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Economic Times
6 days ago
- Science
- Economic Times
The first ancient Egyptian genome is here, and it changes everything we know
A breakthrough Live Events Clues to a life lived in labour (You can now subscribe to our (You can now subscribe to our Economic Times WhatsApp channel Scientists have sequenced the first complete genome from ancient Egypt, uncovering surprising genetic ties between the Nile Valley and man, who lived between 4,500 and 4,800 years ago during the era of the earliest pyramids, was discovered in a sealed clay pot near Nuwayrat, south of Cairo. His remains, now kept at Liverpool's World Museum, were unearthed in 1902 but only recently yielded enough DNA for analysis. Genetic analysis indicates he had brown eyes, dark hair, and dark findings, published in Nature, show that around 80 percent of his ancestry came from ancient North Africans, while about 20 percent traced back to West Asia and Mesopotamia( modern‑day Iraq and Iran). Researchers say this provides the first genetic evidence of population movement between these regions, long suspected through archaeological finds.'Piecing together all the clues from this individual's DNA, bones, and teeth has allowed us to build a comprehensive picture,' said Dr Adeline Morez Jacobs, lead author and visiting fellow at Liverpool John Moores University. 'We hope that future DNA samples from ancient Egypt can expand on when precisely this movement from West Asia started.'Egypt's hot climate usually destroys genetic material, frustrating decades of research. Even Nobel laureate Svante Pääbo's early attempts in the 1980s failed. But advances in sequencing technology and the unusual preservation of this man's tooth cementum, a tissue that locks teeth into the jaw, finally made it used a technique called shotgun sequencing, reading every DNA fragment in the sample to reconstruct the genome. 'Our approach means that any future researcher can access the whole genome we published,' said Dr Linus Girdland-Flink of the University of analysis shows the man was just over 5ft tall and aged between 44 and 64, exceptionally old for his time. His skeleton shows that he had arthritis, muscle markings from lifting heavy loads, and pelvic wear from long hours sitting on hard signs, along with the period when pottery wheels arrived in Egypt, suggest he may have been a potter, though his relatively high‑status burial hints at a respected say the discovery marks 'the beginning of writing the genetic history of Egypt', opening the door to further studies on how ancient people moved, mingled, and shaped one of the world's earliest civilizations.
Egypt Independent
06-07-2025
- Science
- Egypt Independent
The first genome sequenced from ancient Egypt reveals surprising ancestry, scientists say
CNN — In a long-sought first, researchers have sequenced the entire genome of an ancient Egyptian person, revealing unprecedented insight about the ancestry of a man who lived during the time when the first pyramids were built. The man, whose remains were found buried in a sealed clay pot in Nuwayrat, a village south of Cairo, lived sometime between 4,500 and 4,800 years ago, which makes his DNA the oldest ancient Egyptian sample yet extracted. The researchers concluded that 80 percent of his genetic material came from ancient people in North Africa while 20 percent traced back to people in West Asia and the Mesopotamia region. Their findings, published Wednesday in the journal Nature, offer new clues to suggest there were ancient cultural connections between ancient Egypt and societies within the Fertile Crescent, an area that includes modern-day Iraq (once known as Mesopotamia), Iran and Jordan. While scientists have suspected these connections, before now the only evidence for them was archaeological, rather than genetic. The scientists also studied the man's skeleton to determine more about his identity and found extensive evidence of hard labor over the course of a long life. 'Piecing together all the clues from this individual's DNA, bones and teeth have allowed us to build a comprehensive picture,' said lead study author Dr. Adeline Morez Jacobs, visiting research fellow at England's Liverpool John Moores University, in a statement. 'We hope that future DNA samples from ancient Egypt can expand on when precisely this movement from West Asia started.' Pottery and other artifacts have suggested that Egyptians may have traded goods and knowledge across neighboring regions, but genetic evidence of just how closely different ancient civilizations mingled has been harder to pin down because conditions such as heat and humidity quickly degrade DNA, according to the study authors. This man's remains, however, were unusually well-preserved in their burial container, and the scientists were able to extract DNA from one of the skeleton's teeth. While the findings only capture the genetic background of one person, experts said additional work could help answer an enduring question about the ancestry of the first Egyptians who lived at the beginning of the longest-lasting known civilization. A pottery vessel containing the man's remains was discovered in 1902. Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool Decoding a DNA puzzle Swedish geneticist Svante Pääbo, who won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 2022 for sequencing the first Neanderthal genome, made pioneering attempts 40 years ago to extract and study DNA from ancient Egyptian remains, but he was unable to sequence a genome. Poor DNA preservation consistently posed an obstacle. Since then, the genomes of three ancient Egyptian people have been only partially sequenced by researchers using 'target-enriched sequencing' to focus on specific markers of interest in the specimens' DNA. The remains used in that work date back to a more recent time in Egyptian history, from 787 BC to AD 23. It was ultimately improvements in technology over the past decade that paved the way for the authors of the new study to finally sequence an entire ancient Egyptian genome. 'The technique we used for this study is generally referred to as 'shotgun sequencing,' which means we sequence all DNA molecules isolated from the teeth, giving us coverage across the whole genome,' wrote study coauthor Dr. Linus Girdland-Flink, a lecturer in biomolecular archaeology at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, in an email. 'Our approach means that any future researcher can access the whole genome we published to find additional information. This also means there is no need to return to this individual for additional sampling of bone or tooth material.' The man, who died during a time of transition between Egypt's Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods, was not mummified before burial because it was not yet standard practice — and that likely preserved his DNA, the researchers said. 'It may have been a lucky circumstance — perhaps we found the needle in the haystack,' Girdland-Flink said. 'But I think we will see additional genomes published from ancient Egypt over the coming years, possibly from individuals buried in ceramic pots.' While Egypt's overall climate is hot, the region has relatively stable temperatures, a key factor for long-term genetic preservation, Girdland-Flink said. That climate, the clay pot used for burial and the rock tomb it was placed in all played a role in preventing the man's DNA from deteriorating, he said. The clay pot was found inside a tomb cut into the rock at Nuwayrat, south of Cairo. Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool Tracing unique ancestry For their analysis, the researchers took small samples of the root tips of one of the man's teeth. They analyzed the cementum, a dental tissue that locks the teeth into the jaw, because it is an excellent tool for DNA preservation, Girdland-Flink said. Of the seven DNA extracts taken from the tooth, two were preserved enough to be sequenced. Then, the scientists compared the ancient Egyptian genome with those of more than 3,000 modern people and 805 ancient individuals, according to the study authors. Chemical signals called isotopes in the man's tooth recorded information about the environment where he grew up and the diet he consumed as a child as his teeth grew. The results were consistent with a childhood spent in the hot, dry climate of the Nile Valley, consuming wheat, barley, animal protein and plants associated with Egypt. But 20 percent of the man's ancestry best matches older genomes from Mesopotamia, suggesting that the movement of people into Egypt at some point may have been fairly substantial, Girdland-Flink. Dental anthropologist and study coauthor Joel Irish also took forensic measurements of the man's teeth and cranium, which matched best with a Western Asian individual. Irish is a professor in the School of Biological and Environmental Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University. The study provides a glimpse into a crucial time and place for which there haven't been samples before, according to Iosif Lazaridis, a research associate in the department of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University. Lazaridis was not involved with the new study but has done research on ancient DNA samples from Mesopotamia and the Levant, the eastern Mediterranean area that includes modern-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan and parts of Turkey. The remains are now kept at World Museum Liverpool. Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool Researchers have long questioned whether the Egyptians from the beginnings of the Dynastic civilization were indigenous North Africans or Levantine, Lazaridis said. 'What this sample does tell us is that at such an early date there were people in Egypt that were mostly North African in ancestry, but with some contribution of ancestry from Mesopotamia,' Lazaridis said. 'This makes perfect sense geographically.' Lazaridis said he hopes it's the beginning of more research on Egypt, acknowledging that while mummification helped preserve soft tissue in mummies, the chemical treatments used in the mummification process were not ideal for ancient DNA preservation. 'I think it is now shown that it is feasible to extract DNA from people from the beginnings of Egyptian civilization and the genetic history of Egypt can now begin to be written,' he said. A mysterious burial By studying the man's skeleton, the team was able to determine that he was just over 5 feet tall and between 44 and 64 years old, likely closer to the end of that range — 'which is incredibly old for that time period, probably like 80s would be today,' Irish said. Genetic analysis suggests he had brown eyes and hair and dark skin. And his bones told another tale: just how hard he labored in life, which seems at odds with the ceremonial way he was buried within the ceramic vessel. Indications of arthritis and osteoporosis were evident in his bones, while features within the back of his skull and vertebra showed he was looking down and leaning forward for much of his lifetime, Irish said. Muscle markings show he was holding his arms out in front of him for extended periods of time and carrying heavy materials. The sit bones of his pelvis were also incredibly inflated, which occurs when someone sits on a hard surface over decades. There were also signs of substantial arthritis within his right foot. Irish looked over ancient Egyptian imagery of different occupations, including pottery making, masonry, soldering, farming and weaving, to figure out how the man might have spent his time. 'Though circumstantial these clues point towards pottery, including use of a pottery wheel, which arrived in Egypt around the same time,' Irish said. 'That said, his higher-class burial is not expected for a potter, who would not normally receive such treatment. Perhaps he was exceptionally skilled or successful to advance his social status.' Before the pottery wheel and writing systems were shared between cultures, domesticated plants and animals spread across the Fertile Crescent and Egypt in the sixth millennium BC, as societies transitioned from being hunter-gatherers to living in permanent settlements. Now, the study team wonders whether human migrations were also part of that shift. Additional ancient genomes from Egypt, Africa and the Fertile Crescent could supply answers about who lived where and when. 'This is just one piece of the puzzle that is human genetic variation: each person who ever lived — and their genome — represents a unique piece in that puzzle,' Girdland-Flink said in an email. 'While we will never be able to sequence everyone's genome, my hope is that we can gather enough diverse samples from around the world to accurately reconstruct the key events in human history that have shaped who we are today.' Sign up for CNN's Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more.
Yahoo
04-07-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
First Human Genome from Ancient Egypt Sequenced from 4,800-Year-Old Teeth
Teeth from an elderly man who lived around the time that the earliest pyramids were built have yielded the first full human genome sequence from ancient Egypt. The remains are 4,800 to 4,500 years old, overlapping with a period in Egyptian history known as the Old Kingdom or the Age of Pyramids. They harbour signs of ancestry similar to that of other ancient North Africans, as well as of people from the Middle East, researchers report today in Nature. 'It's incredibly exciting and important,' says David Reich, a population geneticist at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, who was not involved in the study. 'We always hoped we would get our first ancient DNA from mummies.' [Sign up for Today in Science, a free daily newsletter] Numerous labs have tried to extract DNA from ancient Egyptian remains. In 1985, evolutionary geneticist Svante Pääbo reported the first ancient DNA sequences from any human: several thousand DNA letters from a 2,400-year-old Egyptian mummy of a child. But Pääbo, who won a Nobel prize in 2022 for other work, later realized that the sequences were contaminated with modern DNA — possibly his own. A 2017 study generated limited genome data from three Egyptian mummies that lived between 3,600 and 2,000 years ago. The hot North African climate speeds up the breakdown of DNA, and the mummification process might also accelerate it, said Pontus Skoglund, a palaeogeneticist at the Francis Crick Institute in London who co-led the Nature study, at a press briefing. 'Mummified individuals are probably not a great way to preserve DNA.' The remains that Skoglund's team sequenced pre-date widespread mummification: the person was interred instead in a ceramic pot, a sign of high, but not elite, status. The remains were found at an archaeological site called Nuwayrat, 265 kilometres south of Cairo along the Nile river. The teeth and bones were discovered in 1902, when Egypt was under British colonial rule. They were donated to institutions in Liverpool, UK, where they have been ever since, even surviving German bombing during the Second World War. Skoglund says his expectations were low when his team extracted DNA from several teeth from the Nuwayrat individual. But two samples contained enough authentic ancient DNA to generate a full genome sequence. Y-chromosome sequences indicated that the remains belonged to a male. The majority of his DNA resembled that of early farmers from the Neolithic period of North Africa around 6,000 years ago. The rest most closely matched people in Mesopotamia, a historical Middle Eastern region that was home to the ancient Sumerian civilization, and was where some of the first writing systems emerged. It's not clear whether this implies a genetic direct link between members of Mesopotamian cultures and people in ancient Egypt — also hinted at by similarities in some cultural artefacts — or whether the man's Mesopotamian ancestry arrived through other unsampled populations, the researchers say. The rest of the ancient Egyptian man's bones revealed more details about his life. Evidence of arthritis and osteoporosis suggest he died at an advanced age for the time, possibly in his sixties. Other signs of wear indicate a life of physical toil, sitting hunched over on hard surfaces. On the basis of this and imagery from other tombs from this period, he might have been a potter, said co-author Joel Irish, a bioarchaeologist at Liverpool John Moores University, at the press briefing. 'The publication of a whole-genome data set of an ancient Egyptian constitutes a significant achievement in the field of molecular Egyptology,' says Yehia Gad, a geneticist at Egypt's National Research Centre in Cairo, who praises the researchers for presenting the provenance of the remains clearly. But he points out that the genome is from one individual and might not fully represent ancient Egypt's gene pool, which was probably a melting pot of different ancestries. For this reason, researchers are eager for more ancient Egyptian genome data — perhaps even from a mummy. Advances in ancient-genomics technology and local capacity — Gad supervises an ancient DNA lab at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Cairo — means it hopefully won't take another 40 years. This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on July 2, 2025.
Japan Forward
27-04-2025
- Science
- Japan Forward
Exhibition 'Ancient DNA: The Journey of the Japanese People'
Situated within Ueno Park, the National Museum of Nature and Science is currently holding a special exhibition titled Ancient DNA: the Journey of the Japanese People . The exhibition provides an informative overview of Japanese prehistory and draws on cutting-edge DNA technology to speculate on the origin of the first inhabitants of Japan. Japanese prehistory is dominated by the Jomon period, which commenced around 16,000 BCE. It was supplanted by the Yayoi period, during which hunter-gathering gave way to paddy rice farming. Typically, the Yayoi period is dated from 330 BCE to 300 AD, although evidence exists of paddy rice farming considerably earlier. The exhibition notes that as "paddy rice farming began in northern Kyushu 2,900 years ago…. [T]here is much debate as to exactly when the Jomon period ended" and the Yayoi period commenced. The written history of Japan was initiated with the Kofun period (300 AD to 538 AD). It was a time of cultural imports from China and the Korean peninsula. The Kofun period is named after the keyhole-shaped burial mounds that were characteristic of that era. Studies of prehistory have traditionally been carried out by examining the fossil record and archeological artifacts. In recent decades, DNA analysis has been added to the arsenal of archeology. DNA analysis began in the 1980s, and the technology continues to develop at a rapid pace. Formerly, high-quality specimens were needed for DNA to be extracted. With every passing year, however, the range of samples from which DNA can be obtained continues to grow. The Japanese people of Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku are typically referred to as the Yamato. Hokkaido and Okinawa were incorporated into the Japanese nation in 1869 and 1879, respectively. The Ryukyu people of Okinawa and the Ainu of Hokkaido thereby joined the Yamato as distinct ethnic groups of Japan. These lines, the Yamato, Ryukyu, and Ainu, can all trace a genetic link to the Jomon. It is with the Jomon, however, at which definitive knowledge of the DNA chain presently ends. The cradle of humankind is thought to be central Africa. How did humankind first reach Japan? This is a question that the exhibition seeks to answer. The journey of humankind from the cradle of central Africa to the extremities of the globe.(Courtesy of the museum) A skeleton from the Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave Ruins on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, is the highlight of the exhibition. DNA analysis of the largely intact 27,000-year-old skeleton was successfully conducted by a collaboration of the National Museum of Nature and Science and Nobel Prize-winning Swedish scientist, Svante Pääbo. A DNA link to the Jomon people was established. "The Jomon are composed of at least two ancestral components," suggests Pääbo, "one similar to the Shiraho individual and one similar to ancient people in Northeast Asia." They are likely "a combination of two ancestral groups," he concludes, "that probably came to Japan independent of each other." "No 4" human skeleton – excavated from the Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave Ruins on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture/ Paleolithic Age / Collection: Okinawa Prefecture Archaeological Center. (Courtesy of the museum) A full-length view of "No 4" human skeleton – excavated from the Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave Ruins on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture/ Paleolithic Age / Collection: Okinawa Prefecture Archaeological Center. (Courtesy of the museum) The exhibition then examines the lifestyles and societal arrangements of the Jomon people through an examination of artifacts found at archeological sites. It also highlights those particular to the Ainu and Ryukyu people. Through DNA analysis of multiple skeletons found together at various sites, it speculates on family and societal relationships and structures. An examination of Jomon skeletons found throughout Japan suggests that the Jomon people had distinctive features such as round faces and prominent jaws. They exhibited deeply chiseled features that included high noses. An average adult male was about 158 centimeters tall, the average female 146. The Jomon had well-developed muscles and a generally robust build. Somewhat surprisingly, mountain inhabitants were more delicate than those who lived on the coast. Facial reconstruction based on DNA analysis of a male skull unearthed at the Aoya Kamijichi Sites / Collection: Aoya Kamijichi Historical Park. (Courtesy of the museum) The most substantial and impressive of the Jomon artifacts on display are ceramic pots in which the bones of babies had been placed. This ritual, it is believed, was carried out so that the baby could be reborn. It was not only humans for whom the ritual was conducted, however. The skeletal remains of boars and deer have also been found within pottery, suggesting a desire for animal populations to multiply. (5) Vessel with flange and small perforations decorated with human figure – excavated from the Imojiya Site, Yamanashi Prefecture/ Middle Jomon period, 5,000 years ago / Collection: Minami Alps City Board of Education A section of the exhibition that will likely prove popular is the journey of dogs and domestic cats into Japan. Recent DNA evidence suggests that dogs likely arrived in the Japanese archipelago around 10,000 years ago, during the Jomon period. From the ancient past until the present day, therefore, dogs have been a part of Japanese society, adapting to the needs of each era. Akita dog / Modern /Collection: National Museum of Nature and Science. (Courtesy of the museum) Writing did not evolve within Japan. It was imported from China. This has resulted in a clear divide between the prehistory of Japan and its period of written history. From the Kofun period onwards, the history of Japan is meticulously documented, whereas the study of the Yayoi and Jomon periods relies on the patience and skill of archeologists. Ancient DNA: the Journey of the Japanese People is fittingly being held at The National Museum of Nature and Science, an educational hub for Japanese youth. One hopes and suspects it will inspire the next generation to continue with the task of exploring the lives and journey of ancient Japanese people. Vessel with flange and small perforations decorated with human figure – excavated from the Imojiya Site, Yamanashi Prefecture/ Middle Jomon period, 5,000 years ago / Collection: Minami Alps City Board of Education. (Courtesy of the museum) Name: Ancient DNA: The Journey of the Japanese People Where: Ueno Koen, National Museum of Nature and Science When: On through June 15 Access: The museum is located in Ueno Park, right next to the major JR Ueno Station, with access through numerous rail and subway lines. Specifics are available online. Author: Paul de Vries
