Invisible India: How a nation of 350 million was erased from its own growth story

Time of India

10-07-2025

Debashis Chakrabarti is a political columnist, Commonwealth Fellow (UK), and internationally recognized academic whose career bridges journalism, policy, and higher education leadership. A former journalist with The Indian Express, he brings the precision of investigative reporting to his political analysis and scholarly work. He has served as Professor and Dean at leading institutions across the UK, India, Africa, and the Middle East, with expertise in media studies, political communication, and governance. LESS ... MORE
At a government ration shop in Latehar district, Jharkhand, Meena Devi waits for her number to be called. The monsoon has been irregular this year—too little rain at first, then too much. The rice she receives today will stretch for five days if no guests arrive, if her husband finds work, and if the children don't fall sick. She's learned how to measure food by silence: the groan of an empty stomach before dawn, the clink of the last lentils in the tin.
She doesn't know what 'PPP' stands for, or that somewhere in Delhi or Washington, her poverty is debated with the polish of PowerPoint slides. She has never heard of the $4.20 line that might mark her existence on a policy map. All she knows is that last year, she lost her job as a school cleaner, and her husband now digs earth for road work when it comes. They haven't seen a doctor in years—not for lack of illness, but for lack of choice.
But according to India's official data, Meena is no longer poor. She has, by metric if not by miracle, escaped.
This is not just a failure of arithmetic. It is the quiet, methodical erasure of millions like her—an entire stratum of Indian society written out of the story of national progress.
The government claims that just five per cent of Indians live in 'extreme poverty.' It is a comforting figure, used in budget speeches, investment summits, and television debates—often intoned with pride, like a national anthem in data form. But the figure is a fiction. According to the World Bank's own recalibration, when one adopts the Lower-Middle Income (LMI) line of $4.20 per day—an amount that accounts for the barest threshold of human dignity—fully one in four Indians, approximately 350 million people, fall below it.
To understand how we got here is to understand not only a statistical distortion, but a philosophical betrayal. For decades, the Indian state has deployed poverty lines not as tools of welfare, but as instruments of illusion—recalibrating thresholds to shrink the visible poor. In 2011, a firestorm erupted when the Planning Commission suggested that anyone earning more than ₹33 a day in cities and ₹27 in villages was no longer poor. The outrage was so immense that the numbers were quietly buried. But the line, in spirit, remained. Unindexed to inflation, outdated in methodology, and politically convenient, India's national poverty benchmarks today are frozen in time, indifferent to the transformations of cost and climate.
Meanwhile, new techniques such as the Modified Mixed Recall Period (MMRP) were introduced under the guise of statistical precision. In practice, these methodologies captured sporadic spending while failing to reflect sustained deprivation. Even the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)—which charts improvements in access to toilets, electricity, and clean water—offers a success story that, while real, is partial. A family may now have access to a latrine, but one hospitalization can still push them into destitution. Poverty is not a lack of sanitation alone—it is the daily terror of economic vulnerability. In India today, the poor are not so much lifted as they are masked.
This statistical alchemy serves a purpose. It props up the narrative of an India marching forward, a digital superpower rising from the ashes of colonialism, its middle class swelling, its billionaires multiplying, its GDP graph reaching for the sky. But beneath the gilded ascent lies a darker ledger. According to recent studies, the top 1% of Indians control nearly 40% of the nation's wealth, while the bottom 50% shares less than 7%. These aren't simply figures; they're social contracts broken in silence. The spectacle of India's high-growth economy depends on keeping a vast population in low-cost precarity—as gig workers, bonded laborers, informal hawkers, or climate-ravaged farmers whose land no longer yields.
It is tempting, in the language of policy, to say India stands at a crossroads. But that framing is generous. The road has been taken, the direction chosen. The dilution of labor protections, the retreat from universal health guarantees, the refusal to enact wealth taxes even during a pandemic—all these signal a deepening commitment to an extractive model, where inequality is not a byproduct of development, but its design.
This economic vision is paired with an epistemological one—a belief that perception is policy, that to rename is to reform. And so poverty is not solved; it is statistically disappeared. What might once have qualified as a moral crisis is now repackaged as 'inclusive growth.' Even the language shifts. We no longer speak of the poor; we speak of 'aspirational India.'
But the cost of this sleight of hand is borne daily by Meena and millions like her. Not only are they denied state support by virtue of exclusionary metrics—they are erased from public consciousness. When they protest, they are labelled anti-development. When they migrate, they become invisible workers. When they fall, the system calls it 'upliftment.'
And still, the elite consensus holds. In boardrooms and newspaper columns, in policy white papers and television debates, India is celebrated as a global success story. Perhaps it is. But success for whom?
There are precedents to this kind of data-backed denialism. In the 19th century, the British Raj used grain export figures to insist India was not starving—even as millions died in famines that were as much administrative as agricultural. Today's sedition is statistical, but no less deadly. It is a silence that kills not with bullets, but with budget lines.
What is required now is not another policy adjustment or targeted welfare tweak. It is a reckoning. The $4.20/day dignity line must be adopted nationally, alongside a living, inflation-indexed poverty threshold based on actual costs of survival. Income precarity must be tracked alongside infrastructural access. And most importantly, the 350 million must be seen—not as collateral, but as citizens whose survival is not incidental to progress, but central to its legitimacy.
India's moral future rests not in its GDP rankings, but in how it treats those it would prefer to forget. Growth built on erasure is not development. It is theft—systemic, sanctioned, and statistical.
Facebook Twitter Linkedin Email Disclaimer
Views expressed above are the author's own.