
What ancient pollen reveals about Earth's history
Pollen grains are far more than allergens — they are also nature's time capsules, preserving clues about Earth's past environments for millions of years.
Pollen's tough outer shell enables it to survive long after its parent plants have disappeared. When pollen grains become trapped in sediments at the bottom of lakes, oceans and riverbeds, fossil pollen can provide scientists with a unique history of the environments where those pollen-producing plants were born. They can tell us about the vegetation, climate and even human activity through time.

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Gizmodo
2 hours ago
- Gizmodo
New Theory Suggests Meat Preservation, Not Cooking, Drove Early Fire Use
Hundreds of thousands—if not over a million—years ago, humans discovered how to make fire. This would prove to be one of the most important advancements in prehistoric human development, but the origin of this vital discovery remains a contentious topic among scholars. In a study published last month in the journal Frontiers, researchers from Tel Aviv University proposed a new theory for what prompted humans to start making and controlling fires: to protect their food from animals, and, most notably, to extend the prehistoric shelf life of their meat through smoking and drying. In other words, prehistoric speck. The scientists claim to be the first to propose this hypothesis, which aligns with a broader theory they've been developing: that humans' consumption of large animals—and then smaller ones when the megafauna became extinct—drove important prehistoric developments. 'The origins of fire use is a 'burning' topic among prehistory researchers around the world. It is generally agreed that by 400,000 years ago, fire use was common in domestic contexts—most likely for roasting meat, and perhaps also for lighting and heating,' co-author Ran Barkai explained in a statement. 'However there is controversy regarding the preceding million years, and various hypotheses have been put forward to explain why early humans began using fire. In this study, we sought to explore a new perspective on the issue.' Before around 400,000 years ago, early humans such as Homo erectus used fire only occasionally, 'in specific places and for special purposes,' co-author Miki Ben-Dor explained. Starting and maintaining a fire was an arduous process that required a 'compelling, energy-efficient motive.' To investigate this motive, Barkai and Ben-Dor studied previous research on all known prehistoric sites with evidence of fire use from between 1.8 million and 800,000 years ago, amounting to nine locations. Their analysis revealed that all nine sites featured an abundance of large animal remains, including elephants, hippopotamuses, and rhinoceroses. 'From previous studies, we know that these animals were extremely important to early human diets and provided most of the necessary calories. The meat and fat of a single elephant, for example, contain millions of calories, enough to feed a group of 20–30 people for a month or more,' Ben-Dor said. A successfully hunted elephant or hippopotamus was 'a kind of meat and fat 'bank' that needed to be protected and preserved for many days since it was coveted not only by predators but also by bacteria.' The researchers' analysis of the nine prehistoric sites, combined with their calculations of the potential 'energetic advantage' of preserving large game and observations of modern hunter-gatherer societies, culminated in the idea that humans were motivated to make fire to both protect their meat 'banks' from other animals and to smoke and dry them for long-term preservation. Once humans adopted fire to serve these means, they may have also used it for cooking 'at zero marginal energetic cost,' Barkai added. In other words, fire was initially used to smoke and dry meat, and only later repurposed for cooking. The researchers say their approach backs a bigger theory they've been developing—one that sees major prehistoric changes as reactions to shifts in diet. Early on, that meant hunting big animals, but as those species dwindled, people started relying more on smaller game for food. While we already knew that ancient humans, including the iconic Ötzi the Iceman and ancient Native Americans in southwest Florida, were curing and smoking meats thousands of years ago, the researchers' new theory predates this approach by hundreds of thousands of years, and contextualizes it within one of the most important prehistoric human developments known to science.


Geek Tyrant
2 hours ago
- Geek Tyrant
Cool New Trailer and Poster Art For Marvel's THE FANTASTIC FOUR: FIRST STEPS — GeekTyrant
As tickets gor on sale for The Fantastic Four: First Steps , Marvel has released a new trailer and a collection of poster art for the film. The trailer offers a bit of new footage that includes our first look at the baby Franklin Richards. The son of Reed Richards and Sue Storm. Other footage includes the Thing piloting the Fantasticar, and a fun interaction between Reed and Johnny Storm, which highlights Human Torch's attitude. 'Set against the vibrant backdrop of a 1960s-inspired, retro-futuristic world, The Fantastic Four: First Steps introduces Marvel's First Family—Reed Richards/Mister Fantastic, Sue Storm/Invisible Woman, Johnny Storm/Human Torch, and Ben Grimm/The Thing—as they face their most daunting challenge yet. 'Forced to balance their roles as heroes with the strength of their family bond, they must defend Earth from a ravenous space god called Galactus (Ralph Ineson) and his enigmatic Herald, Silver Surfer (Julia Garner). And if Galactus' plan to devour the entire planet and everyone on it weren't bad enough, it suddenly gets very personal.' Directed by WandaVision 's Matt Shakman, the film boasts a high-profile cast led by Pedro Pascal (Reed), Vanessa Kirby (Sue), Joseph Quinn (Johnny), and Ebon Moss-Bachrach (Ben), with a supporting lineup that includes John Malkovich, Natasha Lyonne, Paul Walter Hauser, and Sarah Niles in yet-to-be-revealed roles. The script was originally written by Jeff Kaplan and Ian Springer, it was revised by Cameron Squires and Avatar: The Way of Water co-writer Josh Friedman, with Eric Pearson ( Thor: Ragnarok, Black Widow ) giving it the final pass. The Fantastic Four: First Steps in theaters on July 25, 2025.
Yahoo
5 hours ago
- Yahoo
Scientists issue warning over crisis that will force millions from their homes: 'We're starting to see some of the worst-case scenarios play out'
Sea level rise has long been seen as a distant consequence of our planet's overheating. But new research reveals it's accelerating faster than expected — and we may be approaching a point where even our best efforts won't be enough to hold back the tide. A new study published in the Communications Earth & Environment journal warns that rising seas — fueled by melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica — are on track to trigger "catastrophic inland migration" worldwide. Even if global heating remains below 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius), sea level rise could still reach a rate of one centimeter per year by 2100 — faster than most nations can build coastal defenses. That's bad news for the 230 million people who live just three feet above sea level — and the one billion who live within 30 feet. The study notes that even a modest eight inches (20 centimeters) of sea rise by 2050 could cause $1 trillion in flood damages annually across 136 major cities. "We're starting to see some of the worst-case scenarios play out almost in front of us," said professor Chris Stokes, the study's lead author. This isn't just a coastal problem. Sea level rise threatens homes, livelihoods, food systems, and clean water access. As the ocean creeps inland, saltwater infiltrates farmland and drinking water supplies. Flood-prone communities face mounting physical and financial strain. And when local infrastructure can't keep up, people are forced to relocate — sometimes permanently. This risk is especially dire for lower-income nations like Bangladesh, where protective systems are limited. But even wealthier places like the UK could lose large swaths of land, such as the Fens and Humberside, with just three feet of sea level rise. The root cause? Heat-trapping pollution from dirty energy sources like coal, oil, and gas. These fuels warm the atmosphere, accelerate ice melt, and lock in long-term environmental changes, including sea level rise that can't be undone for thousands of years, even if pollution stops. The saving grace? Every fraction of a degree we prevent makes a difference. Slashing planet-overheating pollution can slow the rate of sea level rise, buying us time to prepare and adapt. Governments are investing in smarter defenses, like floating cities in the Maldives and "smart reefs" that reduce storm surge risks. On an individual level, actions can be undertaken to reduce reliance on dirty energy. Installing solar panels paired with battery systems is a big way to lower energy bills while making your home more resilient against flooding and power outages. EnergySage makes it easy to compare quotes from vetted local installers and save up to $10,000 on solar. Sea level rise may be inevitable, but mass displacement doesn't have to be. With smart policy, community planning, and individual action, we can hold the line and protect the places we call home. Do you think your house could withstand a hurricane? No way Maybe a weak one I'm not sure It definitely could Click your choice to see results and speak your mind. Join our free newsletter for good news and useful tips, and don't miss this cool list of easy ways to help yourself while helping the planet.