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Indian Express
3 hours ago
- Politics
- Indian Express
Daily subject-wise quiz: History and Culture MCQs on langauges in India, Patharughat uprising, Chapchar Kut and more (Week 116)
Are you preparing for UPSC CSE Prelims? UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative of daily subject-wise quizzes. These quizzes are designed to help you revise some of the most important topics from the static part of the syllabus. Attempt today's subject quiz on History and Culture to check your progress. With which historical institution/society of India were Shyam Sunder Das, Pandit Ramnarayan Mishra, and Thakur Shivkumar Singh associated? (a) Kotwal Dasta (b) Nagari Pracharini Sabha (c) Communist Consolidation (d) Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal After decades of dormancy, the Nagari Pracharini Sabha is active again, and has begun republishing books from March this year. The Nagri Pracharini Sabha was founded in this milieu, by three Hindi scholars —Shyam Sunder Das, Pandit Ramnarayan Mishra, and Thakur Shivkumar Singh— on January 16, 1893. The organisation decided to throw its weight behind the cause of making Hindi the language of courts and government offices. It was also decided that an authoritative dictionary for Hindi would be compiled. From 1908 onwards, the Nagari Pracharini Sabha began sending people to villages, towns, and cities at its own expense to collect words and their meanings. These collectors documented words, synonyms, and local versions in use on paper. The collected words were then organised systematically and written down. This intense work continued for 21 years. Therefore, b is the correct answer. (For more, refer: As language politics heats up, looking back at Nagari Pracharini Sabha, which fought for recognition to Hindi by Ashutosh Kumar Pandey) Consider the following statements with reference to history of languages in India: 1. During Mughal rule, Persian was used as the official language in India. 2. In 1832, the Court of Directors of the East India Company declared that justice should be administered in Hindi language. 3. British civil servant Antony MacDonnell is credited with initiating the shift from the Persian script to the Devanagari script. Which of the above given statements is/are true? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Hindi under the British During Mughal rule, Persian was used as the official language in India. With the arrival of the British, the language equation changed. In 1832, the Court of Directors of the East India Company declared that justice should be administered in a language that common people could understand. As a result, Indian languages began to replace Persian. By 1861, in regions such as the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, the languages used in courts and government offices had become English, Urdu, and Persian. In some areas, the official languages were English, Persian, and Urdu, along with local scripts. Hindi had not yet emerged clearly, as it lacked a comprehensive vocabulary accessible to all. In the 1890s, the Devanagari script began to replace the Persian script. This shift is credited to British civil servant Antony MacDonnell. Therefore, b is the correct answer. (For more, refer: As language politics heats up, looking back at Nagari Pracharini Sabha, which fought for recognition to Hindi by Ashutosh Kumar Pandey ) 'Girmitiyas' is the term used for: (a) Indian clerks in colonial government (b) armed robbers (c) Indian slaves in British colonies (d) indentured labourers Story of 'girmitiyas' Britain banned slave trade in 1807, and finally abolished slavery in the British Empire in 1834. This created a labour crisis in many British colonies dependent on slave labour — including in Trinidad whose economy revolved around slave-run sugar plantations. In 1838, the enactment of the emancipation legislation in Trinidad was followed by a large-scale emigration of emancipated slaves from the sugar estates. Plantation owners thus turned to indentured labour from India. The very first boatload of indentured Indians came to Trinidad on May 30, 1845. While seen as more humane than slavery, indentured servitude was nonetheless brutal for labourers. 'Agents' back in India would lure unsuspecting Indians with the promise of riches and opportunity, but hold back a part of the labourer's wages till the end of the contract. This effectively ensured that labourers would be under bondage while working in back breaking conditions on plantations in faraway lands. These labourers were colloquially called girmitiyas, a corruption of the word 'agreement' that the labourers had to sign. Therefore, d is the correct answer. (For more, refer: Ramleela in Trinidad – An enduring representation of 'Indianness' by Arjun Sengupta) Whose words are these: 'When I intently ponder over the spread of education, the main obstacle seems to be the fact that its carrier is English'? (a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy (b) Dadabhai Naoroji (c) Rabindranath Tagore (d) Mahatma Gandhi Social reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy initially embraced English, but others began to question whether its cost — cultural dislocation — was too high. Still, English had taken root in law courts, universities, and commerce. Among the earliest voices of dissent were those of Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, who, though profoundly different in temperament, shared a common concern: that English was unmooring Indians from their linguistic and cultural soil. Gandhi's Hind Swaraj critiqued English for alienating Indians from their roots: 'To give millions a knowledge of English is to enslave them. The foundation that Macaulay laid of education has enslaved us. I do not suggest that he had any such intention, but that has been the result.' Tagore, in a 1915 essay, Shikshar Bahan, worried: 'When I intently ponder over the spread of education, the main obstacle seems to be the fact that its carrier is English.' Therefore, c is the correct answer. (For more, refer: The lingua of power – English and the making of modern India by Aishwarya Khosla) Which of the following associations or societies was Dadabhai Naoroji not associated with? (a) London Indian Society (b) East India Association (c) The India House (d) Bombay Presidency Association In 1865 and 1866, Naoroji helped found the London Indian Society and the East India Association respectively. The two organisations sought to bring nationalist Indians and sympathetic Britons on one platform. As the secretary of the East India Association, Naoroji travelled in India to gather funds and raise national awareness. Leader of the Indian National Congress In 1885, Naoroji became a vice-president of the Bombay Presidency Association, was nominated to the Bombay legislative council by Governor Lord Reay, and helped form the Indian National Congress. He was Congress president thrice, in 1886, 1893, and 1906. The first session of the Congress in 1885 passed a resolution calling for the formation of a standing committee in the British House of Commons for considering protests from legislative bodies in India. Naoroji dedicated his efforts towards this objective when he returned to England in 1886. Dadabhai Naoroji was not part of The India House. The India House was a student organization based in London during the early 20th century, known for its revolutionary activities and promoting Indian nationalism among students abroad. Therefore, c is the correct answer. (For more, refer: Remembering Dadabhai Naoroji on his birth anniversary by Om Marathe ) Consider the following: 1. Tradition of Vedic chanting 2. Kumbh Mela 3. Kalamkari 4. Garba Which of the above is/are included in UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) 1, 2 , 3 and 4 Following are the part of the list: Tradition of Vedic chanting (2008), Kumbh Mela (2017), Garba of Gujarat (2023) Kalamkari is not included in UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Therefore, c is the correct answer. (For more, refer: What caused the uprising of Patharughat in 1894? (a) administrative mismanagement during floods (b) peasants unrest against royalty (c) the British interference in their way of living of the tribal population (d) the British government decision to increase agricultural land tax After the British annexation of Assam in 1826, surveys of the vast lands of the state began. On the basis of such surveys, the British began to impose land taxes, much to the resentment of the farmers. In 1893, the British government decided to increase agricultural land tax reportedly by 70- 80 per cent. 'Up until then the peasants would pay taxes in kind or provide a service in lieu of cash,' said Patharughat-based Kamalakanta Deka, a professor of Assamese at Patharughat Higher Secondary School. 'Across Assam, peasants began protesting the move by organising Raij Mels, or peaceful peoples' conventions.' Therefore, d is the correct answer. (For more, refer: Patharughat Explained– The forgotten peasant uprising of Assam in 1894) What is Chapchar Kut? (a) A Buddhist festival of Sikkim commemorating Buddha's birth, enlightenment, and death, observed with special rituals. (b) A unique festival held at the Kamakhya Temple. (c) A Tibetan Buddhist festival marking the New Year. (d) A traditional festival celebrated in Mizoram after the successful clearing of jungle for farmland. The annual traditional Chapchar Kut, a festival celebrating the successful clearing of jungle for farmland and considered the most important traditional festival in Mizoram. Therefore, d is the correct answer. Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X. Manas Srivastava is currently working as Senior Copy Editor with The Indian Express (digital) and leads a unique initiative of IE - UPSC Essentials. He majorly writes on UPSC, other competitive exams and education-related projects. In the past, Manas has represented India at the G-20 Youth Summit in Mexico. He is a former member of the Youth Council, GOI. A two-time topper/gold medallist in History (both in graduation and post-graduation) from Delhi University, he has mentored and taught UPSC aspirants for more than four years. His diverse role in The Indian Express consists of writing, editing, anchoring/ hosting, interviewing experts, and curating and simplifying news for the benefit of students. He hosts the YouTube talk show called 'Art and Culture with Devdutt Pattanaik' and a LIVE series on Instagram and YouTube called 'You Ask We Answer'.His talks on 'How to read a newspaper' focus on newspaper reading as an essential habit for students. His articles and videos aim at finding solutions to the general queries of students and hence he believes in being students' editor, preparing them not just for any exam but helping them to become informed citizens. This is where he makes his teaching profession meet journalism. He is also the editor of UPSC Essentials' monthly magazine for the aspirants. He is a recipient of the Dip Chand Memorial Award, the Lala Ram Mohan Prize and Prof. Papiya Ghosh Memorial Prize for academic excellence. He was also awarded the University's Post-Graduate Scholarship for pursuing M.A. in History where he chose to specialise in Ancient India due to his keen interest in Archaeology. He has also successfully completed a Certificate course on Women's Studies by the Women's Studies Development Centre, DU. As a part of N.S.S in the past, Manas has worked with national and international organisations and has shown keen interest and active participation in Social Service. He has led and been a part of projects involving areas such as gender sensitisation, persons with disability, helping slum dwellers, environment, adopting our heritage programme. He has also presented a case study on 'Psychological stress among students' at ICSQCC- Sri Lanka. As a compere for seminars and other events he likes to keep his orating hobby alive. His interests also lie in International Relations, Governance, Social issues, Essays and poetry. ... Read More
Indian Express
10 hours ago
- Politics
- Indian Express
As language politics heats up, looking back at Nagari Pracharini Sabha, which fought for recognition to Hindi
Politics over Hindi and its 'imposition' is heating up again in Maharashtra, with the Thackeray cousins Uddhav and Raj coming together on a pro-Marathi language platform, even as the state government has withdrawn its decision to make Hindi the default third language in primary schools. Tamil Nadu Chief Minister MK Stalin has also commented on the row, saying the BJP 'has been forced to back down in Maharashtra, where they govern, due to fear of people's uprising.' More than a century ago, Hindi too had to fight for inclusion in official use, over then-dominant Persian. In this process, an organisation called Nagari Pracharini Sabha played a prominent role. After decades of dormancy, the Nagari Pracharini Sabha is active again, and has begun republishing books from March this year. Here's a brief history of the Sabha. During Mughal rule, Persian was used as the official language in India. With the arrival of the British, the language equation changed. In 1832, the Court of Directors of the East India Company declared that justice should be administered in a language that common people could understand. As a result, Indian languages began to replace Persian. By 1861, in regions such as the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, the languages used in courts and government offices had become English, Urdu, and Persian. In some areas, the official languages were English, Persian, and Urdu, along with local scripts. Hindi had not yet emerged clearly, as it lacked a comprehensive vocabulary accessible to all. In the 1890s, the Devanagari script began to replace the Persian script. This shift is credited to British civil servant Antony MacDonnell. Scholar Alok Rai writes in his well-known book Hindi Nationalism that Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh of Darbhanga, Bihar, introduced Hindi as an official language in his region on July 14, 1888. However, his love for Hindi was influenced by the slogan 'Hindi, Hindu, Hindustan.' The Nagri Pracharini Sabha was founded in this milieu, by three Hindi scholars —Shyam Sunder Das, Pandit Ramnarayan Mishra, and Thakur Shivkumar Singh— on January 16, 1893. The organisation decided to throw its weight behind the cause of making Hindi the language of courts and government offices. It was also decided that an authoritative dictionary for Hindi would be compiled. From 1908 onwards, the Nagari Pracharini Sabha began sending people to villages, towns, and cities at its own expense to collect words and their meanings. These collectors documented words, synonyms, and local versions in use on paper. The collected words were then organised systematically and written down. This intense work continued for 21 years. In 1929, the Sabha published a comprehensive Hindi dictionary in 11 volumes, titled Shabd Sagar. The forewords to this dictionary were written by Acharya Ramchandra Shukla and Shyam Sunder Das. Acharya Shukla's 'History of Hindi Literature', published by the Sabha, is regarded as essential reading for understanding Hindi literature. In 1896, the largest Hindi library in the country, the Arya Bhasha Pustakalaya, was founded. At a time when English, Urdu, and Persian dominated the linguistic landscape, the Nagari Pracharini Sabha launched a tireless movement to promote Hindi. Although the movement was apolitical, it gained such influence that prominent freedom fighter Bal Gangadhar Tilak also lent support to Hindi. After independence After independence, the Sabha's patron was India's first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The oldest and most authoritative journal on Hindi research, Nagari Pracharini Patrika, has been published since 1896. Under the Sabha's patronage, the iconic Hindi magazine Saraswati, edited by Pandit Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, began publication in 1900. Vyomesh Shukla, the current pradhan mantri (head) of the Sabha, said, 'Initially founded in Banaras, the Nagari Pracharini Sabha expanded to Haridwar and New Delhi. In Haridwar, Swami Satyadev Parivrajak donated land and oversaw the construction of its building. During this period, the Hindi movement spread to various towns, where local units were established and affiliated with the Banaras-based Sabha.' From the 1970s, the organisation's work began to flag as politics came to dominate language and literature. Issues over which management committee was actually in charge of the Sabha eventually reached the Allahabad High Court, which in February last year gave a verdict in favour of the Vyomesh Shukla-led group. Under the new leadership, the Sabha has published a complete reprint of Acharya Ramchandra Shukla's History of Hindi Literature in March this year. It has also published a collection of Hindi poems by Amir Khusrau.
