy observed on June 24. This global concern also resonates in the recently released Global Gender Gap Report 2025 in which India ranks 131st out of 148 countries. The Global Gender Gap Index, developed by the World Economic Forum and published annually since 2006, measures gender parity across four dimensions – economics, politics, education and health. Global Gender Gap Report builds on the foundational efforts of earlier initiatives such as the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) launched in 1984 and the 1995 Beijing World Conference on Women that have helped foster gender equality. In 2015, gender equality was further reinforced as a global priority when it was included as Sustainable Development Goal 5 in the United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development to be achieved by 2030. The importance of the Global Gender Gap Report lies in the fact that policymakers use it as a benchmark to assess progress made in addressing gender disparities. If one looks at India's performance in the latest report, the parity score is 64.1 per cent – one of the lowest in South Asia. In the third parameter – health and survival – India has improved scores in sex ratio at birth and healthy life expectancy. Declining fertility rate and gender inequities However, there are concerns over the declining fertility rate. India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – the average number of children per woman – has dropped to 2.0, according to the United Nations Population Fund's (UNFPA) State of World Population Report 2025. The same was also reported in the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) of 2019-21. A TFR of 2 is considered the replacement level as two kids will replace their parents. But since some kids die, the replacement level is considered as 2.1. Hence, India's TFR has fallen below the replacement level of 2.1. The falling fertility rate is linked to India's ranking in the Global Gender Gap Index, indicating how reproductive freedom and choice are being regulated by external factors. Economic, social, cultural and political reasons together influence couples' decisions to have fewer or no children. Hence, fertility is not merely a matter of individual choice but a socially constructed outcome. In a survey by the UNFPA and YouGov conducted in 14 countries, including India, 20 per cent of respondents were of the view that they may be unable to have the number of children that they want. One in five cited future concerns like climate change, war and pandemics as reasons behind having fewer children. In the case of India, financial limitations (38%) pose a significant challenge to young people's child bearing aspirations. Unemployment and job insecurity (21%), housing issues such as lack of space and high rent (22%), and inadequate childcare facilities (18%) contribute to making parenthood seemingly unattainable. Healthcare is yet another significant factor that determines fertility decisions. Globally, one in three people have faced unintended pregnancy. In India, 14 per cent of people say they face barriers in accessing fertility or pregnancy-related medical care. At least 15 per cent of people cite poor general health or chronic illnesses as reasons behind not wanting to have children or to have fewer. There are notable regional variations in fertility rates across India. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) 2019-21, only five states – Bihar (2.98), Uttar Pradesh (2.35), Jharkhand (2.26), Meghalaya (2.91), and Manipur (2.17) – still exceed the replacement rate of 2.1. In comparison, southern and western states such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat report fertility levels below replacement levels – ranging from 1.6 to 1.9. The TFR has also declined in both urban (1.6) and rural (2.2) areas. High fertility rates are often associated with pressure on public infrastructure and lower levels of women's education and agency, while low fertility rates raise concerns about better economic and social security. Although the decline in fertility is often seen as a matter of women's choice, the reality is more complex. The role of the state and society in creating enabling conditions that make parenthood, especially motherhood, can be underlined here. It includes ensuring equitable access to healthcare facilities and protecting reproductive freedom. Moreover, motherhood cannot be seen as biologically determined and needs to be supported by state-backed measures like parental leave, flexible working hours, and childcare facilities. For instance, the Voice of Women Study 2024 involving 24,000 women employees found that even making use of family-friendly policies – such as medically necessary maternity leave – incurs a reputational cost for women in the workplace. Women are often pushed into lower-paid, part-time roles, limiting career advancement and increasing economic inequality. As such, parenthood is seen as an opportunity cost, particularly for women. Hence, the falling fertility rate needs to be seen in the context of broader societal and institutional issues. The UNFPA and YouGov survey also shows that parenthood aspirations are changing for both men and women. Moreover, in the context of India, women alone rarely make reproductive decisions. Social pressure, particularly the preference for male children, affects women's reproductive choice. Sociological studies by scholars like Leela Dube and Prem Chowdhry have noted this. For instance, in her book Women and Kinship: Comparative Perspectives on Gender in South and South‑East Asia, Dube argues that kinship systems structure gender relations in ways that undervalue women as compared to men. Similarly, Chowdhry in her works such as The Veiled Women: Shifting Gender Equations in Rural Haryana has written about prejudices associated with having a daughter in India. At the policy level, what is required is to build trust through stable and rights-based approaches. For example, in 2024, the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly amended the Panchayat Raj and Municipal Acts, which had earlier banned anyone with more than two children from contesting local body elections. The declining fertility rates in the state prompted it to repeal the old policy. According to the NFHS 2019-21, Andhra Pradesh reported a TFR of 1.47 in urban areas and 1.78 in rural areas – both well below the replacement level of 2.1. But it is not enough to ask couples to have more children. Rather concrete provisions offering economic and social security would help make parenthood a feasible choice. At the societal level, the desire to have fewer or no children is also guided by how gendered roles operate in the domestic space. According to the Time Use Survey conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO), the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation in 2024, 41 per cent of women participate in caregiving compared to only 21.4 per cent of men. Women spend 140 minutes per day in caregiving activities whereas men spend 74 minutes. This reflects the Indian social fabric where domestic and caregiving responsibilities are largely seen as women's work, often discouraging women from having children or opting for fewer. It underlines a pressing need for policies that formally recognises women's unpaid domestic labour. Feminist economists like Devaki Jain in her 1996 paper titled Valuing Work: Time as a Measure have advocated for the same. Domestic responsibilities and parenthood need to go beyond gendered roles to address the declining fertility rate. It is not a 'women's problem' but one that needs to be tackled at both societal and policy levels. Fertility choices in India are after all deeply embedded in caste, religion and patriarchy. To what extent does India's low ranking in the Global Gender Gap Report reflect structural barriers to reproductive autonomy? How do declining fertility rates in India reflect on the narrative of women's empowerment? In what ways do gendered domestic responsibilities, as reflected in Time Use Survey data, shape reproductive choices Fertility-related policies should focus more on economic incentives or on dismantling structural inequalities. Illustrate with examples. (Rituparna Patgiri is an Assistant Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Guwahati.) Share your thoughts and ideas on UPSC Special articles with Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
