Latest news with #UniversityofCaliforniaSantaCruz
Yahoo
02-05-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
This Adorable Sea Lion Can Keep a Beat Better Than Some Humans
A feel for the groove isn't restricted to humans, but it does seem pretty limited across the animal kingdom. Chimpanzees can keep a beat, but their ability to do so is low compared to Homo sapiens. One species of lemur is better. A 16-year-old California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) named Ronan blows them all out of the water – even some humans. A new study shows that her ability to bop along to a rhythm isn't just a learned response to some tempos: she can synchronize her movements with new rhythms, suggesting that, once she was trained in what to do, she could adapt and keep a beat to multiple tempos. "She is incredibly precise, with variability of only about a tenth of an eyeblink from cycle to cycle," says comparative neuroscientist Peter Cook of the University of California Santa Cruz and New College of Florida. "Sometimes, she might hit the beat five milliseconds early, sometimes she might hit it 10 milliseconds late. But she's basically hitting the rhythmic bullseye over and over and over again." Ronan, a resident of UC Santa Cruz's Long Marine Laboratory, was the subject of a paper published in 2013 that described her remarkable ability to keep time. At three years of age, when just a juvenile, she was trained to bob her head along with a ticking metronome, and later music, adjusting her beat-keeping as the tempo of the metronome changed. Later studies questioned whether Ronan's abilities could be as accurate as those of a human, since the initial results showed slightly higher variability in timing than is typically seen in human studies. Other scientists also queried the extensive training Ronan underwent, and whether her time-keeping is the product of the same neurobiological mechanisms as human rhythm. In the intervening 12 years, Cook and his colleagues occasionally gave Ronan a little practice at the boogie – not much, just 10 to 15 seconds at a time, now and again, for a total of around 2,000 sessions. "She definitely wasn't overtrained," Cook explains. "Realistically, if you added up the amount of rhythmic exposure Ronan has had since she's been with us, it is probably dwarfed by what a typical one-year-old kid has heard." Now, as a mature adult, her ability to keep the beat has not only improved – it has outstripped that of some humans. In a follow-up study, the researchers tested Ronan's ability to bop in time with a snare drum tapping at tempos of 112, 120, and 128 beats per minute – the higher and lower of which were tempos to which she had not previously been exposed. They then tested 10 undergraduate university students with the same sounds, tasking them to keep the beat with movements of their forearms. "We compared Ronan's performance to that of the adults we tested," the researchers write, "providing the first apples-to-apples comparative assessment of rhythmic entrainment between humans and non-humans with established beatkeeping ability." Not a single human outperformed Ronan in all of the tests. Her tempo interval, movement interval, and phase-angle – the measures of how close her movements were to the beat – were closer to perfect synchronization than at least some of the humans in all tests. Her time-keeping was noticeably more accurate at faster tempos, too. At 112, 120, and 128 beats per minute, Ronan's performed average tempo was 113.1, 121.6, and 129.0 beats per minute. The humans' average tempos for the same were 112.4, 119.3, and 126.2, respectively. The results suggest that non-human animals can be trained to keep a rhythm, if they feel motivated to do so. Many of them probably have little reason to do so in the wild, but doing it in a lab where treats and praise are dispensed can help scientists understand animal intelligence and the way they process information, particularly as they grow into adults. "One of the most important outcomes of the study is the fact that maturation and experience matter," says animal behaviorist Colleen Reichmuth of UC Santa Cruz. " It's not just a test of rhythmic performance. It reflects her cognitive behavior and her ability to remember and refine it over time." It's important to note that Ronan was well rewarded for her participation in the study: "When the test session was complete, human participants were thanked and given further details on the nature of the study. Ronan received a toy filled with fish and ice." The research has been published in Scientific Reports. Mysterious Critters Set to Return After 17 Years Underground Plants Really Do 'Scream'. We Just Never Heard Them Until Now. 'Zombie' Volcano in Bolivia Appears to Be Stirring Deep Underground
The Guardian
12-03-2025
- The Guardian
Urban decay and camel rides – readers' best photos
'While walking through the nature reserve in Wicken Fen with my wife, niece and nephew, I saw movement out of the corner of my eye in a patch of rough grass. The muntjac was around 3 meters away, well camouflaged except for its head, which was caught in the bright, winter sunlight. We remained quiet and still while it fed.' Photograph: Andy Gibbons 'There's something very British about out-of-season seaside towns. Maintenance work for the spring/summer tourists was just starting here at Bayside Fun Park.' Photograph: Pete Bowman 'A humpback whale, called Guardian by whale watchers, returns to the west coast of Canada each spring from Hawaii.' Photograph: Albert Macfarlane 'An elderly lady in a wheelchair is fascinated with a painting by Oskar Kokoschka. Is she seeing herself in the very young girl watched by a boy?' Photograph: Krzysztof Andrzejczak 'After reading your review of the Goya to Impressionism exhibition in February, I wondered what Goya would have made of these four swordfish stakes.' Photograph: Lydia Morris 'Camel rides on Birubi beach.' Photograph: Ian Sanderson 'It's always good to see the daffs arriving in February, trumpeting the imminent arrival of spring in Bransford.' Photograph: Lynne Falconer 'One of the many hidden treasures we came across in secluded courtyards. There is beauty in decay.' Photograph: Geoff Wood 'On what looked like the first day of spring, we took a drive across Dartmoor when this beautiful rainbow emerged. This pony was only too happy to pose with it.' Photograph: Ruud Jansen Venneboer 'Weird ice formations on a fence and stile near the summit of Whernside in the Yorkshire Dales.' Photograph: David Berry 'A red-tailed hawk at the University of California Santa Cruz's Coastal Science Campus.' Photograph: Craig James 'An icy Penshaw Monument blazes in the January sun.' Photograph: Danial Kennedy 'The annual visit to the grave of the Prophet Hud centres around a series of marches up the mountain wherein his grave is nestled, led by various scholarly families. It culminates in the grand visit of the family of Shaykh Abu Bakr bin Salim, captured here as people begin to gather for the march up, which draws people from across the world.' Photograph: Huseyin Tuna 'Hopeful cats at sunrise waiting patiently behind fishermen.' Photograph: Robert Boon 'Normally know for golden sands, summer sunshine and stunning sunsets, Abel Tasman national park was host to an autumn storm that brought an intense rainbow to life.' Photograph: Steve Redshaw 'A giant awakens in Banff national park. I caught this photo at a roadside pullout, the clouds were just starting to break and we had the place to ourselves. Shifting clouds revealed the brow and nose of a giant.' Photograph: Thomas J Albright
Yahoo
05-03-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Scientists Say a Supernova May Have Altered Evolution Forever
Some 2.5 million years ago, viruses in Lake Tanganyika experienced an unexplained explosion in diversity. A new study analyzing iron-60 found in the lakebed suggests that the explosion of a 'nearby' supernova may be responsible for this evolutionary event. Although the study doesn't confirm this cosmic connection, it shows that the timelines match up almost perfectly. Sometimes deep space can seem like a cold, uncaring place fully removed from the dramas unfolding on the planet Earth. However, a new study from scientists at University of California Santa Cruz theorizes that the machinations of the cosmos can, in fact, impact the minute details of life on our home world. In a new study published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, researchers lay out a compelling cosmic tale affecting some of the smallest forms of life on our planet. The story goes that 2.5 million years ago, radiation from a supernova—either in the Scorpius-Centaurus group (460 light-years away) or the Tucana-Horologium group (230 light-years away)—began bathing Earth in radiation for roughly 100,000 years. Due to its isolation by the East African Rift, Lake Tanganyika—which lies along the borders of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Burundi, and Zambia—experienced an explosion in its diversity of viruses. According to the new study, this yet-unexplained increase in the lake's viral population could be related to cosmic radiation breaking apart viral DNA, spurring mutations and (as a result) speciation. 'It's really cool to find ways in which these super distant things could impact our lives or the planet's habitability,' Caitlyn Nojiri, lead author of the study and UC Santa Cruz undergraduate, said in a press statement. 'We saw from other papers that radiation can damage DNA. That could be an accelerant for evolutionary changes or mutations in cells.' The key to understanding this 2.5-million-year-old cellular drama is iron-60, an isotope of iron primarily produced in the fiery explosions of supernovae. After analyzing samples from the lakebed, Nojiri and her team isolated two distinct populations for iron-60—one that formed 2.5 million years ago (the supernova one) and another that formed four millions years later. This later cache of iron-60, the authors theorize, likely arrived on Earth as the planet entered the part of the Milky Way known as the 'Local Bubble,' which is a low-density region with the remnants of exploded star stuff filling the area around its exterior (the Earth is currently near the center of this bubble). 'The iron-60 is a way to trace back when the supernovae were occurring,' Nojiri said. 'From two to three million years ago, we think that a supernova happened nearby.' When the researchers modeled these supernovae, it showed that they 'perfectly' fit previous data surrounding this spike in radiation. Of course, the nearby explosion of a supernova and the increase in the diversification of viruses seen in one secluded African lake could be simply a coincidence—one data point that is uncorrelated with the other. Even Nojiri admits that the study doesn't prove that the two events are connected, 'but they have a similar timeframe,' Nojiri said. However, the study does provide a particularly interesting piece of evidence that the cosmic goings-on in deep space may have had a more profound impact of the evolution of life on Earth than we previously believed. You Might Also Like Can Apple Cider Vinegar Lead to Weight Loss? Bobbi Brown Shares Her Top Face-Transforming Makeup Tips for Women Over 50
Yahoo
04-03-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
A Supernova From Deep Space May Have Altered Evolution on Earth Forever, Scientists Say
Some 2.5 million years ago, viruses in Lake Tanganyika experienced an unexplained explosion in diversity. A new study analyzing iron-60 found in the lakebed suggests that the explosion of a 'nearby' supernova may be responsible for this evolutionary event. Although the study doesn't confirm this cosmic connection, it shows that the timelines match up almost perfectly. Sometimes deep space can seem like a cold, uncaring place fully removed from the dramas unfolding on the planet Earth. However, a new study from scientists at University of California Santa Cruz theorizes that the machinations of the cosmos can, in fact, impact the minute details of life on our home world. In a new study published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, researchers lay out a compelling cosmic tale affecting some of the smallest forms of life on our planet. The story goes that 2.5 million years ago, radiation from a supernova—either in the Scorpius-Centaurus group (460 light-years away) or the Tucana-Horologium group (230 light-years away)—began bathing Earth in radiation for roughly 100,000 years. Due to its isolation by the East African Rift, Lake Tanganyika—which lies along the borders of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Burundi, and Zambia—experienced an explosion in its diversity of viruses. According to the new study, this yet-unexplained increase in the lake's viral population could be related to cosmic radiation breaking apart viral DNA, spurring mutations and (as a result) speciation. 'It's really cool to find ways in which these super distant things could impact our lives or the planet's habitability,' Caitlyn Nojiri, lead author of the study and UC Santa Cruz undergraduate, said in a press statement. 'We saw from other papers that radiation can damage DNA. That could be an accelerant for evolutionary changes or mutations in cells.' The key to understanding this 2.5-million-year-old cellular drama is iron-60, an isotope of iron primarily produced in the fiery explosions of supernovae. After analyzing samples from the lakebed, Nojiri and her team isolated two distinct populations for iron-60—one that formed 2.5 million years ago (the supernova one) and another that formed four millions years later. This later cache of iron-60, the authors theorize, likely arrived on Earth as the planet entered the part of the Milky Way known as the 'Local Bubble,' which is a low-density region with the remnants of exploded star stuff filling the area around its exterior (the Earth is currently near the center of this bubble). 'The iron-60 is a way to trace back when the supernovae were occurring,' Nojiri said. 'From two to three million years ago, we think that a supernova happened nearby.' When the researchers modeled these supernovae, it showed that they 'perfectly' fit previous data surrounding this spike in radiation. Of course, the nearby explosion of a supernova and the increase in the diversification of viruses seen in one secluded African lake could be simply a coincidence—one data point that is uncorrelated with the other. Even Nojiri admits that the study doesn't prove that the two events are connected, 'but they have a similar timeframe,' Nojiri said. However, the study does provide a particularly interesting piece of evidence that the cosmic goings-on in deep space may have had a more profound impact of the evolution of life on Earth than we previously believed. You Might Also Like The Do's and Don'ts of Using Painter's Tape The Best Portable BBQ Grills for Cooking Anywhere Can a Smart Watch Prolong Your Life?
Yahoo
21-02-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Radiation From an Exploding Star May Have Altered Evolution on Earth
If a star explodes in space and no one is around to see it, does it wreak a change on terrestrial evolution? Yes, maybe – if you're a microbe quietly minding your own business in Lake Tanganyika in the highlands of eastern Africa. A new study has found that an explosion in virus diversity 2.5 million years ago in Lake Tanganyika occurred at the same time radiation from an ancient supernova bathed Earth in cosmic rays. This could imply a link between the diversification and the cosmic radiation, according to a team led by astrophysicist Caitlyn Nojiri of the University of California Santa Cruz. "It's really cool to find ways in which these super distant things could impact our lives or the planet's habitability," Nojiri says. Radiation is thought to be one of the contributing drivers of evolution here on Earth, a chaotic influence that pushes cells to mutate, for good or for ill (or for neutral). Evolution would happen with or without radiation; but it can play a role in nudging changes along. The Solar System sits in a bubble in space known as the Local Bubble, a region relatively devoid of other stars. Astronomers believe that this bubble was carved out by a series of supernova explosions, millions of years ago. Since nearby supernovas can boost the radiation levels experienced by Earth by several orders of magnitude, it's reasonable to explore the possibility that this radiation affected life on the surface. The work of Nojiri and her colleagues involved core samples of deep-sea sediments, preserving a record of deposition over millions of years. In particular, they were looking at a radioactive isotope of iron called iron-60, which is forged during supernova explosions, and rains down on Earth in greater quantities when we travel through remnant clouds of supernova detritus. Back in 2016, a team of physicists published a paper in which they described the identification of two spikes in iron-60 in seafloor sediments. Because iron-60 has a known half-life, these spikes could be dated with a high level of accuracy – one to around 6.5–8.7 million years ago, the other to around 1.5–3.2 million years ago. Nojiri's team wanted to trace these spikes to specific events, so they set about 'rewinding' the motions of objects in local space. Their results show that the earlier spike in iron-60 occurred when Earth entered the Local Bubble, passing through the boundary region rich in the isotope from previous supernova explosions. The latter spike, they found, was likely the result of a supernova explosion nearby between 2 million and 3 million years ago, either from the Scorpius-Centaurus group of young stars some 460 light-years away, or the Tucana-Horologium group 230 light-years away. A supernova remnant and associated runaway stars in Scorpius-Centaurus – one of the latter being a pulsar, the collapsed core of a dead star after a supernova – suggests that this region is the most likely of the two to be the culprit. Indeed, a 2019 study already linked the iron-60 spike to this very supernova event. The team performed simulations to find out how this explosion would have affected Earth – aside from the iron-60 spike, that is. They found that our planet would have been bombarded with powerful cosmic radiation for around 100,000 years in the wake of the supernova. If the explosion took place in Scorpius-Centaurus, the dose could have been an additional 30 milligrays per year during the first 10,000 years; for Tucana-Horologium, the dose would have been 100 milligrays. Either way, there may have been effects. A 2016 paper describing research conducted in India found that the radiation threshold for breaking DNA may be around 5 milligrays per year. While there's no direct line drawn between the two events, a paper last year found a startling increase in diversity of fish viruses in Lake Tanganyika between 2 and 3 million years ago. "We can't say that they are connected, but they have a similar timeframe," Nojiri says. "We thought it was interesting that there was an increased diversification in the viruses." At the very least, the research suggests that there may be a link between wild events in the cosmos, and the trajectory of evolution here on Earth. We may say that we exist in a bubble in a vacuum, but truthfully, all things can affect other things. Or, as Carl Sagan famously once said, we are all stardust. Maybe we should think about that more than we do. The team's research has been published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. NASA Has Some Good News About The Asteroid That Could Hit Earth Here Are Our Defense Options Against Potential 'City Killer' Asteroid Impact Hundreds of Black Hole 'Missing Links' May Have Been Discovered in New Survey
