Latest news with #Saturnalia
Time Business News
15-07-2025
- General
- Time Business News
Christmas Decorations: A Timeless Tradition of Joy and Celebration
Christmas is one of the most widely celebrated holidays around the world, and its festive spirit is unmistakably brought to life through dazzling decorations. From sparkling lights and evergreen trees to handcrafted ornaments and intricate nativity scenes, Christmas decorations are a cherished part of holiday traditions, embodying the warmth, generosity, and joy of the season. This article delves into the rich history of Christmas decorations, explores the various types and cultural influences, and discusses how modern trends are shaping the way we celebrate today. 1. The Origins of Christmas Decorations a. Pagan Roots and Winter Celebrations Before the advent of Christianity, many ancient civilizations celebrated winter solstice festivals. The Romans observed Saturnalia, a week-long celebration honoring Saturn, the god of agriculture. Homes were adorned with wreaths, garlands, and greenery like holly and ivy—symbols of eternal life. Similarly, Germanic tribes brought evergreen branches into their homes during the darkest days of winter to symbolize hope and renewal. These early customs laid the groundwork for many Christmas decoration traditions that followed. b. The Christian Influence As Christianity spread through Europe, many pagan customs were adapted into Christian traditions. By the 4th century, December 25 was designated as the birth of Jesus Christ. Over time, the symbols of eternal life (such as evergreens and candles) were reinterpreted to align with Christian theology—signifying the everlasting life offered by Christ and the light of the world. 2. The Evolution of the Christmas Tree a. From Pagan Symbol to Christian Tradition The Christmas tree is perhaps the most iconic decoration of the season. Its origins can be traced back to 16th-century Germany, where devout Christians brought decorated trees into their homes. Some built wooden pyramids and decorated them with evergreens and candles if wood was scarce. The tradition is often associated with Martin Luther, who is said to have added lighted candles to a tree to replicate the starry night sky. b. Spreading the Tradition By the 18th century, the Christmas tree tradition had spread across Europe. It was popularized in England by Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, in the 1840s. A published engraving of the royal family around a decorated tree helped the tradition gain popularity in Britain and, soon after, in America. Today, Christmas trees range from real evergreens to artificial models in a variety of styles and colors, often personalized with ornaments, lights, ribbons, and themed decorations. 3. Types of Christmas Decorations Christmas decorations are diverse, each with unique symbolism and purpose. Here's a breakdown of the most common types: a. Christmas Lights Originally candles, Christmas lights were used to symbolize Christ as the light of the world. With the invention of electric lights by Thomas Edison and their adaptation to Christmas trees by Edward H. Johnson in 1882, the practice became safer and more widespread. Modern lights come in many forms: String lights LED light sculptures Projection lights Solar-powered outdoor lights b. Ornaments Christmas ornaments add beauty and personalization to trees and homes. They range from traditional glass baubles and handcrafted figurines to heirlooms and DIY creations. Common themes include: Angels Stars Snowflakes Santas Animals Family photo ornaments c. Wreaths and Garlands Wreaths, typically made of evergreen branches, are hung on doors and walls to represent eternal life. Garlands, made of similar materials, adorn staircases, mantels, and doorways. They may be enhanced with berries, pinecones, ribbons, and lights. d. Stockings Rooted in the legend of St. Nicholas, Christmas stockings are hung on mantels for Santa to fill with small gifts. They are often personalized and come in a variety of fabrics and themes. e. Nativity Scenes These religious displays depict the birth of Jesus Christ with figures of Mary, Joseph, baby Jesus, the Three Wise Men, shepherds, and animals. Nativity scenes are an important symbol of the religious significance of Christmas, especially in Christian households. f. Advent Calendars and Wreaths Advent decorations help countdown to Christmas Day. Calendars reveal a small gift, chocolate, or message for each day, while Advent wreaths hold four candles lit weekly leading up to Christmas. 4. Cultural Variations in Christmas Decorations Different cultures have their own unique Christmas decoration styles, reflecting their traditions, values, and climate. a. Europe Germany : Known for intricate wooden decorations like nutcrackers and smokers, and beautifully crafted glass ornaments. : Known for intricate wooden decorations like nutcrackers and smokers, and beautifully crafted glass ornaments. Sweden : Incorporates straw goats (Julbock), stars, and candle-lit windows. : Incorporates straw goats (Julbock), stars, and candle-lit windows. Italy: Focuses heavily on nativity scenes (presepi), often elaborate and displayed throughout homes and towns. b. Latin America Countries such as Mexico celebrate with colorful piñatas, poinsettias (native to the region), and vibrant street decorations. 'Las Posadas' processions often include lanterns and nativity-themed décor. c. United States and Canada A mix of traditions from around the world, with an emphasis on indoor/outdoor lighting displays, inflatable lawn decorations, and personalized ornaments. d. Asia In countries like Japan and the Philippines, where Christians are minorities, decorations are often commercial and festive. The Philippines features 'parol' lanterns, a unique and beautiful tradition symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem. 5. Outdoor Decorations: Bringing the Festivities Outside Modern Christmas celebrations often extend beyond the interiors of homes. Outdoor decorations have grown in popularity, with entire neighborhoods transforming into glowing wonderlands. Common outdoor décor includes: Lighted reindeer and sleighs Inflatable Santas and snowmen Candy cane pathway lights Roof and window light outlines Projectors displaying snowflakes or holiday messages In some regions, decorating homes has become a friendly competition, with contests for the best light displays. 6. DIY and Sustainable Christmas Decorations As interest in sustainability grows, more people are turning to eco-friendly and DIY decorations. These options allow for creativity, reduce waste, and add a personal touch to holiday decor. a. Natural Decorations Dried orange slices Cinnamon sticks and star anise Pinecones Twigs and evergreen branches Homemade wreaths and garlands b. Recycled Materials Upcycled ornaments from old holiday cards Paper snowflakes Fabric scraps turned into bows or tree skirts Glass jars as candle holders c. Minimalist Decor Minimalism in holiday decor emphasizes simplicity and natural beauty. Neutral color palettes, fewer decorations, and handmade touches reflect a desire for slower, more intentional celebrations. 7. The Role of Commercialization With the rise of mass production and global trade, Christmas decorations have become a multibillion-dollar industry. Stores start selling decorations as early as October, and every year sees new trends in color schemes, themes, and technology. Popular commercial trends include: Themed trees (e.g., rustic farmhouse, glam gold, Nordic) Smart lighting systems controllable by apps Customizable projection and animation displays Collectible ornament series from popular franchises While commercialization has made decorating more accessible and exciting, many people still cherish the emotional value of traditional and handmade items. 8. Decorating as a Family Tradition For many households, decorating for Christmas is a treasured family ritual. Unpacking the same ornaments each year becomes a nostalgic experience, with stories tied to each piece. Children may help string lights, hang stockings, or place the star on the tree. Families often play music, drink hot cocoa, and share laughs while decorating—creating lifelong memories. This ritual reinforces the emotional importance of the holiday season: connection, joy, and giving. 9. Public Displays and Community Celebrations Beyond individual homes, communities also join in the festive spirit with public decorations. City centers, malls, churches, and town squares often go all out to celebrate the season. Some popular public decorations include: Giant Christmas trees (e.g., Rockefeller Center in New York) Ice skating rinks surrounded by twinkling lights Light festivals and holiday parades Church displays and live nativity scenes These displays foster a sense of community and celebration, bringing people together regardless of their personal beliefs. 10. The Psychological and Emotional Impact of Decorations Psychologists suggest that decorating for Christmas can have positive emotional effects. The festive colors, lights, and symbols can trigger happy memories, reduce stress, and create a sense of comfort and excitement. Studies have shown that early decorators often report feeling happier and more nostalgic, especially when connected to childhood traditions. In a world that can often feel fast-paced and stressful, Christmas decorations serve as a reminder to pause, reflect, and celebrate. Conclusion Christmas decorations are far more than just festive embellishments—they are symbols of history, culture, memory, and emotion. From their ancient roots to modern innovations, they continue to evolve while maintaining their power to bring joy and warmth. Whether you're drawn to traditional nativity scenes, minimalist Scandinavian style, or a fully decked-out, glowing lawn display, Christmas decorations reflect the spirit of the season and the values that matter most: love, togetherness, and hope. TIME BUSINESS NEWS
Scroll.in
01-05-2025
- Politics
- Scroll.in
Ancient Rome: How Caligula went from being a beloved ruler to one of the most cruel emperors
Caligula proved a popular choice as emperor, both in Rome and in the provinces. He was not only the son of Germanicus but also the grandson, on his mother's side, of Marcus Agrippa, and the great-grandson of both Augustus and Mark Antony. Although without meaningful military experience, he was popular with the Roman troops: many fondly remembered the pint-sized, uniformed child who, from the age of two, had served as a mascot on his father's campaigns against the Germans. Caligula was adored by the people of Rome, too, in part because of their love for Germanicus but also out of sympathy for the terrible persecutions suffered by his family: Tiberius had murdered Caligula's mother, his father, his two brothers and his aunt, Livilla. As he made his way north from Capreae to Rome, escorting the corpse of the dead emperor, he was accompanied by a 'dense and joyful throng' who hailed him affectionately as their 'star' (sidus) and their 'chick' (pullum). In March 37, he was quickly proclaimed the new princeps (the title that Tiberius, following Augustus, had also used). Such was the joy at his accession that in the space of a few weeks 160,000 birds and animals were sacrificed in thanks to the gods for granting them such a fine leader. Caligula quickly began repaying the love of the people and the faith of the Senate. He showed great deference to the senators, pledging to share power with them. He allowed them to sit on cushions rather than, as before, on bare benches, and to wear broad-brimmed straw hats in the hot weather. He lowered taxes on sales at auction, allowed the circulation of books banned by Tiberius, recalled those whom Tiberius had exiled, and banished the sexual contortionists whose antics had catered to the old emperor's depraved fancies. (He was narrowly dissuaded from throwing them into the sea.) Whereas Tiberius gave no public shows at all, Caligula staged plays and gladiatorial combats as well as chariot races in the intermissions – for which he introduced such exciting new attractions as panther-baiting. He added an extra day to the Saturnalia, the popular festival during which gifts were exchanged and days on end were spent eating and drinking. He renamed the month of September as Germanicus, in honour of his beloved father. He completed large public works, such as rebuilding the port at Rhegium, refurbishing the Theatre of Pompey (badly damaged in a recent fire) and bringing a 25-metre-high obelisk (the one now pointing heavenward in St Peter's Square) from Egypt. Construction also started on a new aqueduct and another amphitheatre. Some of Caligula's antics, however, caused some concern. Dressing in women's clothes, donning the armour and weapons of a gladiator, carrying around a thunderbolt or trident as a prop, or insisting that he held conversations with the moon: such caprices may have seemed harmless or amusing eccentricities. So too, perhaps, his habit of urgently convening the Senate in the middle of the night only to – once the great men had assembled, expecting to discuss weighty matters – treat them to a performance of his latest dance moves. But other behaviour was more disquieting, such as removing from office two consuls who forgot to send him birthday wishes, or forcing his grandmother (the daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia) to commit suicide 'because she had rebuked him for something'. These were the first indications that the new princeps was – if we accept the lurid testimony of the sources – severely and hopelessly deranged. Most of what we know of Caligula's life and reign comes from six ancient writers: Seneca the Younger and Philo of Alexandria, both of whom knew him personally; Tacitus and Josephus, who knew people who had known Caligula; and finally, Suetonius and Cassius Dio, whose works were not written until, respectively, some eighty and 190 years following Caligula's reign. Almost all the material on Caligula from the best historian on the Julio-Claudian period, Tacitus, has been lost, and it's unclear if the sources available to Suetonius and Cassius were entirely reliable. At the start of his Annals, which appeared in 116 CE, Tacitus observed (quite accurately) that the histories of emperors like Tiberius and Caligula were 'falsified through cowardice while they flourished, and composed, when they fell, under the influence of still rankling hatreds'. We do not have, in other words, unbiased accounts of their lives and reigns. We must therefore be wary of accepting much of the evidence – especially the more shocking and sensationalised stories – at face value. This same problem, we shall see, likewise complicates our understanding of many later emperors. Caligula certainly seemed to give plenty of cause for hatred to rankle. It's unclear what exactly might have led to his monstrous exploits. Medical sleuths have diagnosed him with everything from alcoholism and a thyroid disorder to encephalitis, temporal lobe epilepsy, lead poisoning, schizophrenia and neurosyphilis. Suetonius reported that he was driven mad by an aphrodisiac administered by his wife (though his libido, if we trust the sources, was scarcely in need of encouragement). Yet it's difficult to imagine how any of these agents or ailments could have been responsible for his gratuitous and sadistic violence – for what Cassius Dio called his 'insatiable desire for the sight of blood'. He seems to have earnestly believed what he once told his grandmother: 'Remember that I have the right to do anything to anybody.' And so he did: no one, it appears, was safe from his psychopathic whims. 'Off comes this beautiful head whenever I give the word,' he would tenderly whisper to his wives and mistresses. When the two consuls sitting beside him at a sumptuous feast asked why he was chuckling, he explained the cause of his mirth was that at a single nod he could have their throats slit. At least his wives and the consuls were spared. Hundreds or even thousands of others were not. Cassius Dio recorded the disturbing story that when there was a shortage of condemned criminals to be fed to the lions, Caligula ordered a random group of spectators – 'some of the mob standing near the benches' – to be seized and thrown to them. 'To prevent the possibility of their making an outcry or any reproaches,' Cassius claimed, 'he first caused their tongues to be cut out.' Other of his bloody acts were aimed at eliminating rivals, such as his 18-year-old cousin Tiberius Gemellus, the son of Drusus and Livilla: he was forced to commit suicide. Another victim was a distinguished visiting guest, important ally and distant relative, King Ptolemy of Mauretania. Legend had it that King Ptolemy was murdered because Caligula grew jealous of the ardent admiration sparked by his magnificent purple robe. More probably, Caligula disposed of him because Ptolemy, as the grandson of Cleopatra and Mark Antony, represented a threat to his power. Caligula's murders had an economic as well as a political motive. In the first two years of his reign, his wild extravagances virtually exhausted the treasury. Desperately in need of funds, he took to confiscating the assets of his victims, who were denounced on trumped-up charges and then executed merely so he could get his hands on their money. 'No one who possessed anything', reported Cassius Dio, 'got off unscathed.' Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar had raised vast sums through their wars of conquest, and so Caligula, hoping to emulate their example, embarked on several military expeditions. He first went to Gaul, but his invasion force of actors, gladiators and women, all equipped with the 'trappings of luxury', failed to inflict any damage. He soon returned to Rome. A campaign in Britain fared no better: he reached the English Channel but instead of crossing the waves, like Julius Caesar, and engaging the inhabitants, he perched on a lofty platform on a French beach and, after much tooting of trumpets and other warlike preparations, simply ordered the soldiers to gather seashells. The bizarre episode no doubt puzzled his soldiers as much as it does modern historians.
Yahoo
01-04-2025
- Business
- Yahoo
3 Coins From the Past That Are Making a Comeback in 2025
Coin collecting, or numismatics (a term which also encompasses the study of coins), has been a practice for at least 2,000 years, with Augustus — also known as Octavian — famously gifting a variety of exotic coins and foreign currency as gifts during the celebration of Saturnalia. The market has since been highly formalized, with collectors across the globe contributing to a vibrant and competitive secondary market, particularly for the less common and more desirable pieces. And that market is flourishing, according to Christian Briggs, CEO of Hard Asset Management. Find Out: Read Next: 'Numismatics has always offered a unique blend of culture, craftsmanship and scarcity,' Briggs stated in a Mar. 24 press release. 'Today's demand reflects a deeper appreciation for that blend. We're seeing renewed energy across all segments of the market, from early American gold to modern proofs and historical silver issues.' The question, then: Which coins from the past are making a value-driven comeback in 2025? Numismatist Justin Heller of New Haven Coins (or The Collector of Coins via YouTube) suggested the 1890-CC — representing a minting from Carson City — Morgan silver dollar as a prime candidate for coin collectors looking for value in 2025. Stating that this mintage was 'one of the most frequently asked-for coins when I'm set up as a dealer at a coin show,' Heller also indicated that the value could range anywhere between $500 to $2,500 — depending on grading, condition, and market timing. This coin exhibits relative scarcity, even though a little more than 2.3 million were initially minted. Explore More: One of the 'most famous and dramatic mint errors in U.S. coin history,' in Heller's words, this error occurred at the Philadelphia Mint, with approximately 20,000 to 24,000 pennies being struck with this error. The error is easily visible without magnification, making these error coins notably easy to spot, per the numismatics expert. Being 'one of the most desirable errors among collectors,' Heller suggested his audience purchase the coin in good to fine circulated condition at between $1,200 to $2,500 — or high-end graded mint state for up to $30,000 — with the anticipation of holding for greater future valuation. While technically from the past, but not particularly old, the 2021 $10 quarter-ounce red-tailed hawk as issued by the Royal Canadian Mint is a contender, trading at higher valuation than even the current record-high gold spot price might suggest. According to Benzinga, the connection to the late Queen Elizabeth II and the high purity of gold (99.99%), in addition to the beauty of its design and relative scarcity, contribute to the higher-than-expected current value of this piece. More From GOBankingRates 5 Types of Vehicles Retirees Should Stay Away From Buying The New Retirement Problem Boomers Are Facing 4 Things You Should Do if You Want To Retire Early 8 Common Mistakes Retirees Make With Their Social Security Checks This article originally appeared on 3 Coins From the Past That Are Making a Comeback in 2025
