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Irish Examiner
24-05-2025
- Automotive
- Irish Examiner
Cupra Tavascan review: sleek electric SUV impresses with sporty drive and standout design
Cupra will be a 'name' in due course, but right now not enough people know about it Brand recognition is a vital component of any manufacturer's raison d'etre and the motoring sphere is no different from any other endeavour where selling to Joe and Jane Public is essential to success. But if Jane and Joe have no idea about your product line-up, then you're in a spot of bother. For Cupra, the SEAT sub-brand for which the parent Volkswagen Group has lofty ideas, that's a big issue right now. Factor in the intention of its VW masters to launch Cupra as a standalone marque to the US within the next decade, then brand recognition becomes altogether more important for those charged with making it a success. As we have pointed out on numerous occasions when writing about this excellent new brand, this lack of public awareness about the marque and its products is both bewildering and dumb. If you're not out there pushing the metal, then the metal is not going to sell itself. And the thing is that Cupra does have a lot to say about itself – excellent model line-up, competitive pricing and individual product which is as good as if not better than that of the parent company. Indeed – and it has been obvious for some time – that subsidiary companies such as Skoda, SEAT and now Cupra are if not necessarily leaving equivalent VW products looking dull and uninspired by comparison with what they are making, then they are certainly making better cars. But, the reason why Cupra – with its 'four-legged spider' logo and copper-coloured body inserts and alloy wheels – has come into existence is, in reality, because the powers that be in Wolfsburg realised that it was probably going to be impossible to change the brand perception that accompanies the SEAT brand. Sadly, the Spanish marque, has always been associated with the lower end of the market and no end of brand manipulation was going to change that perception. So, what to do? Well, the easy answer was simply to reinvent it. Cupra is that reinvention. Oddly, though, what has emerged is something that will potentially challenge the VW badge itself and it will be interesting in the years to come to see how Wolfsburg copes with that challenge. But enough waffle. The Tavascan is named, like all SEAT and Cupra models, after towns or locations across Spain (in this case a small village in the heart of the Pyrenees, near the border with France). It is solely an EV, like its sibling the Born, and it is Cupra's stab at that most awful of automotive segments, a Coupe SUV. In fairness, looking at it, it does not immediately come across as one of those terrible, but more like a simply sleek SUV. It is a good-looking thing and your eye is caught more by its body curves than the heavily sloped roof, which isn't that heavily sloped really. Cupra Tavascan stylish interior There is an element of drama about the car's appearance and its looks purposeful and modern, despite the fact the designers have relied heavily on older design tropes (clam-shell-y bonnet, Avant Garde light clusters front and rear), fat wheel arches and swoopy creases and folds along the flanks). The interior too dares to be different and is, nominally, a feast for the eyes. There's a unique Y-shaped element which emerges from the centre console between the front seats and melds into the dash and creates a futuristic vibe. On the one hand, this design's adventurousness is daring and different; on the other, it is let down by the materials used to create it, but more of that later. Passenger space is very generous — especially for those in the rear where neither head or leg room are compromised by the supposed 'coupe' look or the panoramic roof — and the boot is huge too. The one caveat is that the materials used – despite plenty of eye-catching copper inserts – don't feel as premium as they might. They are too hard and scratchy for the premium feel that is being sought here. Otherwise, the seats are fantastically comfortable and the tech levels – including the huge 15' touchscreen – are very impressive, although we would have liked a non-integrated climate system and button controls for same. But stuff like the Sennheiser stereo system also adds heft to the package. Driving it, however, is where its winning character comes into play – it's a hoot. Now, that's not something we've often said about EVs; sure, some of them are light-switch fast, but most don't have the handling nous necessary to make that palatable. This one does. The engineers have done a thorough job on the front and rear suspensions – MacPherson struts at the front and multi-link rear setups – have been finely calibrated and it shows. This thing handles like the sporty entity Cupra wanted it to be and not like your regular sloppy mid-sized SUV. With the steering having been specially engineered to provide more driver feel and engagement and, allied with the suspension tuning, the Tavascan packs the necessary ride and handling punch to please even the most demanding driver. The all-new Cupra Tavascan Work has also been done to give heft to the braking system – something we found to be wanting on the recently reviewed Born. Here, they are reassuringly responsive and do their job well. Add that to 286 bhp whack coming from the 210-kW electric motor – powering the rear wheels – on our 'Endurance 6' specced model and you have something very engaging indeed – much moreso than either the excellent Skoda Enyaq or the disappointing Volkswagen ID.3. There are, of course, a choice of driving modes – and you even get a 'Cupra' button t-on the steering wheel which promises more grunt but doesn't really deliver much. As is so often with EVs these days, you're best off sticking it in 'comfort' mode and leaving it at that. But then you've got the Tavascan's range and re-charging prowess, both of which are impressive. The official range is 546km, but you can feel certain you'll get close to 500 km at least without being overly careful, while the 20-80% charging takes about half-an-hour. So far, so good. So, what are the downsides? Well, this car is actually made in China and therefore subject to EU tariffs introduced last year – even before 'Tariff' Trump swung into action. That makes it quite an expensive car for the mid-size SUV segment, but we can expect to see some inventive sales pitches here to soften that blow somewhat. The other downside is the quality of the interior materials; for a supposedly premium vehicle, they're just not up to the job and detract from what is an otherwise excellent package. Once more with a Cupra product, we have something here which is tantalisingly close to being a five-star product but falls just shy. That they're getting so close to excellence promises much for the brand and its future. This 'experiment' gets more interesting by the day – now all they need is for the general public to actually know and understand what they're up to. Read More Opel Grandland EV review: electric SUV offers good range and undercuts hybrids on price
Sunday World
16-05-2025
- Automotive
- Sunday World
Cupra charges ahead with a new all-electric SUV
Rule this Spanish sex machine out at your peril... Cupra's first all-electric SUV is here, and it has a lot to be proud of. There is a very good range on a full charge, it looks incredible, it has flashes of sheer Spanish sexiness, it is fun, it is young and if you don't aim too high with your trim level it gives a lot of bang for your buck. Named after a small Spanish village best-known for using its lakes to produce green energy, the Tavascan is the company's second EV after the Born and is one of many new exciting models that are about to land here in Ireland over the coming years. Cupra's biggest problem right now is that they are still relatively unknown (or at the very least misunderstood) and with this car are entering a very claustrophobic market with some big hitters holding court. Inside Cupra's Tavascan There area a few big names from the US, Korea and Europe including the Irish car of the Year for 2022 and 2025. But the Tavascan is not starting from absolute zero like some of the other new brands to arrive in Ireland in recent years. And anyone who has feasted their eyes on any one of the models in the Cupra range will know that the company doesn't do boring and mundane. Formerly the premium branch of SEAT, the designers were allowed to introduce flicks of design panache but now that they don't have to answer the mother ship, the Spanish car company has grown up fast and is now producing cars nearly as fast as they drive. But the speed of them is not their unique selling point. You just have to take a quick glance at them to know that designs are their forte. Even their stylish badge is impressive and now gets lit up beautifully from behind. The absolute cheapest version of this car comes in at €44,365 after SEAI grants but the car I got to call mine for seven fun days was the Endurance trim that you can have for €48,105. Cupra's Tavascan has good head-room front and rear but still feels smaller than it actually is It comes with a 77kWh battery and 286hp at your disposal, but best of all the numbers was the mind-blowing 546km you get from a full charge of battery. On the subject of numbers… you can charge this car from 0-100 per cent at an 11kW charge point in hours and if you get hooked up to one of the faster charge points around the country you won't even have time for a decent siesta as you'll go from 10-80 percent in just 28 minutes. It is fast on the road too, and can reach a maximum speed of 180km/h and can do 0-100km/h in 6.8 seconds. Which is pretty punchy for an SUV of this size and weight. And you should know that there is another option you can buy that comes with 335bhp, two motors and in all-wheel drive mode. Okay, enough numbers. Simply put, this is a great looking car; inside and out. The interior is dominated by a carbon fibre Y-Shaped centre console that looks like it should be a in a McLaren F1 car as opposed to a family- focused SUV, but that's classic Cupra right there. My only gripe about that is that I think they wasted the button function on that as it is the car's hazard lights. Surely, a drive mode or on/off button would look better sitting there? There is a good head room in the front and the rear of this car but yet it feels smaller than it actually is. I guess when you want stylish lines and angles you have to sacrifice something, luckily though here it isn't a sacrifice that would become a deal breaker. The high window line here is cool looking but ultimately hinders the view ever so slightly for the kids in the back. The boot still comes with 540ltr, which is not a segment topper but is plenty of boot to get you through your weekly duties. Cupra's Tavascan No matter which version of the Tavascan you buy, you get a 15' infotainment touchscreen with wireless smartphone integration. Like a lot of cars these days, most of the functions are operated using the touchscreen, which is responsive but it takes a bit of getting used to. No matter which model or trim line you get you do get a lot of as-standard features and equipment and if you do opt for this you will have one of the best-looking electric family SUVs on the market.
NZ Autocar
09-05-2025
- Automotive
- NZ Autocar
Four-star safety rating for Cupra Tavascan
The incoming Cupra Tavascan electric SUV that launches here later this year has received a four-star ANCAP safety rating. What prevented it from getting a five-star rating was the omission of traffic sign recognition and intelligent speed limiter. The safety assist score slipped below the 70 per cent threshold, robbing it of the fifth safety star. The Cupra Tavascan performed well in the other key areas, however. In destructive crash testing, it recorded a score of 89 per cent for adult protection. A 'good' score was recorded in the frontal offset test for most body regions of driver and front seat passenger. The electric SUV excelled in the side impact test, earning maximum points and offering 'good' protection for all critical body regions of the driver. The oblique pole test produced similar results. A centre airbag provided 'good' protection to front seat occupants, on the whole. For Child Occupant Protection, the Tavascan scored 87 per cent. Full points were awarded for protection of both child dummies in the frontal offset and side impact crash tests. Tavascan also performed admirably in the Vulnerable Road User tests, with a score of 80 per cent. ANCAP Chief Executive Officer, Carla Hoorweg, said that the Cupra Tavascan performed well in crash tests, with 'strong structural performance'. Within the Vulnerable Road User Protection area, which considers the vehicle's ability to protect other road users, the Tavascan achieved a score of 80 per cent. Its AEB systems performed well. However, it lost points for not have AEB when reversing. Hoorweg concluded 'We encourage Cupra to consider an update …to elevate Tavascan to the five-star level of its European equivalents.'
The Advertiser
08-05-2025
- Automotive
- The Advertiser
Cupra defends Tavascan's four-star ANCAP safety rating, welcomes real-world testing
The Cupra Tavascan has missed out on a maximum five-star safety rating from the Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP), and it's because of a driver assist feature – or rather, its absence. Despite receiving scores of 89 per cent for adult occupant protection, 87 per cent for child occupant protection and 80 per cent for vulnerable road user protection, the Tavascan's score of 67 per cent for safety assist systems saw it receive a four-star rating overall. Vehicles must receive 80 per cent in adult and child occupant protection, and 70 per cent in the vulnerable road user protection and safety assist categories to get a five-star rating from the independent auto safety authority. Hundreds of new car deals are available through CarExpert right now. Get the experts on your side and score a great deal. Browse now. ANCAP dinged the Cupra for the lack of an intelligent speed assistance system or speed limit information function, which saw it miss out on the five-star rating given to it by sister authority Euro NCAP in 2024. "While some improved performance across the Safety Assist pillar could have enhanced its score, the absence of an advanced speed assistance system primarily contributed to this four-star result," said ANCAP CEO Carla Hoorweg. "Speed sign recognition and an intelligent speed limiter are standard in European models but have not been made available to current Australian Tavascan buyers. "The Tavascan performed well in each of the other areas of assessment, and we encourage Cupra to consider an update to Australian vehicles to elevate it to the five-star level of its European equivalents." In response, Cupra issued the following statement: "Cupra is committed to a high level of active and passive safety systems as standard across its range. The Travel Assist, Adaptive Cruise Control, Lane Assist and Side Assist functions on the Tavascan have been recognised in real world testing by mainstream journalists as among the most comprehensive and intuitively tuned in the industry. "The Tavascan comfortably exceeds five-star requirements in three of the four segments, including segments crucial to driver and passenger safety such as Adult Occupant Protection, Child Occupant Protection and Vulnerable Road User Protection. "In the fourth segment, Driver Assist, the Tavascan fulfilled or exceeded all requirements with the single exception of a speed limit information function. "Cupra welcomes independent testing of its safety systems on real roads." ANCAP said the Tavascan performed well in destructive crash testing, with the vehicle providing 'Good' protection for most body regions of front-seat occupants in frontal offset testing; the safety authority also noted it "excelled" in side impact testing, earning maximum points. Full points were also awarded for protection of both child dummies in frontal offset and side impact crash tests. "Crash protection is a fundamental element of every ANCAP safety rating, and the Cupra Tavascan performed well in these areas with strong structural performance," said Ms Hoorweg. ANCAP said the Tavascan's autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system showed "consistent performance when responding to pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists in a range of collision avoidance scenarios, where it successfully mitigated or avoided collisions". It noted, however, the AEB system can't detect pedestrians while reversing, while the safe exit warning system notified exiting occupants too late and its performance was therefore deemed 'poor'. Standard safety equipment across the Tavascan range includes: MORE: Everything Cupra Tavascan Content originally sourced from: The Cupra Tavascan has missed out on a maximum five-star safety rating from the Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP), and it's because of a driver assist feature – or rather, its absence. Despite receiving scores of 89 per cent for adult occupant protection, 87 per cent for child occupant protection and 80 per cent for vulnerable road user protection, the Tavascan's score of 67 per cent for safety assist systems saw it receive a four-star rating overall. Vehicles must receive 80 per cent in adult and child occupant protection, and 70 per cent in the vulnerable road user protection and safety assist categories to get a five-star rating from the independent auto safety authority. Hundreds of new car deals are available through CarExpert right now. Get the experts on your side and score a great deal. Browse now. ANCAP dinged the Cupra for the lack of an intelligent speed assistance system or speed limit information function, which saw it miss out on the five-star rating given to it by sister authority Euro NCAP in 2024. "While some improved performance across the Safety Assist pillar could have enhanced its score, the absence of an advanced speed assistance system primarily contributed to this four-star result," said ANCAP CEO Carla Hoorweg. "Speed sign recognition and an intelligent speed limiter are standard in European models but have not been made available to current Australian Tavascan buyers. "The Tavascan performed well in each of the other areas of assessment, and we encourage Cupra to consider an update to Australian vehicles to elevate it to the five-star level of its European equivalents." In response, Cupra issued the following statement: "Cupra is committed to a high level of active and passive safety systems as standard across its range. The Travel Assist, Adaptive Cruise Control, Lane Assist and Side Assist functions on the Tavascan have been recognised in real world testing by mainstream journalists as among the most comprehensive and intuitively tuned in the industry. "The Tavascan comfortably exceeds five-star requirements in three of the four segments, including segments crucial to driver and passenger safety such as Adult Occupant Protection, Child Occupant Protection and Vulnerable Road User Protection. "In the fourth segment, Driver Assist, the Tavascan fulfilled or exceeded all requirements with the single exception of a speed limit information function. "Cupra welcomes independent testing of its safety systems on real roads." ANCAP said the Tavascan performed well in destructive crash testing, with the vehicle providing 'Good' protection for most body regions of front-seat occupants in frontal offset testing; the safety authority also noted it "excelled" in side impact testing, earning maximum points. Full points were also awarded for protection of both child dummies in frontal offset and side impact crash tests. "Crash protection is a fundamental element of every ANCAP safety rating, and the Cupra Tavascan performed well in these areas with strong structural performance," said Ms Hoorweg. ANCAP said the Tavascan's autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system showed "consistent performance when responding to pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists in a range of collision avoidance scenarios, where it successfully mitigated or avoided collisions". It noted, however, the AEB system can't detect pedestrians while reversing, while the safe exit warning system notified exiting occupants too late and its performance was therefore deemed 'poor'. Standard safety equipment across the Tavascan range includes: MORE: Everything Cupra Tavascan Content originally sourced from: The Cupra Tavascan has missed out on a maximum five-star safety rating from the Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP), and it's because of a driver assist feature – or rather, its absence. Despite receiving scores of 89 per cent for adult occupant protection, 87 per cent for child occupant protection and 80 per cent for vulnerable road user protection, the Tavascan's score of 67 per cent for safety assist systems saw it receive a four-star rating overall. Vehicles must receive 80 per cent in adult and child occupant protection, and 70 per cent in the vulnerable road user protection and safety assist categories to get a five-star rating from the independent auto safety authority. Hundreds of new car deals are available through CarExpert right now. Get the experts on your side and score a great deal. Browse now. ANCAP dinged the Cupra for the lack of an intelligent speed assistance system or speed limit information function, which saw it miss out on the five-star rating given to it by sister authority Euro NCAP in 2024. "While some improved performance across the Safety Assist pillar could have enhanced its score, the absence of an advanced speed assistance system primarily contributed to this four-star result," said ANCAP CEO Carla Hoorweg. "Speed sign recognition and an intelligent speed limiter are standard in European models but have not been made available to current Australian Tavascan buyers. "The Tavascan performed well in each of the other areas of assessment, and we encourage Cupra to consider an update to Australian vehicles to elevate it to the five-star level of its European equivalents." In response, Cupra issued the following statement: "Cupra is committed to a high level of active and passive safety systems as standard across its range. The Travel Assist, Adaptive Cruise Control, Lane Assist and Side Assist functions on the Tavascan have been recognised in real world testing by mainstream journalists as among the most comprehensive and intuitively tuned in the industry. "The Tavascan comfortably exceeds five-star requirements in three of the four segments, including segments crucial to driver and passenger safety such as Adult Occupant Protection, Child Occupant Protection and Vulnerable Road User Protection. "In the fourth segment, Driver Assist, the Tavascan fulfilled or exceeded all requirements with the single exception of a speed limit information function. "Cupra welcomes independent testing of its safety systems on real roads." ANCAP said the Tavascan performed well in destructive crash testing, with the vehicle providing 'Good' protection for most body regions of front-seat occupants in frontal offset testing; the safety authority also noted it "excelled" in side impact testing, earning maximum points. Full points were also awarded for protection of both child dummies in frontal offset and side impact crash tests. "Crash protection is a fundamental element of every ANCAP safety rating, and the Cupra Tavascan performed well in these areas with strong structural performance," said Ms Hoorweg. ANCAP said the Tavascan's autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system showed "consistent performance when responding to pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists in a range of collision avoidance scenarios, where it successfully mitigated or avoided collisions". It noted, however, the AEB system can't detect pedestrians while reversing, while the safe exit warning system notified exiting occupants too late and its performance was therefore deemed 'poor'. Standard safety equipment across the Tavascan range includes: MORE: Everything Cupra Tavascan Content originally sourced from: The Cupra Tavascan has missed out on a maximum five-star safety rating from the Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP), and it's because of a driver assist feature – or rather, its absence. Despite receiving scores of 89 per cent for adult occupant protection, 87 per cent for child occupant protection and 80 per cent for vulnerable road user protection, the Tavascan's score of 67 per cent for safety assist systems saw it receive a four-star rating overall. Vehicles must receive 80 per cent in adult and child occupant protection, and 70 per cent in the vulnerable road user protection and safety assist categories to get a five-star rating from the independent auto safety authority. Hundreds of new car deals are available through CarExpert right now. Get the experts on your side and score a great deal. Browse now. ANCAP dinged the Cupra for the lack of an intelligent speed assistance system or speed limit information function, which saw it miss out on the five-star rating given to it by sister authority Euro NCAP in 2024. "While some improved performance across the Safety Assist pillar could have enhanced its score, the absence of an advanced speed assistance system primarily contributed to this four-star result," said ANCAP CEO Carla Hoorweg. "Speed sign recognition and an intelligent speed limiter are standard in European models but have not been made available to current Australian Tavascan buyers. "The Tavascan performed well in each of the other areas of assessment, and we encourage Cupra to consider an update to Australian vehicles to elevate it to the five-star level of its European equivalents." In response, Cupra issued the following statement: "Cupra is committed to a high level of active and passive safety systems as standard across its range. The Travel Assist, Adaptive Cruise Control, Lane Assist and Side Assist functions on the Tavascan have been recognised in real world testing by mainstream journalists as among the most comprehensive and intuitively tuned in the industry. "The Tavascan comfortably exceeds five-star requirements in three of the four segments, including segments crucial to driver and passenger safety such as Adult Occupant Protection, Child Occupant Protection and Vulnerable Road User Protection. "In the fourth segment, Driver Assist, the Tavascan fulfilled or exceeded all requirements with the single exception of a speed limit information function. "Cupra welcomes independent testing of its safety systems on real roads." ANCAP said the Tavascan performed well in destructive crash testing, with the vehicle providing 'Good' protection for most body regions of front-seat occupants in frontal offset testing; the safety authority also noted it "excelled" in side impact testing, earning maximum points. Full points were also awarded for protection of both child dummies in frontal offset and side impact crash tests. "Crash protection is a fundamental element of every ANCAP safety rating, and the Cupra Tavascan performed well in these areas with strong structural performance," said Ms Hoorweg. ANCAP said the Tavascan's autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system showed "consistent performance when responding to pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists in a range of collision avoidance scenarios, where it successfully mitigated or avoided collisions". It noted, however, the AEB system can't detect pedestrians while reversing, while the safe exit warning system notified exiting occupants too late and its performance was therefore deemed 'poor'. Standard safety equipment across the Tavascan range includes: MORE: Everything Cupra Tavascan Content originally sourced from:
7NEWS
08-05-2025
- Automotive
- 7NEWS
Cupra defends Tavascan's four-star ANCAP safety rating, welcomes real-world testing
The Cupra Tavascan has missed out on a maximum five-star safety rating from the Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP), and it's because of a driver assist feature – or rather, its absence. Despite receiving scores of 89 per cent for adult occupant protection, 87 per cent for child occupant protection and 80 per cent for vulnerable road user protection, the Tavascan's score of 67 per cent for safety assist systems saw it receive a four-star rating overall. Vehicles must receive 80 per cent in adult and child occupant protection, and 70 per cent in the vulnerable road user protection and safety assist categories to get a five-star rating from the independent auto safety authority. Hundreds of new car deals are available through CarExpert right now. Get the experts on your side and score a great deal. Browse now. ANCAP dinged the Cupra for the lack of an intelligent speed assistance system or speed limit information function, which saw it miss out on the five-star rating given to it by sister authority Euro NCAP in 2024. 'While some improved performance across the Safety Assist pillar could have enhanced its score, the absence of an advanced speed assistance system primarily contributed to this four-star result,' said ANCAP CEO Carla Hoorweg. 'Speed sign recognition and an intelligent speed limiter are standard in European models but have not been made available to current Australian Tavascan buyers. 'The Tavascan performed well in each of the other areas of assessment, and we encourage Cupra to consider an update to Australian vehicles to elevate it to the five-star level of its European equivalents.' In response, Cupra issued the following statement: 'Cupra is committed to a high level of active and passive safety systems as standard across its range. The Travel Assist, Adaptive Cruise Control, Lane Assist and Side Assist functions on the Tavascan have been recognised in real world testing by mainstream journalists as among the most comprehensive and intuitively tuned in the industry. 'The Tavascan comfortably exceeds five-star requirements in three of the four segments, including segments crucial to driver and passenger safety such as Adult Occupant Protection, Child Occupant Protection and Vulnerable Road User Protection. 'In the fourth segment, Driver Assist, the Tavascan fulfilled or exceeded all requirements with the single exception of a speed limit information function. 'Cupra welcomes independent testing of its safety systems on real roads.' ANCAP said the Tavascan performed well in destructive crash testing, with the vehicle providing 'Good' protection for most body regions of front-seat occupants in frontal offset testing; the safety authority also noted it 'excelled' in side impact testing, earning maximum points. Full points were also awarded for protection of both child dummies in frontal offset and side impact crash tests. 'Crash protection is a fundamental element of every ANCAP safety rating, and the Cupra Tavascan performed well in these areas with strong structural performance,' said Ms Hoorweg. ANCAP said the Tavascan's autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system showed 'consistent performance when responding to pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists in a range of collision avoidance scenarios, where it successfully mitigated or avoided collisions'. It noted, however, the AEB system can't detect pedestrians while reversing, while the safe exit warning system notified exiting occupants too late and its performance was therefore deemed 'poor'. Standard safety equipment across the Tavascan range includes:
