Latest news with #Caltech
Yahoo
9 hours ago
- Science
- Yahoo
'The most significant JWST finding to date': James Webb spots — then loses — a giant planet orbiting in the habitable zone of our closest sun-like star
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. There might be a huge planet lurking near one of the closest stars to Earth. NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has imaged a possible planet near Alpha Centauri A, a sun-like star that forms part of the triplet Alpha Centauri star group. The mini-cluster is just four light-years from Earth and is a rich ground for astronomers to learn about other star systems. But there's a catch: JWST only spotted the supposed Saturn-size world once — in August 2024 — and two more tries in 2025 came up empty. "We are faced with the case of a disappearing planet," study co-lead author Aniket Sanghi, a doctoral student at Caltech, said in a statement. Astronomers aren't giving up yet. The research team said the planet may have moved in its orbit into the glare of the star — making it temporarily invisible to JWST. "This is a plausible explanation," Stanimir Metchev, Canada Research Chair in Extrasolar Planets at Western University in Ontario, told Live Science via email. Metchev was not involved in the research. "[It] comes with a strict prediction that the planet should again be visible in 2026 or 2027. These follow-up observations will be key for confirming this planet," Metchev added. But assuming the planet is there, "it would be the most significant JWST discovery to date." Related: 'The early universe is nothing like we expected': James Webb telescope reveals 'new understanding' of how galaxies formed at cosmic dawn If confirmed, the planet would be the closest world to Earth that orbits in the habitable zone of a star — the area around a star where water could exist in liquid form, on the rocky surface of an Earth-size world. The newfound Saturn-size exoplanet, however, is likely too large for life as we know it. The purported planet would also be the closest planet to its star ever imaged directly, as it orbits at twice the equivalent distance between Earth and the sun. But none of this is a slam-dunk yet. "The signal is at the limit of what contrast-enhancement techniques applied to JWST images can deliver," Metchev said. "The authors go through a painstaking and believable analysis, but nonetheless any direct image of an exoplanet — especially one with such potential significance — will require an independent confirmation." The Alpha Centauri system is made up of three stars: the sun-like stars Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, and a fainter red dwarf called Proxima Centauri. Astronomers have already confirmed three planets circling Proxima Centauri. JWST used its Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) for the observations.. Planet-hunting in Alpha Centauri required a custom observing sequence. A coronagraphic mask was also used to block out the light of Alpha Centauri A, enabling JWST to image much fainter planets orbiting nearby. RELATED STORIES — Will we ever reach Alpha Centauri, our closest neighboring star system? — 4 tiny, Earth-like planets found circling 2nd-closest star system to us — and could be visited by future human generations — Proposed spacecraft could carry up to 2,400 people on a one-way trip to the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri "Their extra effort paid off spectacularly," study lead co-author Charles Beichman, executive director of the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute at Caltech, said in the statement. "These are incredibly challenging observations to make, even with the world's most powerful space telescope, because these stars are so bright, close, and move across the sky quickly," Beichman added. In the meantime, the research team hinted more planet-hunting may be coming: "The next closest sun-like star, Tau Ceti [about 12 light-years from Earth], will be much harder even with Webb," Beichman said. NASA"s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, which will launch as soon as May 2027, will also be used to search for new worlds. Solve the daily Crossword
Time of India
4 days ago
- Science
- Time of India
NASA's $94 million Lunar Trailblazer mission ends in silence after launch failure
NASA has sent numerous satellites as a part of the ongoing missions to explore the unknown phenomenon in space, and recently, they made the difficult decision to officially terminate its Lunar Trailblazer mission after months of attempts to recover the small orbiter. The mission was designed to find out some valuable facts by mapping and characterizing water reserves on the Moon's surface. However, early on in its journey, the spacecraft lost communication and was presumed to be tumbling without sufficient power to operate. NASA recently announced the mission's end, which came as a disappointing outcome for a project that was supposed to support future lunar missions. What is the Lunar Trailblazer Mission Lunar Trailblazer is a 200‑kg orbiter under NASA's low‑cost SIMPLEx program, which was launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 26, 2025, as a rideshare on the IM‑2 mission to the Moon. About 48 minutes into the flight, it separated successfully, and initial contact was made later that evening from Caltech's IPAC in Pasadena. However, by early morning the next day, communication was lost due to intermittent power problems, and engineers soon found out that the spacecraft was spinning and unable to keep its solar panels pointed toward the Sun, according to information by NASA. NASA tried to recover the lost contact NASA worked tirelessly through spring and summer, attempting to reestablish contact in mid‑June and early July. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like Susan Boyle Is Now so Thin and Looks Beautiful! Undo Teams from NASA's Deep Space Network and various international observatories monitored the orbiter's trajectory, orientation, and potential sunlight exposure. Scientists hoped that if enough sunlight hit the spacecraft's solar panels, the batteries might get enough charge for the Lunar Trailblazer to wake up and send a signal again. NASA even had backup plans ready in case they managed to reconnect and keep the mission going. Despite these consistent efforts, Lunar Trailblazer drifted beyond the Moon and into deep space, spinning ever more slowly and becoming too distant to command or receive telemetry. Teams at JPL and Caltech finally acknowledged the mission could no longer yield scientific results, leading NASA to officially end it on July 31, 2025. This unsuccessful mission is a lesson for future missions According to reports by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 'At NASA, we undertake high‑risk, high‑reward missions like Lunar Trailblazer to find revolutionary ways of doing new science,' said Nicky Fox, associate administrator of NASA's Science Mission Directorate. 'While it was not the outcome we had hoped for, mission experiences like Lunar Trailblazer help us to learn and reduce the risk for future, low‑cost small satellites to do innovative science as we prepare for a sustained human presence on the Moon. ' The trailblazer had a companion Lunar Trailblazer shared its ride with the Athena lander, part of Intuitive Machines' IM‑2 mission. Athena successfully touched down near the lunar south pole on March 6, 2025, but shortly thereafter toppled over. In a compromised orientation, its solar panels could not recharge the batteries, ending its surface mission prematurely, delivering only limited data before it went silent the next day.
CTV News
03-08-2025
- Science
- CTV News
Lab-grown embryo models are getting more realistic. Scientists are getting more concerned
A human embryo model generated from reprogrammed stem cells by the lab of Magdalena Zernicka-Geotz, the Bren professor of biology and biological engineering at Caltech. The structure shows the different cell types present during the very earliest stages of human development. (Zhaodi Liao/Zernicka-Goetz Laboratory via CNN Newsource) Scientists are exploring ways to mimic the origins of human life without two fundamental components: sperm and egg. They are coaxing clusters of stem cells – programmable cells that can transform into many different specialized cell types – to form laboratory-grown structures that resemble human embryos. These embryo models are far from perfect replicas. But as labs compete to grow the best likeness, the structures are becoming increasingly complex, looking and behaving in some way as embryos would. The structures could further the study of human development and the causes infertility. However, the dizzying pace of the research, which started little more than a decade ago, is posing ethical, legal and regulatory challenges for the field of developmental biology. 'We could have never anticipated the science would have just progressed like this. It's incredible, it's been transformative how quickly the field has moved, said Amander Clark, a professor of molecular cell and developmental biology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the founding director of the UCLA Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education. 'However, as these models advance, it is crucial that they are studied in a framework that balances scientific progress with ethical, legal and social considerations.' Clark is co-chair of the International Society of Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) Embryo Models Working Group, which is now trying to update such a framework on a global scale. At issue is the question of how far researchers could go with these stem cells, given time and the right conditions. Could scientists eventually replicate an actual embryo that has a heartbeat and experiences pain, or one that could grow into a fully developed human model? Embryo models: How realistic are they? As current research stands, no model mimics the development of a human embryo in its entirety — nor is any model suspected of having the potential to form a fetus, the next stage in human development equivalent to week 8 or day 56 in a human pregnancy. Creating embryo models has also been a hit-and-miss process for most research groups, with only a small percentage of stem cells going on to self-organize into embryo-like structures. However, the models do exhibit several internal features and cell types that an embryo needs to develop, such as the amnion, yolk sac and primitive streak, and that could, 'with future improvements, eventually progress toward later embryo structures including heart, brain, and other organ rudiments,' according to a June paper coauthored by Clark and published in the journal Stem Cell Reports. Similar models made with mouse cells have reached the point where the brain begins to develop and a heart forms. Critically, the goal isn't to develop these models into viable fetuses, ultimately capable of human sentience, but to develop a useful research tool that unlocks the mysteries of how a human cell divides and reproduces to become a human body. The models also make way for experiments that can't be performed on donated embryos in a lab. However, it's possible as research advances that the distinction between a lab-grown model and a living human embryo could become blurred. And because the models lie at the intersection of historically controversial fields — stem cell biology and embryology — the work merits closer oversight than other forms of scientific research, Clark said. Clark and the ISSCR's Embryo Models Working Group in June recommended enhanced oversight of research involving the models. The society's guidelines, which first included guidance on embryo models in 2021, are being revised to incorporate the recommendations of the group and will be released in a few weeks. The current ISSCR guidelines make a distinction between 'integrated embryo models' that replicate the entire embryo, and 'non-integrated models' that replicate just one part of an embryo, requiring stricter oversight of the former. The updated guidelines will instead recommend that all research involving both types of embryo models should undergo 'appropriate ethical and scientific review.' The proposed update will also set out two red lines: The current guidance already prohibits the transfer of human embryo models into a human or animal uterus. The updated version will also advise scientists not use human embryo models to pursue ectogenesis: the development of an embryo outside the human body via the use of artificial wombs — essentially creating life from scratch. According to Clark, the stem cell-based embryo models she and other research teams work on should be considered distinct from research on actual human embryos, usually surplus IVF embryos donated to science. Such research is tightly regulated in many countries, and banned in others, including Germany, Austria and Italy. It makes sense, at least for now, to treat models and real embryos differently, said Emma Cave, a professor of healthcare law at Durham University in the UK who works on embryo models. She uses diamonds as an analogy: Natural diamonds and their commercially lab-grown equivalents are made from the same chemical components, but society assigns them different values. She cautioned there shouldn't be a rush to regulate embryo models too quickly in case it shuts down promising research. 'We are at an early stage in their development, where it could be that in 5, 10, 15, 20 years, that they could look very like a human embryo, or it might be they never get to that stage,' she said. Embryo Scientists Scientists look at a model of an early-stage human embryo created by Israeli scientists at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, September 7, 2023. (Amir Cohen/Reuters via CNN Newsource) A 'Turing test' for embryo models As the scientific research unfolds, oversight of embryo models is taking different shapes in different jurisdictions. Australia has taken the strictest approach. It includes embryo models within the regulatory framework that governs the use of human embryos, requiring a special permit for research. The Netherlands in 2023 similarly proposed treating 'non-conventional embryos' the same as human embryos in the eyes of the law. The proposal is still under discussion, according to the Health Council of the Netherlands. Researchers in the United Kingdom released a voluntary code of conduct in 2024, and Japan has also issued new guidelines governing research in the field. In the United States, embryo models aren't covered by any specific legal framework, and research proposals are considered by individual institutions and funding bodies, Clark noted. The National Institutes of Health said in 2021 that it would consider applications for public funding of research into embryo models on a case-by-case basis and monitor developments to understand the capabilities of these models. Few other countries, however, appear poised to adopt specific legislation on embryo models, making the guidelines issued by the ISSCR a 'highly influential' reference for researchers around the world, according to the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, a London-based organization that advises on ethical issues in biomedicine. The council said in a November 2024 report that international guidelines were key to avoid 'research being carried out that does not meet high ethical and scientific standards; this in turn could impact on the national public perception of risk, leading to a more risk-averse approach that hinders responsible scientific development.' Clark said the ISSCR's updated voluntary guidelines would help scientific funding bodies around the world better evaluate applications and publishers of research understand whether work was performed in an ethically responsible way, particularly in places where the law or other guidelines don't take embryo models into account. The future challenge for regulators is to understand when and whether an embryo model would be functionally the same as a human embryo and therefore potentially afforded the same or similar protection as those surrounding human embryos, said Naomi Moris, group leader at The Francis Crick Institute's developmental models laboratory. The only definitive test would be to transfer the model into the uterus of a surrogate, a move that's forbidden by current bioethical standards. However, Moris is among a group of researchers that has proposed to two tipping points or 'Turing tests' — inspired by computer scientist Alan Turing's way of determining whether machines can think like humans — to evaluate when distinctions between a lab-gown model and a human embryo would disappear. 'These things are not embryos at the moment, they clearly don't have the same capacity as an embryo does. But how would we know ahead of time that we were approaching that?' Moris said. 'That was the logic behind it. What metrics would we use as a kind of proxy for the potential of an embryo model that might then suggest that it was at least approaching the same sorts of equivalency as an embryo.' The first test would measure whether the models can be consistently produced and faithfully develop over a given period as normal embryos would. The second test would assess when animal stem cell embryo models — particularly animals closest to humans such as monkeys — show the potential to form living and fertile animals when transferred into surrogate animal wombs, thus suggesting that the same outcome would in theory be possible for human embryo models. That hasn't happened yet, but Chinese researchers in 2023 created embryo models from the stem cells of macaque monkeys that when implanted in a surrogate monkey triggered signs of early pregnancy. Embryo ethics: A delicate dance Proponents of the technology say the models offer an equally, and possibly more, useful, ethical alternative to research on scarce and precious human embryos. The models have the potential to be produced at scale in a lab to screen drugs for embryo toxicology, a impactful application given that pregnant women have often been excluded from drug trials because of safety concerns. Lab based embryo models A 3D-printed replica of a human embryo model on display as part of an exhibit by The Francis Crick Institute at the Royal Society's Summer Science Exhibition in London earlier this month. The replica is about 500 times bigger than the actual embryo model, which was 0.3 millimeters. (Stephen Potvin via CNN Newsource) Yet, the potential for these models to be used in the creation of life has been cause for worry among bioethicists. 'There are commercial and other groups raising the possibility of building an embryo in vitro and combining different bioengineering approaches to bring such an entity to viability,' according to the June paper coauthored by Clark and other members of the ISSCR's embryo model working group. 'Currently the practice of bringing an SCBEM (stem cell-based embryo model) to viability is considered unsafe and unethical and should not be pursued,' the study noted. Cave said ectogenesis may sound like the realm of science fiction, but it isn't impossible. As embryo models continue to be developed, and separate research is advancing into artificial wombs, the two technologies could meet, Cave said. The challenge, she added, is recognizing the value of these research paths but at the same time preventing misuse. Jun Wu, an associate professor at the Department of Molecular Biology at the University of Texas Southwestern is one of a number of stem cell biologists involved in the field. He agreed that ectogenesis should be off the table but explained that researchers developing embryo models must engage in a delicate dance: To the unlock the mysteries of the human embryo, models have to resemble embryos closely enough to offer real insight but they must not resemble them so closely that they risk being viewed as viable. 'The big black box' — and a breakthrough Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz, the Bren professor of biology and biological engineering at Caltech, said she welcomed the new guidelines. She announced in 2023 that her team had succeeded in a world first: growing embryo-like models to a stage resembling 14-day-old embryos. Later the same year, Jacob Hanna, a professor of stem cell biology and embryology at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, said his team had gone a step further with a model derived from skin cells that showed all the cell types that are essential for an embryo's development — including the precursor of the placenta. Together the work represented a breakthrough for the models' potential use in research on pregnancy loss: At 14 days the human embryo has begun to attach to the lining of the uterus, a process known as implantation. Many miscarriages occur around this stage, Zernicka-Geotz said. Lab research on human embryos beyond 14 days, including those donated from IVF treatments, is prohibited in most jurisdictions. And while some scientists do study tissue obtained from abortions, such tissue is limited because few procedures take place between week 2 and week 4 of an embryo's development. The ability to grow an embryo model outside of a womb at this developmental stage paves the way for studies that are not possible in living human embryos. 'Far more pregnancies fail than succeed during the critical window just before, during and immediately after implantation. This is why we created in my lab the embryo-like structures from stem cells as a way to really understand this critical and so highly fragile stage of development,' Zernicka-Goetz said. Clark agreed that embryo models could potentially be used to address infertility problems: 'Implantation. It's the big black box. Once the embryo implants in the uterus, we understand very little about the development,' Clark added. 'And if we can't study it, we don't know what we're missing.' By Katie Hunt, CNN
Time of India
02-08-2025
- Science
- Time of India
IIEST restores, displays country's oldest seismograph, unearthed from godown
1 2 Kolkata: India's oldest seismograph, which had been lying at the wood godown of Indian Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Shibpur, till a few months ago, has finally been restored and displayed at the eight-storey building that houses the engineering college director's office and some departments. The earthquake measuring instrument, an original Benioff horizontal seismograph, was built by Victor Hugo Benioff of California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1932. It was Caltech that had gifted the seismograph to the geophysical laboratory of the institute, then known as BE College, Shibpur, marking India's entry into the global network of seismic observatories. IIEST Board of governors chairperson Tejaswini Ananth Kumar said, "This instrument (although defunct now) stands as a testament to India's early contributions to global geophysical research, with BE College playing a pioneering role in advancing seismology and establishing the country's presence in international scientific collaborations. It also shows the city's contribution to science, technology and research and is necessary to showcase the evolution to students." In 2019, the instrument was pulled out from beneath a one-storey building that was built on the campus for the geophysical lab but was later used as the university engineer's office. At present, the building houses a canteen. Though there were plans to lodge the heritage device in a proper place, it did not materialise and was kept at the wood godown, said a campus insider. "It was around June that we came across the seismograph at the wood godown while cleaning it," IIEST spokesperson Nirmalya Bhattacharyya said. " Under the leadership of director VMSR Murthy, we decided to clean it, restore it and put it on display. Assistant registrar Bivore Das helped us with the history and importance of the instrument. A rare copy of one of the recordings of an earthquake has also been retrieved and displayed." You Can Also Check: Kolkata AQI | Weather in Kolkata | Bank Holidays in Kolkata | Public Holidays in Kolkata Bhattacharyya highlighted that the seismograph could not only detect local tremors but also distant seismic events from the Himalayan belt, Southeast Asia and the mid-Indian Ocean ridges. "The geophysical lab used it to contribute seismic data to international earthquake catalogues. It became an essential part of earthquake monitoring during the interwar period, post-World War II and especially during the International Geophysical Year (1957–58). It was also during that period, under the leadership of maths professor S K Chakraborty, that BE College was selected as one of the few Indian observatories to send seismic and cosmic ray data," he said. Get the latest lifestyle updates on Times of India, along with Friendship Day wishes , messages and quotes !
South China Morning Post
01-08-2025
- Science
- South China Morning Post
How Hong Kong can tap into mainland China's space solar power project
Feel strongly about these letters, or any other aspects of the news? Share your views by emailing us your Letter to the Editor at [email protected] or filling in this Google form . Submissions should not exceed 400 words, and must include your full name and address, plus a phone number for verification Advertisement For decades, the idea of beaming solar energy from space has been a subject of intense interest to science-fiction writers and engineers alike. Some scientists consider this the holy grail for energy production as it could provide cheap and abundant clean electricity 24/7, regardless of weather conditions. Today, nations are racing to build space-based solar power farms . Experts believe that space-based solar power is now technically feasible, given advancements in reusable heavy-lift rockets and the successful demonstration of wireless power transfer in space by Caltech in 2023. A 2023 state-of-the-industry study also found space-based solar power to be economically viable, estimating that a first-of-its-kind 2 gigawatt system would cost US$10 billion to build, before returning US$2 billion in annual revenue. Among the most promising space-based solar power programmes is China's ambitious OMEGA (Orb-shaped Membrane Energy Gathering Array) project, which could yield a 1km-wide, 2GW orbital solar farm by 2050. Advertisement The basic premise here is to use geostationary satellites to first collect solar energy in space and then wirelessly transmit it to a receiving station in Xian through microwaves.
