From tragedy to hope: Vietnam school for COVID orphans becomes their home
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Nikkei Asia
2 days ago
- Nikkei Asia
From tragedy to hope: Vietnam school for COVID orphans becomes their home
DANANG, Vietnam -- Vo Ba Thong, 15, lost his father to COVID-19. His mother was also infected with the virus. She survived but lost her job. With debt piling up and a younger sibling now under the care of his single parent, Thong applied to the Hope School in a bid to lessen her burden.
Yomiuri Shimbun
3 days ago
- Yomiuri Shimbun
COVID-19 Cases up for 8th Consecutive Week in Japan; Omicron Subvariant Nimbus Accounts for About 40% of Infections
The number of people infected with COVID-19 has increased for eight consecutive weeks, driven by the spread of a new coronavirus subvariant. The Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry announced Friday that the number of people infected with the virus, based on reports from about 3,000 medical institutions designated for surveillance from Aug. 4 to 10, was an average of 6.13 people per institution, 1.11 times higher than the previous week's 5.53 people. On a prefectural basis, the highest figure was reported in Miyazaki Prefecture, with 14.71 people per institution, followed by Kagoshima Prefecture with 13.46 people and Saga Prefecture with 11.83 people, putting the Kyushu region at the top of list. This summer, spread of an omicron subvariant known as nimbus has been high. The latest data released in July by the Japan Institute for Health Security shows nimbus accounted for about 40% of infections in Japan. One of its more noticeable symptoms is said to be severe sore throat. Increased movement of people during the Bon holidays may have led to a greater risk of infection. 'We need to stay cautious about an increase in infections,' said Nobuhiko Okabe, an advisor at the Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health. 'It is particularly important for people to wear masks if necessary, as well as washing hands and maintaining good ventilation.' As more time passes after vaccination, susceptibility to infection increases, and elderly people are more likely to develop severe symptoms. Prof. Hiroyuki Kunishima of St. Marianna University School of Medicine said, 'I recommend elderly people go to medical institutions to prevent severe illness even when in the absence of noticeable symptoms like fever.'
Japan Today
7 days ago
- Japan Today
Vaccines hold tantalizing promise in the fight against dementia
By Anand Kumar and Jalees Rehman Over the past two centuries, vaccines have been critical for preventing infectious diseases. The World Health Organization estimates that vaccination prevents between 3 million and 5 million deaths annually from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, influenza, measles and, more recently, COVID-19. While there has long been broad scientific consensus that vaccines prevent or mitigate the spread of infections, there is new research suggesting that the therapeutic impact might go beyond the benefit of preventing infectious diseases. An April study published in the prominent journal Nature found tantalizing evidence that the herpes zoster – or shingles – vaccine could lower the risk of dementia in the general population by as much as 20%. We are a team of physician scientists with expertise in the clinical and basic science of neurodegenerative disorders and dementia. We believe that this study potentially opens the door to other breakthroughs in understanding and treating dementia and other degenerative disorders of the brain. A role for vaccines in reducing dementia risk? One of the major challenges researchers face when trying to study the effects of vaccines is finding an unvaccinated 'control group' for comparison – a group that is similar to the vaccine group in all respects, save for the fact that they haven't received the active vaccine. That's because it's unethical to assign some patients to the control group and deprive them of vaccine protection against a disease such as shingles. The Nature study took advantage of a policy change in Wales that went into effect in 2013, stating that people born on or after September 2, 1933, were eligible for the herpes zoster vaccination for at least a year, while those born before that cutoff date were not. The vaccine was administered to prevent shingles, a painful condition caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox, which can lie dormant in the body and be reactivated later in life. The researchers used the policy change as a natural laboratory of sorts to study the effect of shingles vaccination on long-term health outcomes. In a statistically sophisticated analysis of health records, the team found that the vaccine reduced the probability of getting dementia by one-fifth over a seven-year period. This means that people who received the shingles vaccine were less likely to develop clinical dementia over the seven-year follow-up period, and women benefited more than men. The study design allowed researchers to compare two groups without actively depriving any one group of access to vaccination. The two groups were also of comparable age and had similar medical comorbidities – meaning similar rates of other medical conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure. Results from this and other related studies raise the possibility that vaccines may have a broader role in experimental therapeutics outside the realm of infectious diseases. These studies also raise provocative questions about how vaccines work and how our immune system can potentially prevent dementia. How vaccines might be protective One scientific explanation for the reduction of dementia by the herpes zoster vaccine could be the direct protection against the shingles virus, which may play a role in exacerbating dementia. However, there is also the possibility that the vaccine may have conferred protection by activating the immune system and providing 'trained immunity,' in which the immune system is strengthened by repeated exposure to vaccines or viruses. The study did not differentiate between different types of dementia, such as dementia due to Alzheimer's disease or dementia due to stroke. Additionally, researchers cannot draw any definitive conclusions about possible mechanisms for how the vaccines could be protective from an analysis of health records alone. The next step would be a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study – the 'gold standard' for clinical trials in medicine – to directly examine how the herpes zoster vaccine compares with a placebo in their ability to reduce the risk of dementia over time. Such studies are necessary before any vaccines, as well as other potential therapies, can be recommended for routine clinical use in the prevention of dementia. The challenges of untangling dementia Dementia is a major noncommunicable disease that is a leading cause of death around the world. A January 2025 study provided updated figures on lifetime dementia risk across different subsets of the U.S. population. The researchers estimate that the lifetime risk of dementia after age 55 is 42% – more than double earlier estimates. The dementia risk was 4% by age 75, and 20% by age 85, with the majority of risk occurring after 85. The researchers projected that the number of new cases of dementia in the U.S. would double over the next four decades from approximately 514,000 cases in 2020 to 1 million in 2060. Once considered a disease largely confined to the developed world, the deleterious effects of dementia are now apparent throughout the globe, as life expectancy increases in many formerly developing countries. While there are different forms of dementia with varying clinical manifestations and underlying neurobiology, Alzheimer's disease is the most common. Prospective studies that specifically test how giving a vaccine changes the risk for future dementia may benefit from studying patient populations with specific types of dementia because each version of dementia might require distinct treatments. Unfortunately, for the past two to three decades, the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease – which posits that accumulation of a protein called amyloid in the brain contributes to the disorder – dominated the scientific conversation. As a result, most of the efforts in the experimental therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease have focused on drugs that lower the levels of amyloid in the brain. However, results to date have been modest and disappointing. The two recently approved amyloid-lowering therapies have only a minimal impact on slowing the decline, are expensive and have potentially serious side effects. And no drug currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical use reverses the cognitive decline. Studies based on health records suggest that past exposure to viruses increase the risk of dementia, while routine vaccines, including those against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, pneumonia, shingles and others, reduce the risk. Innovation and an open mind There is sometimes a tendency among scientists to cling to older, familiar models of disease and a reluctance to move in more unconventional directions. Yet the process of doing science has a way of teaching researchers like us humility, opening our minds to new information, learning from our mistakes and going where that data takes us in our quest for effective, lifesaving therapies. Vaccines may be one of those paths less traveled. It is an exciting possibility that may open the door to other breakthroughs in understanding and treating degenerative disorders of the brain. Anand Kumar is Professor and Department Head of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago. Jalees Rehman is Department Chair and Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois Chicago. The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts. External Link © The Conversation
