Latest news with #UCSF
USA Today
a day ago
- Health
- USA Today
Eyelash mites (yikes!) are a lot more common than most people realize
The idea of tiny bugs living in your eyelashes might sound like something out of a horror movie, but their reality is far less alarming. Microscopic mites are incredibly common and, for the most part, as harmless as they are helpful. 'Most everyone has some eyelash mites,' says Dr. Damaris Raymondi, an optometrist at Sur Eye Care in Queens, New York. More than that, she adds, 'they're a normal part of our body's microbiome.' At the same time, these little critters can trigger irritation, inflammation and even contribute to more serious eye conditions if their population gets out of control. Here's what eyelash mites really are, why they sometimes become a problem and how to prevent that from happening. What are eyelash mites? Eyelash mites, formally called Demodex, are microscopic arachnids that inhabit the hair follicles and tiny glands of the face, especially around our eyes. 'They are tiny, eight-legged critters that live in our hair follicles, including our eyelashes,' says Raymondi. More specifically, they spend most of their lives burrowed deep at the base of our lashes. While that might sound eerie, they're not invaders in the way we typically think of pests or parasites. Rather, they are part of our skin's natural ecosystem – and even serve some useful purposes. 'These mites are responsible for eating the dead skin cells and oils that our body sheds daily,' explains Raymondi. Most of us never even know they're there. Humans host two species of these mites: Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis, explains Dr. Roberto Ricardo-Gonzalez, a dermatologist and microbiologist at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center. 'Like most arthropods, both species have a rigid outer covering (exoskeleton) protecting their bodies,' he notes. Of the two species, he adds, D. folliculorum is primarily found in eyelash follicles, while D. brevis tends to occupy skin glands that produce sebum, an oily substance our bodies need to hydrate skin. No matter where they are, both species of mites are only about 0.3 millimeters long – roughly the size of a single grain of very fine sand – making them invisible to the naked eye. What causes eyelash mites to become an issue? The mere presence of eyelash mites isn't usually a problem. But issues arise when their numbers surge, which can lead to a condition called demodicosis. 'Our bodies can typically control the number of mites to a low level,' says Ricardo-Gonzalez. 'But when their population increases substantially, it can lead to irritation, redness, inflammation and occasional itching.' You may also experience 'crusting and flaking at the base of your eyelashes,' adds Raymondi. 'An overgrowth may even cause your eyelashes to appear shorter or to fall out.' In some cases, demodicosis can also contribute to more serious eye conditions such as blepharitis – an inflammatory condition of the eyelids. Several factors can trigger an overpopulation of mites. Since they feed on dead skin cells and sebum, an abundance of either can increase their numbers, explains Ricardo-Gonzalez. Poor eyelid hygiene is another culprit, especially if makeup or other facial products aren't properly or thoroughly removed after use. Eyelash extensions have also been shown to potentially cause buildup to occur. Ditto for poorly cleaned contact lenses. "Mite overgrowth is also associated with skin conditions like rosacea and seborrheic dermatitis," adds Dr. Cory Lappin, an optometrist and founder of the Dry Eye Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. "And patients with a weakened immune system may be at a greater risk of mite overpopulation due to such a system being less effective at keeping them in check." Age is another factor to be aware of. 'Many elderly folks have an overpopulation of these mites,' notes Raymondi. This is mainly due to mites naturally accumulating more over time. How to get rid of eyelash mites Fortunately, there are several effective ways of treating and managing issues like itching, crusting or redness that are caused by mite overgrowth. For example, gently cleaning your eyelids with diluted tea tree oil or specially formulated lid scrubs can help. 'Tea tree oil contains compounds toxic to Demodex mites, but it should never be applied directly to the eye,' cautions Raymondi. Warm compresses can also loosen debris and calm inflammation. Raymondi also cites an FDA-approved lotilaner ophthalmic solution called Xdemvy. 'This is a prescription eye drop that you can get from your eye doctor,' she explains. 'This and other anti-parasitic medications such as ivermectin can effectively kill eyelash mites,' echoes Ricardo-Gonzalez. 'But these medications should only be used as directed by your doctor.' In more severe or persistent cases, an ophthalmologist may also recommend in-office treatments like professional eyelid exfoliation. Preventing overpopulation from returning is also important. 'Good hygiene is essential to keep skin debris and oil at a normal level,' Ricardo-Gonzalez advises. Removing all eye makeup each day is also key. But as you do so, remember that complete eradication isn't the goal. 'These mites are part of our ecosystem,' Raymondi stresses. 'The goal is to manage their numbers and restore balance.'
Fast Company
3 days ago
- Health
- Fast Company
How AI brain mapping can improve disease detection
Traditional brain scans only show part of the picture. They can't fully capture how different regions of the brain communicate—an essential factor in detecting neurological diseases early. Dr. Rahul Biswas, a neurologist at the University of California–San Francisco, is working to change that with AI -powered tools that map these hidden neural connections. His groundbreaking research reveals how Alzheimer's disrupts brain communication in unexpected areas, challenging long-held assumptions about the disease. Now, through his company, Kaneva Consulting, Dr. Biswas is focused on transforming this science into practical diagnostic tools that can identify brain disorders long before symptoms emerge. Fast Company spoke with Biswas about how AI is revolutionizing brain health, from early disease detection to personalized treatments and everyday tech. The conversation has been edited for length and clarity. How are AI models revealing new insights about the brain that weren't possible with traditional neuroscience methods?
Gizmodo
5 days ago
- Health
- Gizmodo
The Big Beautiful Bill Is Bad for Americans' Health and Wallets, Study Finds
The 'Big Beautiful Bill' is now law, and it's poised to wreak plenty of destruction. Research out today finds that the policy changes will lead to thousands more deaths annually, as well as harm the financial health of rural hospitals. Epidemiologists at the University of California, San Francisco, and elsewhere conducted the study. They found the Medicaid cuts caused by the Big Beautiful Bill will cause many avoidable hospitalizations and deaths, put dozens of rural hospitals at high risk of closing, and ultimately leave a big dent in the U.S. economy as a whole. The findings are only the latest to highlight the likely damage from the Trump administration's now crowning achievement. 'This analysis suggests substantive negative health and economic impacts from provisions in the current Medicaid reform bill,' the authors wrote in their paper, published Wednesday in JAMA Health Forum. Elon Musk Rekindles Trump Criticism, Attacks 'Big, Beautiful Bill' The One Big Beautiful Bill Act—signed into law by President Donald Trump on July 4—extends the 2017 tax cuts passed during Trump's first term and enacts many of the administration's other priorities, including increased defense spending. It was crafted as a budget reconciliation bill, which allowed Republicans to pass it through the Senate with a simple majority. To offset some of its added expenditures, the bill includes provisions designed to trim spending across several programs, most notably Medicaid. These provisions include tighter restrictions on Medicaid eligibility, work requirements for non-disabled adults, and the delay of Biden-era regulations to simplify and expand Medicaid access. The Congressional Budget Office previously projected that these changes would reduce Medicaid spending by roughly $700 billion between 2026 and 2034 and cause 10.3 million people to leave Medicaid by 2034, including 7.6 million who would become uninsured entirely. To come up with their estimates, the study authors analyzed past research looking at the aftereffects of losing health care coverage on people, hospitals, and the economy. Under the CBO's projections of lost coverage, they estimated that nearly 95,000 more hospitalizations in the U.S. would occur annually by 2034, along with 1,500 excess deaths a year. 1.6 million people annually would also delay medical care due to cost, and nearly 2 million would fail to take their medications as instructed. The researchers further calculated the bill would cause many rural hospitals to lose revenue from losing patients covered by Medicaid and having to pay for uninsured patients instead. They estimated that 101 rural hospitals would be at high risk for closure by 2034. The losses in coverage were also estimated to result in 302,000 lost jobs annually by 2034, as well as $135.3 billion less money being pumped into the economy every year, including $11 billion lost in state and local taxes. These coverage losses could additionally generate $7.6 billion in medical debt by 2034. Trump's 'Big Beautiful Bill' Will Literally Kill, Study Warns Other studies have mapped out the health costs of the Big Beautiful Bill, but the study researchers say their analysis takes an even deeper look into the total fallout that will come from it. 'The study critically is peer-reviewed and uses evidence from multiple rigorous studies to create a hopefully more credible assessment of impact, specifically looking beyond coverage losses alone to other secondary impacts on healthcare entities and local economies,' lead author Sanjay Baju, an epidemiologist and physician at UCSF, told Gizmodo. Though the bill is now signed into law, there may yet be further changes made to Medicaid. But Baju and his colleagues don't expect any such changes to significantly alter their estimates. If anything, the numbers may be too rosy. It's possible that even more people will lose their Medicaid coverage, the researchers note, and they didn't analyze the impact of possible negative changes to Medicare that could also be set into motion by the bill. While these provisions aren't scheduled to come into effect for some time, some rural hospitals have already blamed the law for their closures. Baju says that it's still possible to mitigate at least some of the harms caused by the bill, such as through added private funding. But the reality of the situation is grim enough that even many of its supporters are scrambling to run damage control. Health and Human Secretary Robert F. Kennedy recently denied outright that the law will cause any Medicaid cuts, for instance, while Senator Josh Hawley (R-Montana) introduced legislation Tuesday to prevent the Medicaid changes he voted for.
Medscape
5 days ago
- Health
- Medscape
Medscape 2050: Robert Wachter
Medscape 2050: The Future of Medicine Have you tried an AI tool yet? Robert Wachter, MD, professor and chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, wants to know. In fact, Wachter will tell you that 'in order to be a responsible physician or probably any professional, you should be trying them today.' Why is this so urgent? Because physicians – perhaps more than most other professionals – need support. Did you know that 1 out of 5 medical records is longer than Moby Dick? (That's not an estimate; it's been studied.) How can a doctor comb through over 600 pages of notes in the five minutes before a patient visit and feel confident that they haven't missed anything? This is just one of many 'impossible' tasks, Wachter says, that doctors face in today's healthcare system. The 'Holy Grail' of AI, for Wachter, will be when these tools can reliably provide 'clinical decision support.' He envisions a system where AI is seamlessly integrated into the EHR, analyzing literature, evidence, and recommendations, and delivering that information in a form that is 'useful and actionable.' Are you worrying that AI is coming for your job? Don't. These fears are overstated, Wachter says, mentioning Geoffrey Hinton's famous suggestion in 2016 that we 'should stop training radiologists now.' And yet, almost a decade later, radiology is still a crucial specialty. Even as we look toward a 'transformative moment' when medical AI will make clinicians' lives a lot easier, we shouldn't count ourselves out. 'If you'd asked me 15 years ago, which comes first: the radiologists are out of business, or I sit in the backseat of a driverless car and fall asleep on my way home,' says Wachter, who is a fan of Waymo, 'I would've said the radiologists are toast.' And he would have been wrong.
Medscape
5 days ago
- Health
- Medscape
S2 Episode 1: Caught Off Guard? Menopause in MS Deserves Better
This transcript has been edited for clarity. For more episodes, download the Medscape app or subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your preferred podcast provider. Anne H. Cross, MD: Hello. I am Dr Anne Cross. Welcome to Medscape's InDiscussion series on multiple sclerosis. Today we'll be discussing menopause in women with multiple sclerosis (MS). I'd like to introduce my distinguished guest, Dr Riley Bove. Dr Bove is an associate professor of neurology at the University of California in San Francisco, and she's a practicing neurologist at the UCSF Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Center. Dr Bove's research focuses on digital health, sex and gender differences in MS, and improving access to neurologic care. And, important for today's discussion, she is a menopause expert in MS patients and the treatment of that. Welcome, Dr Bove. Riley Bove, MD: Thanks for having me on. I'm excited to talk about this with you, Dr Cross. Cross: Yes, me too. I'm going to dive in and ask you to tell us, how does a woman with MS know that she is in menopause, and what is menopause? Bove: We define menopause as that final menstrual period beyond which there are no menses for at least a year. And if a woman has not had her period for a year, she looks backward, we say she's postmenopausal. That final menstrual period was the date of her spontaneous menopause. And as we know, in the years leading up to that final menstrual period, there can be changes in the menses. They can become more frequent and then peter out. There are also marked hormonal changes. Estrogen levels can increase, decrease, or fluctuate widely before they decrease. There can be a range of symptomatology. And when we talk about menopause, often we're talking about perimenopause — those last years before the final menstrual period and those first years in the postmenopausal stage. To answer your specific question about how a woman knows that she's going into menopause: In general, looking at the menstrual patterns, looking at symptoms, perhaps starting to have hot flashes or night sweats, starting to experience changes that may be a little bit more amorphous in terms of changes in sleep patterns, changes in mood, maybe feeling more depressed, anxious, or irritable. Having some bladder function changes as well. And then a whole host of cognitive symptoms. Those might be some of the symptoms that a woman starts experiencing as she's moving into perimenopause. And, of course, to our listeners who are experts in MS, those are often the invisible symptoms of MS. It can be overlapping and confusing to patients sometimes. Cross: Do women with MS go through menopause at any different age, or does it last longer or shorter than women who don't have MS? Bove: Yes. In terms of the timing and duration, it seems to be quite similar. The menopausal transition, the physiologic experience of it, really varies widely according to different cultures in terms of different nutritional exposures and lifespan exposures, but in Western societies, the median age of spontaneous menopause is 51, 51 and a half. And that's the median age of spontaneous menopause in our women with MS. Some may have gone through it earlier because of some of the medications that we used to use more often — cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone. But it seems to be within range. Cross: Okay. One question that many of us who take care of women with MS have is what to do, what to advise them on, about hormonal therapy around menopause to treat their symptoms. I would love to hear your insights — what you do with your patients in terms of hormonal therapy. Bove: There are three buckets of questions. The first is generally, when we're thinking about hormonal therapy, are the risks in a woman with MS different from those in the general population? And there may be a few risks that are different in the sense that someone is at higher risk for blood clots because they're not ambulatory. But typically, for most of our patients who are perimenopausal today, the risks don't seem to be different from those in the general population. So, then, if we think about the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), let's define that for a second. We're talking typically about estrogen, either estradiol or the conjugated equine estrogen, Premarin. And then in women who have an intact uterus, we need to add on progesterone or a progesterone-containing IUD to protect the endometrial lining from the estrogen's extra stimulation. When we talk about HRT, we're talking about systemic, given either by pill or transdermally — distinguishing that from more topical estrogen that's given to women who have vaginal atrophy or dryness. So when we talk about systemic hormone, typically estrogen, replacement therapy, we're thinking about it for two things. The first is for the management of the perimenopause. There are data from The North American Menopause Society, which is leading our guidance here, which say that during the peri stage, HRT is probably the best treatment for hot flashes. It's associated with downstream effects, with improved sleep function and quality of life. People who experience a lot of joint pain during perimenopause — people have pains in their hips, their shoulders, and other joints — also report some relief there. And for management of hot flashes and other perimenopausal symptoms, HRT is considered to be very effective. For most of my patients, if there are no general contraindications and no specific MS contraindications, by all means, get your symptoms treated. When we talk about systemic hormone therapy, we're also asking, is it protective, associated with wellness in the postmenopausal lifespan? And that's where our ears perk up because we're thinking about neuroprotection, maintaining brain health. The bottom line is, we don't have enough data yet. We don't have enough interventional trials. I know things are underway, but we don't have data today that tell us for sure whether it's neuroprotective. What we do know is that use of hormone therapy is associated with decreased all-cause mortality, decrease in all cancers, decreased heart disease, decreased diabetes, hyperlipidemia, etc. And we know that all of those things, heart wellness, these general categories of wellness, are also associated with brain wellness. Certainly, through the effects on all these intermediary factors, we expect that the HRT would also do good things for the brain. But we also need to see whether it does specific things for the brain, and that's where we need a bit more data. Cross: That's exciting, and I hope that we find that estrogens are neuroprotective and get some more guidance on that. But meanwhile, do you have a favorite regimen? Which estrogens do you tend to recommend? Bove: Yes, there's a couple things. So the first guidance, of course, is that for every person, the risks and benefits need to be personalized, individualized. Side note: Not every woman can get systemic estrogens — people who have breast cancer, clotting risk, things like that. And for those people, there are other treatments for hot flashes. There is fezolinetant (Veozah), which was FDA approved a few years ago. And it works well against hot flashes. And then there are also SSRIs, SNRIs, gabapentin. So people who can't take HRT can still get a lot of relief during the menopausal transition. We shouldn't abandon them. But in terms of formulation, again, it's going to be somewhat individual. Today, typically people are preferring transdermal estradiol, transdermal estrogen, and then either oral progesterone or a progesterone-containing IUD. That seems to be the go-to. There are wonderful online classes for clinicians to get up to speed on this because we have a whole generation of clinicians who were not trained, who were taught to avoid HRT. The Women's Health Initiative shut down the conversation. And a lot of clinicians can absolutely go online for a couple of hours and get some good CME. I typically see that transdermal estrogen is the preferred route. Cross: Okay, great. Is there any benefit to using the natural remedies that my patients come in and tell me about — soybeans and black cohosh tea, and things like that? Bove: I don't know. I have a hard time interpreting the data. As we know, the quality of data, the lack of interventional, randomized trials, makes it a lot harder to interpret risks and benefits. I talk about, does it impact your wellness? Do you feel better on it? In which case, feeling good is going to have a lot of downstream positive effects. I don't know enough to truly weigh in on that. Cross: Okay. And with our population of patients with MS, are there any special symptoms that go along with menopause that we should be on the lookout for that maybe don't occur in the average person without MS? Bove: There are a couple of guidelines and first principles that I try to talk about when we're thinking about our patients. The first thing is, we cannot be surprised that menopause happens to women. It happens to every woman, right? Every woman who gets to her sixties is going to go through menopause. And we have to move from being like, oh, what's that? to, how am I going to actively manage my patient, anticipate change, and guide her through this? A follow-up to that is that I start talking around age 45 to women and say, "Listen, you may not reach this for 10 years, 12 years, or it may have happened or may be happening soon, but to put it on your radar, you may be moving toward perimenopause, and do not be surprised when it hits you." Because often, from a quality-of-life standpoint, my patients are cruising along. We get them on these beautiful therapies, we get them on B-cell-depleting therapies that you helped pioneer. We get them on other medications and they're stable, and then they hit peri, and it's like they've fallen off a quality-of-life cliff, and they're worried that they're progressing. They're having a lot of symptomatic exacerbations, and warning them ahead of time is point number one. And then telling them, "Hey, if you get there, it's going to be very hard for you to parse out what's MS and what's menopause — what's the overlap? What's the intersection? And that's not your job. Come and tell me about what you're experiencing and we'll work through it." And the second point is, anticipatory guidance starting at age 45, and then when they start having symptoms, see them more frequently — every 3 months — to make sure that these things happen. Maybe that's not my lane, and I know it's not my lane, but I want to make sure that she got that follow-up with the other physician. And then in terms of what women experience, the hot flashes that happen to many people, we know about Uhthoff's phenomenon. We know that our patients, when they're warm, their nerves don't conduct as well and they have quiescence of their symptoms. It's transient. That's what they're experiencing when they're having their hot flashes, and they tell us that the tingling is worse, right? I think that they're experiencing Uhthoff's phenomenon many times a day and night, and that's not good. So even though it may be "vasomotor symptoms," they should be treated to prevent the impact on their MS. The other thing I hear a lot from my women with MS during the peri is that they're worried that now they're getting Alzheimer's because they're experiencing cognitive changes, and we know that the menopausal transition is associated with cognitive changes. People have cognitive fog, they have word-finding difficulties — the word is on the tip of the tongue. They have what we call a senior moment, where you walk into the room and you don't know why you're there. And there's also this experience of feeling overloaded, when you have multiple stimuli and you can't direct your attention, sustain your attention, sustain a train of thought. Those are all cognitive things that our patients tell us all the time in general with MS and perimenopausal women report as well. And that exacerbation of cognition, whether it's hormone-mediated changes in the brain or a hot flash, or the fact that they didn't sleep last night, that can be particularly distressing to our patients with MS. Pulling apart all the triggers that we can, giving reassurance and guidance, testing, and cognitive strategies can be particularly informative for them. Cross: Is there any role for estrogen or hormonal therapy for blocking that cognitive decline? Bove: Certainly with Rhonda Voskuhl's leadership, and you've been heavily involved here, it'll be interesting to see whether there is a role that we have to look in the estrogen pathways, and we also have to look in other pathways. There are other mechanisms of resilience, like the Klotho (KL) gene, which may be an avenue of promoting resilience. Women also make testosterone, of course, right? Many of us may not have learned that in medical school: The ovaries make testosterone, and with the loss of ovaries, including with surgical menopause, we lose a lot of testosterone, and the role of testosterone in cognitive performance in women is also understudied. So there are a lot of potential avenues where we can do that. But from a day-to-day, what do we have? What tools do we have now? Managing people's sleep, promoting their sleep, addressing depression, and quieting down the hot flashes can help cognition a lot. Cross: You led in that direction and I'm aware that you've done a recent study, that maybe has been completed, of bazedoxifene and menopause. Would you tell us about that and what you're hoping to see in your data? Bove: I'm experiencing a bit of a drum-roll moment. Bazedoxifene, or BZA, is a SERM, a selective estrogen receptor modulator. And as you know, tamoxifen is a SERM that's commonly used in breast cancer because it antagonizes the effects of estrogen and breast tissue. Many other SERMs either agonize or antagonize the effects of estrogen in different body tissues. So, ideally, if we're thinking about a neuroprotective agent, we want something that ramps up the beneficial effects of estrogen in the brain without ramping up the deleterious effects of estrogen in the breast and uterus. And hopefully it also can do some good things for bone and for cardiovascular health. We want to get the roses without the thorns, the benefits of estrogen without the risks. The rationale for testing BZA is that SERMs come up strongly in different screens for remyelinating agents, and we tested BZA specifically. It showed good effects in preclinical animal models of demyelination, remyelination. Of course, many things have not made the translational jump to human beings, and certainly when we're trying to promote myelin repair, we want to be able to boost the effects of the oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and wrap new myelin around axons. But we need axons that are healthy enough to do the signaling that tells the OPCs that they want myelin. In running this clinical trial — it's a clinical trial of bazedoxifene in perimenopausal women — we wanted to target this demographic. We know our patients are at risk for disability progression, axonal loss postmenopausally. We also don't know for sure whether those axons entering the perimenopausal period are robust enough after demyelination to do their part in signaling and to promote myelin repair. So we'll see. It's an exciting approach. Many women with MS — we know that about two thirds of all people who develop MS are premenopausal women — many people could stand to benefit at some point, but we have to see. Cross: My fingers and toes are crossed for you on this. I hope, and for our patients, that this is going to prove to be a good study. What endpoints are you using to determine whether BZA is working? Bove: When we did our trial, we were interested in reproducing a lot of the same trial design as the clemastine trial that was done also at UCSF because there are few positive trials in myelin repair and we wanted to keep some things consistent for interpretability across the trials. We're using a delayed-start study design. We were initially looking at chronic optic neuropathy. We screened out many patients for chronic optic neuropathy; you need to have had injury in your optic pathways — not too much, but some. A lot of patients either didn't have any or had too much. And we've shifted to a myelin water fraction in the brain on neuroimaging as our primary outcome. That allowed us to recruit a lot more women and do the study more quickly. Cross: When can we expect to see the results? Bove: Hopefully, we'll get something together by the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) meeting. Cross: Oh, that would be fantastic. Again, we're hoping that this is a positive trial. All of us are cheering for this. What's your next step after this trial? Bove: Great question. Along the lines of, we shouldn't be surprised anymore that women go through menopause and that this is a time where they need us, stepping up as their clinicians and focusing on these comprehensive care packages, and trying to disseminate that perspective — that approach is an important step for me. Drilling down on some of the cognitive changes that people experience, how we tease apart the different things that are going on is another next step. And, of course, if our phase 2 trial shows a positive signal, an encouraging signal, then I would want to move that forward because, if anything else, bazedoxifene is great for women's bones. And we know that postmenopausally, our patients get osteopenia and osteoporosis, if anything else, let alone the potential effects on neuroprotection. So those are some of the arenas that I'm interested in, and then trying to dial in on mechanisms. We know there's much chronological aging, biological aging, aging in different systems; how do we tease apart all of that from the specific effects of hormones on brain aging? Cross: I have enjoyed talking with you today, Dr Bove, and you are a great doctor. If I had MS, I would want to be your patient. I'm impressed with your work and all that you've done to help women with MS in particular. Thank you very much for joining us today. I'm looking forward to hearing you speak at the next meeting. And I'm very much looking forward — and I'm sure the whole group of MS patients and doctors who take care of them are looking forward — to the results of your study. We are keeping our fingers crossed for you and for everyone. Great work. Keep it up. Thank you so much for joining us. Listen to additional seasons of this podcast. Resources Hormonal Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of Clinical Data The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society Age-Specific Effects of Hormone Therapy Use on Overall Mortality and Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality Among Women in the California Teachers Study Efficacy and Safety of Fezolinetant in Moderate to Severe Vasomotor Symptoms Associated With Menopause: A Phase 3 RCT Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial Effects of Menopause in Women With Multiple Sclerosis: An Evidence-Based Review Uhthoff's Phenomenon in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Molecular Basis of Klotho: From Gene to Function in Aging Re-WRAP (Remyelination for Women at Risk of Axonal Loss and Progression): A Phase II Randomized Placebo-Controlled Delayed-Start Trial of Bazedoxifene for Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis Clemastine Fumarate as a Remyelinating Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis (ReBUILD): A Randomised, Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial
