Latest news with #ShilpaRavella
Times
2 days ago
- Health
- Times
The foods to eat to reduce inflammation — and those to avoid
Inflammation has been linked to the development of a host of life-threatening health conditions including heart disease, cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes and dementia, and it plays a causal role in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Reduce it, and the threat of these diseases has been shown to decline. But how many of us know what inflammation is, why too much is so damaging, or what we can do to protect ourselves from it? • Read more expert advice on healthy living, fitness and wellbeing 'Inflammation is a defence system,' says Dr James Kinross, a consultant surgeon and lecturer in colorectal surgery at Imperial College London. 'It is a process through which our body is able to detect harm and regenerate itself once it's sustained an injury.' Cut your finger or catch a cold, for example, and the damaged cells release chemicals that trigger a response to heal you. If all systems are in good order, the inflammation subsides once you are well. Inflammation becomes a risk, Kinross says, when that response isn't switched off again. It's designed to be acute, but not chronic or excessive. 'If it switches on for the wrong reasons or you lose that balance, it becomes problematic,' he says. 'The immune system will literally attack our body's cells and tissues.' One of its biggest triggers is our modern environment and lifestyle, says the gastroenterologist Shilpa Ravella, the author of A Silent Fire: The Story of Inflammation, Diet and Disease. 'We've altered, among many things, our diet, physical activity, stress levels, sleep, social connections, the quality of the air we breathe, and our exposure to toxins from our household and other products,' she says. We have never been exposed to so many factors that trigger inflammation in our bodies, and we know this owing to recent strides in molecular medicine. Danny Altmann, a professor of immunology at Imperial College London, says that doctors can now measure a range of biological markers, including cytokines, that increase with excessive inflammation and are signs of 'bad or unhealthy stuff going on'. Age, for example, increases our susceptibility to inflammation, Altmann says. 'If you do all those biomarker measurements, they grow further and further off-kilter as you grow older, and contribute to poor health.' In its early stages, persistent low-level inflammation can be silent and 'hidden, simmering quietly in the blood of ostensibly healthy people,' Ravella says. 'One thing to watch out for is belly fat, because it is a proxy for hidden 'visceral' fat that wraps around inner abdominal organs. And this type of fat is highly inflammatory, churning out inflammatory cytokines at all hours.' She stresses that the risk is more closely related to lifestyle choices than how you look. Improving diet, reducing stress and exercising more frequently can reduce chronic, hidden inflammation 'even without a change in the amount of belly fat one has'. Similarly, you can look fit and slim but harbour silent inflammation if you don't have good lifestyle habits. To make sense of this link, it helps to understand how the immune system works, says Kinross, who has written a book on the subject, Dark Matter: The New Science of the Microbiome. Your immune system has two parts. Your innate immune system deals with day-to-day challenges and threats: if your body meets a pathogen, it mounts an immediate response. When your body meets the same pathogen again, the second part of the immune system, the adaptive part, learns how to make antibodies to fight it and creates a more precise strike. • 14 foods you should eat every week (including chocolate) 'This is where the microbiome is so important,' Kinross says. 'You need bugs to educate and set up and teach that system friend from foe. You also need the right balance of microbes because they can speak to that immune system and say, 'Hey guys, you need to ramp up'. But they can also put the brake on.' So healthy gut bugs and a diverse microbiome make for a more efficient immune system. Kinross believes that the huge rise in conditions that share a common thread of inflammation can be attributed partly to failing to programme our immune systems effectively in early life. The overuse of antibiotics, a diet of nutrient-poor and ultra-processed foods and exposure to pollution all negatively affect the microbiome. Antonio Vidal-Puig, a professor of molecular nutrition and metabolism at the University of Cambridge, heads a team researching the mechanisms that link obesity with metabolic complications including insulin resistance, diabetes, fatty liver and heart disease. 'Obesity is also associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, and also with cancer — such as colon, breast, prostate or gynaecological — as well as IBD and many other common diseases,' he says.'Inflammation is a key component in the story everywhere.' We already know that losing weight cuts obesity-related cancer risk, but a study presented at the European Congress of Obesity in May suggested that losing weight through taking GLP-1 medication (such as Ozempic or Mounjaro) resulted in a 41 per cent greater reduction in risk than if one were to lose the same weight through bariatric surgery. Obesity can cause chronic inflammation through metabolically abnormal fatty tissues releasing hormones and proteins that reduce anti-inflammatory immune cells across the body, as well as through imbalances in insulin and glucose, says Dr Matthew Harris, a Cancer Research UK clinical research fellow and lead author of PADRAIC, a project at the University of Manchester researching anti-obesity interventions to prevent adult cancers. However, it's likely that there are some direct effects of GLP-1 drugs on the immune system too, he adds. 'There are GLP-1 receptors all over the body — predominantly in the gut, brain and pancreas, but also on immune cells called T-cells that respond to inflammation. While it's likely that the anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1 drugs are mostly due to a reduction in 'sick fat', it's speculated that there may also be some direct effects on the receptors.' A Mediterranean-style diet enhances health because it contains fruit, leafy greens and other vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, spices and herbs, all of which have high anti-inflammatory potential, Ravella says. 'These foods contain a host of substances essential for regulating the immune system, like polyphenols, carotenoids and other phytochemicals, as well as unsaturated fats like omega-3s.' • The 13 carbs you should eat Our most anti-inflammatory nutrient? Fibre from plant sources. We should be eating 30g of fibre daily, but at least 90 per cent of UK adults are deficient in it. 'Fibre can manipulate all arms of the immune system,' Ravella says. Ultra-processed foods full of additives, foods that contain an excess of sugar and salt, plus refined carbs and unhealthy animal foods including processed meats can all activate the immune system, stressing cells in the body and triggering inflammation, she says. Alcohol, too, is inflammatory, says Dr Federica Amati, a medical scientist and nutrition lead at Imperial College London. Colourful fruit and veg and leafy greens 'Fruits and vegetables that are high in antioxidant polyphenols combat oxidative stress and lower inflammatory markers,' says Amati, who is also head nutritionist at the science and nutrition company Zoe and the author of Every Body Should Know This: The Science of Eating for a Lifetime of Health. Colourful fruits are particularly beneficial. Pomegranates, for example, contain specific polyphenols associated with reducing heart disease, she says. Beetroot is another deeply coloured antioxidant-rich plant that helps to reduce inflammation. And yellow-toned plants — papayas, oranges, mangos, apples, carrots and celery — contain the polyphenol apigenin, which has anti-inflammatory effects. Fruits and vegetables are also high in fibre, which helps to maintain a healthy gut microbiome, and can create short-chain fatty acids, which are good for maintaining the integrity of the gut lining. Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli and Brussels sprouts, and leafy greens including spinach, Swiss chard and cavolo nero, are particularly beneficial. Legumes Black beans, chickpeas, lentils and edamame are high in fibre and polyphenols. 'Lentils contain plenty of fibre and plant protein, as well as micronutrients like iron. They are a nutritional powerhouse,' Amati says. MushroomsMushrooms provide fibre, plant protein and polyphenols that are special to fungi, Amati says. 'Increasing your intake of mushrooms is associated with lower inflammation and if you sunbathe them on your windowsill, they will also contain vitamin D, which is great for immune health.' Omega-3 fatty acids found in fishSalmon, sardines, anchovies, and mackerel are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, but so are flaxseeds, chia seeds and walnuts. Studies have found that they help cells to make more omega-3-derived metabolites which turn off the inflammatory response and work to improve the gut microbiome. 'They're known to have anti-inflammatory properties and are metabolised by the gut microbiome — our gut microbes love omega-3,' Amati says. 'They have properties that are important for reducing inflammation in the liver.' • The ultra-processed foods the top nutritionist says are healthy Wholegrains such as oats and speltSteel-cut oats, barley, quinoa, buckwheat and spelt contain a fibre called beta-glucan, which has anti-inflammatory properties, reduces cholesterol and helps with heart health. Nuts and seeds As well as the omega-3 in flaxseeds, chia seeds and walnuts, other seeds and nuts, such as almonds and pumpkin seeds, contain healthy poly and monounsaturated fats. 'They also provide polyphenols of their own that help to lower inflammation,' Amati says. Extra virgin olive oilThis is in a category of its own. 'It has a clear role in the Mediterranean diet, but as an ingredient itself, its particular polyphenols and fats have very strong anti-inflammatory effects that have been likened to the anti-inflammatory effects of ibuprofen,' Amati says. Herbs, spices and fermented foodTurmeric, ginger and garlic have potent anti-inflammatory effects thanks to the specific polyphenols found in them, such as curcumin in turmeric and allicin in garlic. Amati notes that a recent trial by scientists at Stanford University investigated how the gut microbiome and inflammatory modulation changed between a fibre-rich diet and a fermented food-rich diet. 'The high-fibre diet helped to improve immune system function, so it was better able to react appropriately to pathogens. The high fermented-food diet, containing yoghurt, kefir, sauerkraut and kimchi, helped to reduce systemic inflammation, specifically helping to modulate unnecessary inflammatory response.' Bacon and processed meatsThese are high in salt and saturated fat, both of which cause inflammatory responses in the body and are linked to an increased risk of bowel cancer. 'We think this is due to a combination of the saturated fat and the way they are processed, along with the additives like nitrates and salt,' Amati says. 'They are also not good for the gut microbiome, which makes it easier for the inflammation to go up.' Sweets and fizzy drinks Foods that are high in sugar will raise your blood sugar level rapidly, also increasing insulin levels, which promotes an inflammatory state in the body. 'Sugar is also absorbed quickly into the liver and the liver doesn't like that,' Amati says. Factory-made pastries and cakesThese tend to be high in saturated fats and refined carbohydrates, as well as sugar. 'Research has shown that people who have a higher intake of refined carbs have higher inflammatory markers,' Amati says. 'Refined carbs are stripped of fibre, antioxidants and micronutrients during processing, which removes the naturally anti-inflammatory compounds. When sugar reacts with proteins or fats in the body, it forms AGEs [advanced glycation end-products], which accumulate in tissues and trigger immune cells to release inflammatory cytokines.'
Yahoo
08-04-2025
- Health
- Yahoo
The dangers of chronic inflammation – and the worst things for it
Imagine a glowing couple in their 20s, working and partying hard, getting precious little sleep, says gastroenterologist Shilpa Ravella. Then fast-forward 30 years and the couple may have serious health issues such as Type 2 diabetes or heart disease. 'Late nights, drinking and stress, all these things trigger low-level inflammation which can damage our tissues and then one day it turns into heart disease or cancer,' adds Ravella. 'Yes, younger bodies tend to process things more favourably. But the processed food has got worse, and young onset colon cancer is skyrocketing.' Being slim isn't a protection, adds Ravella. 'You can be at the gym lifting weights, have big muscles and a flat tummy, but still be highly inflamed. More importantly, you could have a higher risk of disease down the line, without having a clue.' Hidden, chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammation is a 'hot topic' in health and wellness because it's increasingly recognised as a major driver of heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer's, as well as autoimmune conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (where the immune system starts to attack the healthy cells of organs and tissues). And scientists now believe 'inflammaging' is one of several essential factors that drive ageing in humans. 'As we age, just naturally through a combination of genetics and the sum total of our environmental exposures, our immune systems develop a natural propensity for wanting to engage in chronic inflammation,' explains Dr Nathan Curran, a functional Medicine Practitioner at London's The Galen Clinic. 'If we're trying to prevent chronic disease, it needs to go beyond just screening for the disease,' he adds. 'We need to be screening for the actual triggers of the disease before they emerge.' Inflammation isn't bad per se. It's the immune system's response to any traumatic event in the body tissues – for example, a scraped knee or finger cut. In case of 'acute' inflammation, our immune system releases inflammatory cells and cytokines (small proteins that stimulate more inflammatory cells) to neutralise the invading virus or start healing injured tissue. You will experience redness, warmth and swelling, but it will be over in a matter of days. 'Acute inflammation serves a very important role in keeping us alive,' says Dr Curran. In our evolutionary history, in order to protect our bodies from pathogens and poisons, we developed a hyperactive immune system, explains Ravella, author of A Silent Fire: The Story of Inflammation, Diet and Disease. The problem is inflammation is not always harmless. 'Chronic' inflammation happens when this response is switched on all the time, leaving your body in a constant state of alert. The body continues to send white blood cells on the attack in the absence of any threat. This disrupts normal bodily functions and can result in healthy tissues and organs being attacked. Plus your body never gets a chance to recuperate. The whole topic of inflammation became a bit more 'personal' last October when I learnt I have 'a propensity for excessive inflammation on a genetic level' when I did a DNA test at Dr Curran's clinic. The clues were there already: I had high cholesterol and was a point from being pre-diabetic. I sneezed incessantly (and very loudly) after too much fizz or sugar, both of which raise inflammation. 'You have an 'eager/active' variant of the gene,' Dr Curran tells me. 'This means a relatively mild trigger has the potential to trigger a disproportionately large/sustained release of TNF-alpha (a pro-inflammatory protein), unless we moderate the impact of this genetic variation through an anti-inflammatory lifestyle, omega-3s, Vitamin D and so on.' I immediately Google TNF-alpha and find that, worryingly, this cytokine is implicated in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions including, sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and dementia. 'Just because you have the genetic propensity doesn't mean it will be translated into excessive inflammation,' he adds, 'but you need to be mindful of your lifestyle and dietary exposures.' But there's my family's history of heart disease to consider, too. 'When cholesterol accumulates in the arteries, it creates inflammation because it gets modified and oxidised,' explains British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine at the University of Cambridge, Ziad Mallat. 'And then the body recognises it as a stranger. This inflammation initially serves to clear the oxidised cholesterol from the arteries. But when the body is exposed continuously to this aggression, the clearance capacities become overwhelmed and the inflammation becomes chronic. This causes more build-up of fatty material in the arteries and later may create clots in the arteries, and cause heart attack and stroke. The same thing happens when you have high glucose in diabetes, or if you smoke; it causes injury to the arteries and that creates chronic inflammation.' The shock motivated me to change my diet (I gave up free sugar, brought my cholesterol down naturally for this paper). Then in March I asked my GP for a CRP (C-reactive protein) blood test (CRP is produced by the liver and if there's a higher concentration of CRP than usual, it's a sign of inflammation) and, phew, it's normal at the moment. The sneezing has stopped. 'You were really lucky, because your sneezing was so obvious and not everybody has that,' says Thaddeus Stappenbeck, MD, PhD chair of Inflammation and Immunity at Cleveland Clinic. 'Most people have more vague symptoms, like they don't have the energy they used to, or they're not sleeping well.' At Cleveland Clinic, Dr Thaddeus's research programme focuses on determining the root causes of inflammatory diseases with the goal of developing new therapies. 'With certain types of inflammatory conditions, they can programme parts of your immune system so they simply malfunction which further fuels inflammation later. A really good example is sepsis. Patients who have had bloodstream infections and spent time in intensive care, if they survive and are able to leave the hospital, what's well recognised is that parts of their immune system are no longer functional. So they're at risk for repeat infections with worse overall inflammation.' The function of the immune system is to protect us from invaders—and to be able to tell apart the cells of our own body from other cells that don't belong to us. And scientists have estimated that about 70 per cent of the immune system lives in the gut microbiome. Chronic inflammation in the gut may be due to inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. But a modern Western diet high in ultra-processed foods can literally cause our whole body to be on fire, too. The poorer the quality of a meal, the higher the inflammatory response. Our microbiome (and the trillions of bugs in our intestines crucial to human health) is worryingly damaged, in contrast to our ancestors who had better gut health. This sort of inflammation contributes to most of our '21st-century' diseases, says Dr Stappenbeck. 'The link between what's going on in your gut microbiome, and diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or sleep disorders or depression is really amazing. We're learning, for example, that Parkinson's disease probably starts in many of these patients in the colon and becomes more evident once brain lesions have developed. A lot of patients with Parkinson's have very severe constipation because the neurons in their colon are damaged and don't function properly. They could have been experiencing that for years without realising. So could we diagnose Parkinson's earlier before the cells of the brain are damaged?' Many people don't know they have chronic inflammation until they're diagnosed with another condition, like rheumatoid arthritis or Type 2 diabetes. Though patients may have experienced symptoms long before a formal diagnosis, says Dr Stappenbeck. 'We and others now recognise there are likely pre-existing conditions to Crohn's disease, for example. We see patients who start off by just feeling terrible, they're chronically tired, have brain fog, lethargy, some sort of GI disturbance. It's all connected.' We still lack functional tests of our immune system to recognise people at risk. Though you can ask your GP to check inflammation levels with a CRP blood test to check inflammatory biomarkers (as part of your midlife check). C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood may indicate infection or inflammation in the body which will require further testing. Though as Dr Curran reminds us, it could simply be caused by a common cold. The good news is we can prevent, treat or even reverse chronic inflammation with medication and diet changes, says Ravella. 'You're able to see changes in the microbiome within a few days to weeks after changing your diet and that is going to jump-start positive change. From a disease-risk perspective, it may take longer.' Modifications in diet, behaviour and lifestyle are the best place to start. 'People who are able to keep up those anti-inflammatory dietary and lifestyle factors throughout their lives, have a better chance of retaining the physical and mental functionality they had in their youth,' says Ravella. 'So that puts the way in which they age in a very different context. Obviously you will have the inflammation that's a natural part of ageing, but you're able to resolve inflammatory challenges far more seamlessly.' Many inflammatory issues start in the gut, so we need a diverse diet, rich in foods that fight inflammation. 'What you include is actually much more important than what you exclude,' says Ravella. Aim for at least six portions of fruit/veg a day. Prioritise gut-friendly natural foods (leafy greens, like kale and spinach, plus cruciferous veg like broccoli, kale, cauliflower), grains, beans, spices and herbs which contain healthy fibre and chemicals. Opt for healthy anti-inflammatory fats from sources like olive oil, nuts and seeds (chia seeds, flaxseed, walnuts, almonds). Studies have associated nuts with reduced markers of inflammation and a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Eat 50g of fibre a day (30g is not enough, argues Ravella). As well as oats and fibre-rich wholemeal bread, add in quinoa, bulgar, legumes each day. 'Fibre is one of our most anti-inflammatory foods that can actually manipulate the immune system, yet 90 per cent of UK adults are deficient in fibre,' says Ravella. Eat fatty fish like salmon, sardines, and mackerel. 'A diet rich in omega-3 from oily fish is very effective at quelling chronic inflammation,' says Dr Curran. Diets high in processed meats, butter, sweets, sugary drinks and refined grains are linked to higher inflammation and an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Ultra-processed foods are highly inflammatory due to their high content of saturated fats, sugars, salt, and additives like emulsifiers and sweeteners, which can negatively impact the gut microbiome and trigger inflammation. 'They're like Frankenfoods,' says Ravella. Sugar also feeds inflammatory microbes in the gut, damaging our gut microbiome and leading to more inflammation. Among other things, booze profoundly disrupts your gut bacteria and gut and liver function. 'All the data suggests it's really a toxin, essentially equivalent to cigarettes in provoking chronic inflammation. Limiting exposure to alcohol as best you can is a good strategy,' says Dr Stappenbeck. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity (like walking) per week. Partly because it can help to prevent obesity, which causes inflammation and partly because it comes with its own benefits. A 2017 study conducted by the University of California San Diego School of Medicine found that even one 20-minute session of moderate exercise can stimulate the immune system. 'Sleep is very important in draining toxic material from the brain through a specialised lymphatic system that cleans the brain, and it is very active at night,' says Prof Mallat, 'and all of this is very important in terms of shutting down inflammation.' 'Taking a walk in the woods can help us de-stress, but also exposes us to bacteria, viruses and fungi that can boost our own,' says Ravella. ' Too many people are on screens in concrete buildings and don't go out.' Burnout exacerbates inflammation. 'If you are operating constantly in a state of constant threat perception, that will drive your immune system to a state of hyper-vigilance,' explains Dr Curran. 'Your thoughts are communicated to your immune system through stress hormones, so high levels of cortisol or adrenaline (all of the fight-or-flight signalling agents) shifts your immune system into a state of high alert, where the smallest trigger sets off a massive inflammatory cascade.' Vitamin D is hugely important for regulating inflammation, says Dr Curran. It helps to support the body's immune response, improving your ability to fight off illness and disease. Research based on workers during Ramadan in Indonesia suggests intermittent fasting can help limit inflammation. It can facilitate weight loss, prevent the progression of Type 2 diabetes and consequently improve cardiovascular risk, increase longevity, and reduce disease. Certain cleaning supplies and body care products contain chemicals that may inflame us, so read labels carefully. 'We call it sterile inflammation,' says Dr Stappenbeck. 'Usually with inflammation, you have an infectious agent. But it's this sterile inflammation in the absence of any kind of infectious agent, that's worrying. We also need to further study the emerging role of microplastics and their interaction with the microbiome, especially in the gut, since this is something that's usually ingested.' You can get a water filter and avoid bottled water, he adds, though the majority of microplastics come from our clothes when they are washed. So avoid polyester, nylon and acrylic. Choose natural fibres like cotton, wool, linen. Wash less frequently, use cold water, run full loads, and consider investing in a washing machine filter or a laundry bag designed to capture microplastics. Air quality is also key. 'All the epidemiological studies suggest that in terms of lung disease, your post code, and how much pollution you breathe in really matters. A 2019 study by King's College London found London had the highest levels of airborne microplastics yet recorded, with a rate of microplastic deposition over 25 times higher than China, and seven times higher than Paris. 'If you live in an area with high amounts of air pollution, that's obviously going to affect your lung function, or if your water supply is contaminated with high amounts of microplastics.' Air purifiers, especially those with HEPA filters, can effectively remove microplastics and other airborne pollutants. And if you live in a polluted are a like London avoid exercising outside at dawn or dusk when pollution peaks.
Telegraph
08-04-2025
- Health
- Telegraph
The dangers of chronic inflammation – and the worst things for it
Imagine a glowing couple in their 20s, working and partying hard, getting precious little sleep, says gastroenterologist Shilpa Ravella. Then fast-forward 30 years and the couple may have serious health issues such as Type 2 diabetes or heart disease. 'Late nights, drinking and stress, all these things trigger low-level inflammation which can damage our tissues and then one day it turns into heart disease or cancer,' adds Ravella. 'Yes, younger bodies tend to process things more favourably. But the processed food has got worse, and young onset colon cancer is skyrocketing.' Being slim isn't a protection, adds Ravella. 'You can be at the gym lifting weights, have big muscles and a flat tummy, but still be highly inflamed. More importantly, you could have a higher risk of disease down the line, without having a clue.' Hidden, chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammation is a 'hot topic' in health and wellness because it's increasingly recognised as a major driver of heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer's, as well as autoimmune conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (where the immune system starts to attack the healthy cells of organs and tissues). And scientists now believe 'inflammaging' is one of several essential factors that drive ageing in humans. 'As we age, just naturally through a combination of genetics and the sum total of our environmental exposures, our immune systems develop a natural propensity for wanting to engage in chronic inflammation,' explains Dr Nathan Curran, a functional Medicine Practitioner at London's The Galen Clinic. 'If we're trying to prevent chronic disease, it needs to go beyond just screening for the disease,' he adds. 'We need to be screening for the actual triggers of the disease before they emerge.' What is inflammation? Inflammation isn't bad per se. It's the immune system's response to any traumatic event in the body tissues – for example, a scraped knee or finger cut. In case of 'acute' inflammation, our immune system releases inflammatory cells and cytokines (small proteins that stimulate more inflammatory cells) to neutralise the invading virus or start healing injured tissue. You will experience redness, warmth and swelling, but it will be over in a matter of days. 'Acute inflammation serves a very important role in keeping us alive,' s ays Dr Curran. In our evolutionary history, in order to protect our bodies from pathogens and poisons, we developed a hyperactive immune system, explains Ravella, author of A Silent Fire: The Story of Inflammation, Diet and Disease. The problem is inflammation is not always harmless. 'Chronic' inflammation happens when this response is switched on all the time, leaving your body in a constant state of alert. The body continues to send white blood cells on the attack in the absence of any threat. This disrupts normal bodily functions and can result in healthy tissues and organs being attacked. Plus your body never gets a chance to recuperate. Inflammation and cholesterol The whole topic of inflammation became a bit more 'personal' last October when I learnt I have 'a propensity for excessive inflammation on a genetic level' when I did a DNA test at Dr Curran's clinic. The clues were there already: I had high cholesterol and was a point from being pre-diabetic. I sneezed incessantly (and very loudly) after too much fizz or sugar, both of which raise inflammation. 'You have an 'eager/active' variant of the gene,' Dr Curran tells me. 'This means a relatively mild trigger has the potential to trigger a disproportionately large/sustained release of TNF-alpha (a pro-inflammatory protein), unless we moderate the impact of this genetic variation through an anti-inflammatory lifestyle, omega-3 s, Vitamin D and so on.' I immediately Google TNF-alpha and find that, worryingly, this cytokine is implicated in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions including, sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and dementia. 'Just because you have the genetic propensity doesn't mean it will be translated into excessive inflammation,' he adds, 'but you need to be mindful of your lifestyle and dietary exposures.' But there's my family's history of heart disease to consider, too. 'When cholesterol accumulates in the arteries, it creates inflammation because it gets modified and oxidised,' explains British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine at the University of Cambridge, Ziad Mallat. 'And then the body recognises it as a stranger. This inflammation initially serves to clear the oxidised cholesterol from the arteries. But when the body is exposed continuously to this aggression, the clearance capacities become overwhelmed and the inflammation becomes chronic. This causes more build-up of fatty material in the arteries and later may create clots in the arteries, and cause heart attack and stroke. The same thing happens when you have high glucose in diabetes, or if you smoke; it causes injury to the arteries and that creates chronic inflammation.' The shock motivated me to change my diet (I gave up free sugar, brought my cholesterol down naturally for this paper). Then in March I asked my GP for a CRP (C-reactive protein) blood test (CRP is produced by the liver and if there's a higher concentration of CRP than usual, it's a sign of inflammation) and, phew, it's normal at the moment. The sneezing has stopped. 'You were really lucky, because your sneezing was so obvious and not everybody has that,' says Thaddeus Stappenbeck, MD, PhD chair of Inflammation and Immunity at Cleveland Clinic. 'Most people have more vague symptoms, like they don't have the energy they used to, or they're not sleeping well.' At Cleveland Clinic, Dr Thaddeus's research programme focuses on determining the root causes of inflammatory diseases with the goal of developing new therapies. 'With certain types of inflammatory conditions, they can programme parts of your immune system so they simply malfunction which further fuels inflammation later. A really good example is sepsis. Patients who have had bloodstream infections and spent time in intensive care, if they survive and are able to leave the hospital, what's well recognised is that parts of their immune system are no longer functional. So they're at risk for repeat infections with worse overall inflammation.' The role of diet and the gut microbiome in inflammation The function of the immune system is to protect us from invaders—and to be able to tell apart the cells of our own body from other cells that don't belong to us. And scientists have estimated that about 70 per cent of the immune system lives in the gut microbiome. Chronic inflammation in the gut may be due to inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. But a modern Western diet high in ultra-processed foods can literally cause our whole body to be on fire, too. The poorer the quality of a meal, the higher the inflammatory response. Our microbiome (and the trillions of bugs in our intestines crucial to human health) is worryingly damaged, in contrast to our ancestors who had better gut health. This sort of inflammation contributes to most of our '21st-century' diseases, says Dr Stappenbeck. 'The link between what's going on in your gut microbiome, and diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or sleep disorders or depression is really amazing. We're learning, for example, that Parkinson's disease probably starts in many of these patients in the colon and becomes more evident once brain lesions have developed. A lot of patients with Parkinson's have very severe constipation because the neurons in their colon are damaged and don't function properly. They could have been experiencing that for years without realising. So could we diagnose Parkinson's earlier before the cells of the brain are damaged?'
