logo
Tension after Pahalgam: India's air defence leapfrogs Pakistan's China-fed teeth

Tension after Pahalgam: India's air defence leapfrogs Pakistan's China-fed teeth

First Post05-05-2025

Amid rising tensions, India is building a next-generation air defence architecture that surpasses Pakistan's China-dependent systems in range, resilience and indigenous innovation read more
Following the Pahalgam terror attack on April 22 and relentless military drills and small arms exchanges for 10 consecutive nights along the Line of Control (LoC), tensions have heightened significantly between India and Pakistan. This has fuelled speculation over whether a full-scale war is on the horizon between the two nuclear-armed neighbours.
There is still no clarity on what form such a conflict might take — whether it would involve ground troops, artillery, mechanised infantry, naval forces, airpower or a combination of all. Regardless of the scope, air defence remains a vital component of any military strategy, essential for protecting both human and material assets.
STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD
Amid these evolving geopolitical challenges, India's air defence strategy is undergoing a significant transformation. With adversaries like China and Pakistan advancing their offensive capabilities, India is reassessing how to safeguard its airspace best.
While there was once considerable interest in Israel's Iron Dome — widely regarded as a highly effective air defence system — its recent vulnerabilities in Israel's simultaneous conflicts with the Houthis, Hamas, and Hezbollah have raised concerns about its applicability to India's threat environment.
Previously considered nearly impenetrable, the Iron Dome came under renewed scrutiny after the October 7, 2023, Hamas attack, during which approximately 5,000 rockets were launched in just 20 minutes, overwhelming the system and exposing its limitations, according to Newsweek.
Looking at the Iron Dome: Interest and rejection
India's interest in the Iron Dome dates back to 2010, according to Pieter Wezeman, a senior researcher at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), who shared with Newsweek that India was among several countries evaluating the system. However, the interest never materialised into a purchase.
Other countries like Romania, Cyprus and Azerbaijan also considered buying the Iron Dome, but actual deliveries were either unconfirmed or never occurred.
One key reason for India's hesitation was its already ongoing development of indigenous systems like the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD), Advanced Air Defence (AAD) and Akash missile systems. As The Eurasian Times noted, India was inclined towards self-reliant solutions that could address the country's distinct threat landscape—a sentiment echoed by Indian defence officials who emphasised the mismatch between Israel's needs and India's.
Air Marshal (Retd) Anil Chopra, head of the Centre for Air Power Studies, told The Print that while he had once supported acquiring an Iron Dome-like system, it no longer made sense with India inducting the S-400 missile system and evaluating the US-made NASAMS-II for the protection of critical infrastructure like the national capital.
STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD
Building the indigenous shield
India's multi-layered air defence doctrine now rests on a blend of indigenous and imported technologies, aiming to address a wide spectrum of aerial threats—from low-flying drones to ballistic missiles. The PAD and AAD systems are among the foundational elements which provide interception at high and low altitudes, respectively.
The Akash system, a medium-range surface-to-air missile platform, is another key component, capable of engaging multiple targets at various altitudes.
In parallel, India has made strategic imports like the S-400 Triumf system from Russia. Signed in October 2018, the deal faced resistance from the United States, but India proceeded regardless.
As reported by The Eurasian Times, the S-400 significantly boosts India's interception capabilities with a tracking range of 600 kilometres and the ability to engage 80 targets simultaneously, including ballistic and cruise missiles, drones and fighter jets up to 400 kilometres away.
Additionally, India has also expressed interest in acquiring the US-made NASAMS-II (National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System), although no formal procurement has occurred yet.
Enter Project Kusha
The most ambitious component of India's air defence future is Project Kusha—a DRDO-led initiative to develop a long-range air defence system with capabilities mirroring and even surpassing the Iron Dome. This system will be capable of intercepting stealth aircraft, drones, cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions at ranges up to 350 kilometres.
Project Kusha aims to incorporate multiple layers of interception through different missile types designed to hit targets at 150, 250 and 350 kilometres respectively. It will also include long-range surveillance and fire control radars and offer high kill probabilities: not less than 80 per cent for single launches and 90% for salvo launches.
STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD
The system is designed to target high-speed threats with low radar cross-sections and can engage fighter-sized targets at 250 kilometres and larger aircraft like AWACS at 350 kilometres. With funding of Rs 21,700 crore already approved, this project marks a significant step in India's pursuit of an 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' or self-reliant defence industry.
According to DRDO sources quoted in Firstpost, the Project Kusha system will fill a critical capability gap by providing strategic and tactical cover to vulnerable zones, especially important given the missile deployments observed across the Indo-Tibetan border by China.
The Pakistan factor
No analysis of India's air defence environment is complete without understanding the systems fielded by Pakistan. According to the Indian Defence Research Wing, although Pakistan has made strides in modernising its air defences, its systems still lag behind India's in terms of technological sophistication, integration and reach.
The backbone of Pakistan's high-altitude defence is the Chinese-supplied HQ-9P and HQ-9BE systems with ranges of 100 to 200 kilometres and interception capabilities up to Mach 14. As detailed in the Pakistan Army's SAM Systems brief, these systems primarily protect strategic zones like Karachi and Rawalpindi and are believed to use HT-233 phased-array radars.
Pakistan's medium-range capabilities are built around the LY-80 and LY-80E systems, which offer coverage between 40 and 70 kilometres and target speeds of up to Mach 2.5. These systems, although effective against subsonic threats, are reportedly inadequate against India's supersonic BrahMos missile, which travels at Mach 3+.
STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD
For short-range threats, Pakistan relies on a mix of Chinese and older Western systems like the FM-90 (15 km), French Crotale and MANPADS such as the Anza series and RBS-70 NG. However, these systems have limited radar coverage, outdated command guidance and lack the multi-target engagement capability of systems like India's Barak-8.
While Pakistan's air defence architecture is improving, especially with the induction of HQ-9P and LY-80EV variants, it remains heavily reliant on Chinese technology and lacks the indigenous depth that India is now investing in through DRDO and Project Kusha.
Strategic lessons from Iron Dome for India
Despite its limitations, Israel's Iron Dome has proven effective in intercepting thousands of incoming threats and it still maintains a claimed 90 per cent effectiveness rate under normal operational conditions, as reported by The Eurasian Times. The system comprises three to four launchers and a radar, protecting areas of up to 60 square miles. However, its high cost—with each Tamir interceptor costing approximately $20,000 to destroy much cheaper rockets—has been a point of criticism.
India has taken valuable cues from these operational lessons. Unlike Israel, which operates in a smaller geographical area with largely asymmetrical threats, India must deal with a wide array of conventional and strategic challenges across a massive territory. This has led to a preference for scalable, multi-tiered solutions with a focus on both cost-effectiveness and technological sophistication.
In this context, DRDO's push to develop multiple types of interceptors for varying threat levels coupled with the integration of indigenous radars and sensors reflects a lesson well learned from Israel's Iron Dome experience.
STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD
Building a self-reliant, multi-layered shield
India is crafting a uniquely tailored air defence architecture that draws inspiration from global systems like the Iron Dome but is firmly rooted in its own strategic imperatives. Through programmes like Project Kusha, integration of the S-400 and a robust portfolio of indigenous missile systems, India is creating a defence ecosystem that can meet the challenges posed by both conventional military threats and emerging asymmetric warfare.
India's focus on multi-layered, high-performance and indigenously developed systems reflects a forward-looking approach to national security. The era of Iron Dome-inspired thinking is here, but in India, it comes with a distinct identity and strategic vision.

Orange background

Try Our AI Features

Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:

Comments

No comments yet...

Related Articles

Tension between India, China has eased significantly: Russian FM Sergei Lavrov
Tension between India, China has eased significantly: Russian FM Sergei Lavrov

Time of India

time32 minutes ago

  • Time of India

Tension between India, China has eased significantly: Russian FM Sergei Lavrov

The tension between India and China has eased "significantly" and the stalled work of the RIC troika could be restarted, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said on Monday. Speaking at the "Forum of the Future-2050" here, he said the resumption of joint work in RIC format could be the first step towards pan-Eurasian processes, including the formation of a multi-polar architecture . "I really hope that we will be able to restore the work of the Russia-India-China trio. We have not met at the level of foreign ministers for the last couple of years, but we are discussing this issue with my Chinese colleague and with the Indian head of the External Affairs department. "I really hope that now that the tension has eased, in my opinion, has eased significantly on the border between India and China, and the situation is stabilising, there is a dialogue between New Delhi and Beijing, we will be able to resume the work of this Russia-India-China trio," Lavrov was reported as saying by Russia's state-run TASS news agency. Lavrov said that Russia and China can and should play a leading and proactive role in the pan-continental process, including in the formation of a multi-polar architecture, and added that the restoration of the RIC format could act as the first step towards this. Live Events "This will also be a very important step forward in the movement of continental processes," Lavrov added. The two-day forum inspired by Russian philosopher Alexander Dugin, often dubbed as President Vladimir Putin's 'guru', has attracted young participants. Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk's father Erol Musk is also attending the forum. Last week, a Pakistani delegation met Lavrov in Moscow and handed over a letter from Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif for Russian President Vladimir Putin. Lavrov said that a direct dialogue between Pakistan and India is needed to build mutual trust between the two countries, TASS news agency reported, citing the Russian Foreign Ministry. On Friday, top diplomats from India and China discussed bilateral relations to implement the consensus reached by the leaders of the two countries last year, the Chinese Foreign Ministry said. The meeting between Indian Ambassador to China Pradeep Kumar Rawat and China's Vice Foreign Minister Sun Weidong on Thursday is the first diplomatic engagement between the two countries post the Operation Sindoor that India launched in response to the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack that left 26 people dead. Tensions between India and Pakistan, Beijing's all-weather ally, escalated after the Pahalgam terror attack, with India carrying out precision strikes on terror infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in the early hours of May 7. The four days of on-ground hostilities from both sides ended with an understanding of stopping the military actions following talks between the directors general of military operations of both sides on May 10.

Tension between India, China has eased significantly: Russian FM Lavrov
Tension between India, China has eased significantly: Russian FM Lavrov

Business Standard

timean hour ago

  • Business Standard

Tension between India, China has eased significantly: Russian FM Lavrov

The tension between India and China has eased significantly and the stalled work of the RIC troika could be restarted, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said on Monday. Speaking at the Forum of the Future-2050 here, he said the resumption of joint work in RIC format could be the first step towards pan-Eurasian processes, including the formation of a multi-polar architecture. "I really hope that we will be able to restore the work of the Russia-India-China trio. We have not met at the level of foreign ministers for the last couple of years, but we are discussing this issue with my Chinese colleague and with the Indian head of the External Affairs department. I really hope that now that the tension has eased, in my opinion, has eased significantly on the border between India and China, and the situation is stabilising, there is a dialogue between New Delhi and Beijing, we will be able to resume the work of this Russia-India-China trio," Lavrov was reported as saying by Russia's state-run TASS news agency. Lavrov said that Russia and China can and should play a leading and proactive role in the pan-continental process, including in the formation of a multi-polar architecture, and added that the restoration of the RIC format could act as the first step towards this. This will also be a very important step forward in the movement of continental processes, Lavrov added. The two-day forum inspired by Russian philosopher Alexander Dugin, often dubbed as President Vladimir Putin's guru', has attracted young participants. Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk's father Erol Musk is also attending the forum. Last week, a Pakistani delegation met Lavrov in Moscow and handed over a letter from Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif for Russian President Vladimir Putin. Lavrov said that a direct dialogue between Pakistan and India is needed to build mutual trust between the two countries, TASS news agency reported, citing the Russian Foreign Ministry. On Friday, top diplomats from India and China discussed bilateral relations to implement the consensus reached by the leaders of the two countries last year, the Chinese Foreign Ministry said. The meeting between Indian Ambassador to China Pradeep Kumar Rawat and China's Vice Foreign Minister Sun Weidong on Thursday is the first diplomatic engagement between the two countries post the Operation Sindoor that India launched in response to the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack that left 26 people dead. Tensions between India and Pakistan, Beijing's all-weather ally, escalated after the Pahalgam terror attack, with India carrying out precision strikes on terror infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in the early hours of May 7. The four days of on-ground hostilities from both sides ended with an understanding of stopping the military actions following talks between the directors general of military operations of both sides on May 10.

Israeli left-wing leader says war must end, government 'doesn't represent' the people
Israeli left-wing leader says war must end, government 'doesn't represent' the people

New Indian Express

timean hour ago

  • New Indian Express

Israeli left-wing leader says war must end, government 'doesn't represent' the people

JERUSALEM: Israeli left-wing opposition leader Yair Golan called on Monday for an immediate end to the Gaza war and said that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government no longer represented most Israelis. "Today the government of Israel doesn't represent the vast majority of Israelis," said Golan, chairman of the Democrats party and a former deputy army chief, days before a planned parliament vote which the opposition hopes would trigger a general election. He told journalists that Israel "should end the war as soon as possible". Golan's party, a conglomeration of left-wing factions, has only four seats in Israel's 120-member legislature, making it one of its smallest political groups. But in a country where coalition building is essential to achieving a political majority, even relatively small parties can wield considerable power. Golan, a former deputy minister in a short-lived administration that replaced Netanyahu in 2021-2022, said that the current government -- one of the most right-wing in Israel's history -- was a threat to democracy. The opposition leader said he represents those "who want to save Israeli democracy... from a corrupted future" and from the "messianic-like and nationalistic and extremist vision of a very small faction in the Israeli society". "The vast majority wants to keep Israel as the homeland of the Jewish people and at the same time a free, egalitarian and democratic state," Golan said. He said that the vast majority of Israelis wanted to see an immediate end to the war in Gaza, the return of all hostages held by Palestinian militants in a single exchange deal, and the establishment of a national commission of inquiry into Hamas's unprecedented 2023 attack, arguing that the Netanyahu government was opposed to these objectives. "I believe that we can reach a hostages deal in a matter of days," Golan said. "I believe that by ending the war and freeing the hostages, we will be able to build an alternative to Hamas inside the Gaza Strip." Criticising the government's Gaza war policies, the former army general has recently drawn condemnation in Israel for saying that "a sane country... does not kill babies for a hobby". Golan on Monday also said that most Israelis support legislation that would require ultra-Orthodox Jewish men, who are currently largely exempt from military service, to enlist. The issue has sparked tension between Netanyahu and ultra-Orthodox parties in his government, with lawmakers threatening to topple the prime minister if no agreement is reached this week. Some opposition parties are seeking to place a bill to dissolve parliament on Wednesday's plenary agenda, hoping to capitalise on the ultra-Orthodox revolt. "The vast majority wants new elections as soon as possible," Golan said.

DOWNLOAD THE APP

Get Started Now: Download the App

Ready to dive into the world of global news and events? Download our app today from your preferred app store and start exploring.
app-storeplay-store