Neanderthals may have created the first known symbolic art as scientists discover world's oldest human fingerprint
A 43,000-year-old ocher fingerprint, pressed onto a potato-shaped stone by a Neanderthal, may be the earliest evidence of symbolic art, and the oldest known human fingerprint ever discovered.
Tired of too many ads?
Remove Ads
The world's oldest fingerprints
What does the fingerprint resemble?
Tired of too many ads?
Remove Ads
Previous discoveries
Archaeologists have uncovered what may be the world's oldest known human fingerprint, left by a Neanderthal approximately 43,000 years ago on a pebble in central Spain. The remarkable discovery can reshape our understanding of Neanderthal intelligence.The discovery was made at the San Lázaro rock shelter near Segovia, where researchers from the Complutense University of Madrid unearthed a quartz-rich granite pebble bearing a deliberate red ocher mark. The pigment, identified as iron oxide, not native to the cave, was applied with a human fingertip, leaving behind a clear whore pattern characteristic of a fingerprint. Also Read: Advanced weapons built 80,000 years ago, unearthed in Russia, have no human connection The pebble itself features three natural indentations resembling eyes and a mouth. The red ocher mark aligns precisely where a nose would be, suggesting the Neanderthal artist may have perceived a face in the stone and enhanced it with pigment, a phenomenon known as pareidolia. Forensic analyses, including multispectral imaging and scanning electron microscopy, confirmed the intentional placement of the pigment and the presence of a human fingerprint. Statistical modeling indicated a mere 0.31 percent chance that the red dot's alignment with the indentations occurred by coincidence, reinforcing the idea of deliberate artistic expression.This finding adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting Neanderthals engaged in symbolic behavior.Previous discoveries include engraved bones, modified talons, and cave paintings attributed to Neanderthals, challenging the notion that symbolic thought was exclusive to Homo sapiens. However, interpretations of the pebble's significance vary among experts. Anthropologist Bruce Hardy noted that while the ocher application was intentional, "symbolism is in the eye of the beholder." Archaeologist Rebecca Wragg Sykes suggested the mark could represent a navel rather than a nose, cautioning against definitive conclusions about its meaning.Despite differing opinions, the discovery underscores the complexity of Neanderthal cognition and their capacity for abstract thought. The pebble, likely transported from the nearby Eresma River, shows no signs of utilitarian use, indicating it may have served a symbolic or decorative purpose.
Hashtags
Try Our AI Features
Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:
Comments
No comments yet...
Related Articles
The Hindu
13 hours ago
- The Hindu
India's unique genetic legacy: implications for health and ancestry
The ability to extract and analyse genomic DNA from ancient human remains has revolutionised our understanding of human evolution. The genome is the full set of genetic instructions within an organism, containing all the information necessary for its development, function, and survival. It serves as a detailed blueprint or instruction manual, guiding the formation and operation of life—from the simplest organisms to the most complex. Genome is also the substrate for evolution, and variations in the genome reflect the evolutionary history of the organisms. The field of genomics studies genomes—how they function, evolve, and influence health and disease. One of the most transformative discoveries in this field is the evidence that modern humans interbred with now- extinct hominid species, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. Genomic studies have revealed that after early modern humans migrated out of Africa, they encountered and mated with these archaic humans. As a result of this interbreeding, individuals of European and Asian descent today carry a small but measurable percentage of Neanderthal DNA—typically around 1–2%. Populations in Southeast Asia and Melanesia show even higher proportions of Denisovan DNA. Such findings refine the geographical and timeline narrative of the evolution of modern humans and the populating of the planet by people. These remnants of ancient genomes are not just evolutionary curiosities; they continue to influence our biology today. Comparative genomics of ancient and modern human DNA, in addition to providing profound insights into our evolutionary history, uncover biological adaptation and disease susceptibility. Some Neanderthal-derived genes are known to affect immune system function, making certain populations more resistant—or in some cases, more susceptible—to specific diseases including COVID-19. Meanwhile, Denisovan DNA has been linked to traits like high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan populations, enabling them to thrive in low-oxygen environments. Altogether, these discoveries have fundamentally changed our view of human origins. Rather than a linear or isolated evolution, they depict a dynamic and intertwined history marked by migration, interaction, and genetic exchange across different human species. This complex evolutionary tapestry underscores the shared and diverse heritage of humanity. Charting India's genetic landscape India, with over 1.4 billion people and nearly 5,000 distinct communities, is one of the world's most genetically diverse regions. Yet, it is underrepresented in major global genomic studies. While projects like the 1000 Genomes Project, UK Biobank, and others have included some Indian samples, most focused on expatriate populations and offered limited insight. As a result, major questions about the origins, migrations, and disease risks in Indian populations remain unresolved. To address this, researchers conducted one of most comprehensive genetic study of Indian populations to date, including people from diverse regions, language families, and underrepresented tribal groups (Lalji Singh and Thangaraj group, Nature Genetics, 2017). The study revealed that most genetic variation in Indians comes from a single major human migration out of Africa around 50,000 years ago. These early settlers later interbred with archaic human species such as Neanderthals (Europe and west Asia) and Denisovans (central, eastern, and southeastern Asia). This study highlighted the complex demographic history of India, revealing significant intermixing between two ancestral groups: the Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). This early admixture shaped the unique genetic landscape seen today, reflecting ancient migrations and population interactions over millennia. The research demonstrated that Indian populations are genetically distinct from other global groups, underlining the country's rich genetic diversity. Importantly, this work laid the foundation for understanding genetic predispositions to diseases prevalent in India, informing personalized medicine and public health strategies. By integrating geographical and temporal contexts, the study also contributed to reconstructing India's population history. Overall, Singh's work is a milestone in human genetics, emphasising the need to study indigenous populations to unlock health and evolutionary insights unique to India's genetic heritage. Another landmark genomics study published recently ((Moorjani and coworkers, Cell, June 2025) has revealed that most Indians have ancestry from three ancient groups: Ancient South Asian hunter-gatherers (AHG), Early Iranian farmers, and Steppe pastoralists. DNA from ancient Iranian populations, particularly from 3600–3500 BCE in present-day Tajikistan (Sarazm), shows that early farmers and herders contributed to the ancestry of various Indian populations, including Ancestral North and South Indians, Austroasiatic speakers, and East Asian-related groups. Archaeological findings also confirm trade and cultural connections with early South Asian civilizations like Mehrgarh and the Indus Valley. The study also explored the contribution of Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry. Indians carry 1–2% of their DNA from these archaic humans and show the highest diversity in archaic DNA among all modern populations. Notably, some of these ancient variants affect immune function. For example, Neanderthal genes on chromosome 3 are associated with severe COVID-19 symptoms, while Denisovan variants are found in immune-related genes like those in the MHC and TRIM families. Additionally, researchers found 'ancestry deserts'—genomic regions that lack Neanderthal or Denisovan DNA. One such region includes the FOXP2 gene, linked to language development in humans. Taken together, these studies highlight India's deep and complex genetic history shaped by ancient migrations, endogamy, and archaic gene flow. Understanding this diversity is essential for developing accurate, inclusive, and effective medical and genomic research tailored to Indian populations. Endogamy and genetic diseases Over time, many Indian communities adopted endogamy—marrying within their group—leading to a high degree of genetic relatedness. The 2017 Nature Genetics study co-led by Kumarasamy Thangaraj analysed genome data from over 2,800 individuals across 275+ South Asian populations, revealing strong founder effects and endogamy (marriage within groups) in about one-third of these groups. This genetic isolation causes a high prevalence of population-specific rare recessive diseases unlike those seen elsewhere. For example, the Vysya community has a 100-fold higher rate of butyrylcholinesterase enzyme deficiency due to such founder events. The study demonstrated population-specific recessive disease gene mapping, such as identifying a mutation causing Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Dysplasia in southern Indian patients mostly from non-consanguineous marriages. The 2025 study led by multiple groups using genomes of about 2,700 individuals reported that on average, each person in the study had at least one fourth-degree relative, and levels of homozygosity (inheriting identical copies of genes) were significantly higher than in East Asian or European populations. While endogamy strengthened community ties, it also increased the risk of genetic disorders due to recessive disease-causing variants. Researchers identified more than 1,60,000 previously unreported genetic variants, many linked to congenital conditions, blood disorders, metabolism, drug responses, and diseases such as dementia. These variants are unique to Indian populations—rare across the country but often common in specific groups. These studies mark a shift in Indian genetic research from focusing on common diseases to exploring rare, population-specific disorders, paving the way for personalised medicine. They emphasise the importance of community-based genetic screening and counseling to ease the disease burden. By drawing on the distinct population history of South Asia's thousands of endogamous groups, this approach enables earlier diagnosis and more precise interventions. Also Read:Decoding the script: On the Genome India Project and its sequencing 10,000 Indian genomes India's genetic mosaic: a frontier for personalised medicine India is home to unparalleled human genetic diversity, comprising more than 5,000 distinct ethnic groups, each shaped by unique social, geographical, and cultural practices. Long-standing traditions of endogamy across these groups have resulted in the accumulation of numerous founder mutations, making the Indian population one of the richest repositories of naturally occurring genetic variants anywhere in the world. This diversity presents a transformative opportunity for India - not only to deepen scientific understanding of human gene function and biology but also to revolutionise the delivery of healthcare through precision and personalised medicine. The natural presence of variants across populations enables us to ask biological questions that cannot be replicated in model systems or generated through laboratory-induced mutations. With appropriate infrastructure and vision, India can position itself as a global leader in genome-driven science. Future perspectives India possesses a tremendous opportunity to leverage its population's genetic diversity. The successful sequencing of 10,000 Indian genomes (the Genome India project of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India) is a significant milestone, providing a valuable foundation for future research. This wealth of genomic data will be crucial for attracting stakeholders, including the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Building on this success, the next phase should involve large-scale genome sequencing including millions of the Indian population in the context of various diseases and clinical features. We should also prioritise the creation of a national biobank modeled on the UK Biobank with longitudinal follow-up. This will be pivotal for advancing precision healthcare and driving a genomics industry revolution in the country. By pursuing this, India can not only improve the health of its population but also establish itself as a global leader in the field of genomics and genomics based medicine. (Dr. Rakesh Mishra is director, Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Bangalore. Prof Sanjeev Galande is Team Leader, Center of Excellence in Epigenetics Dean, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence.
Economic Times
2 days ago
- Economic Times
Scientists find possible artefacts of oldest known Wallacean hominids in Indonesia
Synopsis Archaeologists in Sulawesi, Indonesia, have unearthed stone tools dating back 1.5 million years, potentially rewriting early human migration theories. The discovery suggests Homo Erectus inhabited Wallacea, a region between Asia and Australia, much earlier than previously believed. This challenges the notion that early humans were incapable of significant sea travel, impacting understanding of prehistoric settlements. TIL Creatives AI generated image for representative purpose Scientists have found a series of stone tools on Indonesia's Sulawesi island they say may be evidence of humans living 1.5 million years ago on islands between Asia and Australia, the earliest known humans in the Wallacea region. Archaeologists from Australia and Indonesia found the small, chipped tools, used to cut little animals and carve rocks, under the soil in the region of Soppeng in South Sulawesi. Radioactive tracing of these tools and the teeth of animals found around the site were dated at up to 1.48 million years ago. The findings could transform theories of early human migrations, according to an article the archaeologists published in the journal Nature in August. The earliest Wallacean humans, pre-historic persons known as Homo Erectus, were thought to have only settled in Indonesia's Flores island and Philippines' Luzon island around 1.02 million years ago, as they were thought to be incapable of distant sea travel, proving the significance of the Sulawesi findings in theories of migration. "These were artefacts made by ancient humans who lived on the earth long before the evolution of our species, Homo Sapiens," said Adam Brumm, lead archaeologist from Griffith University in Queensland, Australia. "We think Homo Erectus somehow got from the Asian mainland across a significant ocean gap to this island, Sulawesi, at least 1 million years ago," Brumm said. Wallacea is a region in Eastern Indonesia including several islands such as Sulawesi, Lombok, Flores, Timor, Sumbawa that lie between Borneo and Java and Australia and New Guinea. The region is named for the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace who studied the fauna and flora of the area.
Time of India
2 days ago
- Time of India
Scientists find possible artefacts of oldest known Wallacean hominids in Indonesia
Archaeologists in Sulawesi, Indonesia, have unearthed stone tools dating back 1.5 million years, potentially rewriting early human migration theories. The discovery suggests Homo Erectus inhabited Wallacea, a region between Asia and Australia, much earlier than previously believed. This challenges the notion that early humans were incapable of significant sea travel, impacting understanding of prehistoric settlements. Tired of too many ads? Remove Ads Tired of too many ads? Remove Ads Scientists have found a series of stone tools on Indonesia's Sulawesi island they say may be evidence of humans living 1.5 million years ago on islands between Asia and Australia, the earliest known humans in the Wallacea from Australia and Indonesia found the small, chipped tools, used to cut little animals and carve rocks, under the soil in the region of Soppeng in South Sulawesi. Radioactive tracing of these tools and the teeth of animals found around the site were dated at up to 1.48 million years findings could transform theories of early human migrations, according to an article the archaeologists published in the journal Nature in earliest Wallacean humans, pre-historic persons known as Homo Erectus , were thought to have only settled in Indonesia's Flores island and Philippines' Luzon island around 1.02 million years ago, as they were thought to be incapable of distant sea travel, proving the significance of the Sulawesi findings in theories of migration."These were artefacts made by ancient humans who lived on the earth long before the evolution of our species, Homo Sapiens," said Adam Brumm, lead archaeologist from Griffith University in Queensland, Australia."We think Homo Erectus somehow got from the Asian mainland across a significant ocean gap to this island, Sulawesi, at least 1 million years ago," Brumm is a region in Eastern Indonesia including several islands such as Sulawesi, Lombok, Flores, Timor, Sumbawa that lie between Borneo and Java and Australia and New Guinea. The region is named for the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace who studied the fauna and flora of the area.
