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India-Pak conflict: How anti-tank guided missiles are shaping ground combat
Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs) are precision weapons built to destroy heavily armoured targets such as battle tanks. Their long-range capability allows troops to strike without exposing themselves to direct fire.
Modern ATGMs can be launched from a variety of platforms:
Shoulder-fired by infantry
Mounted on tripods or vehicles
Launched from helicopters or drones
Over 130 countries currently operate ATGMs, and they've seen extensive use in conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war.
How ATGMs pierce armour: The technology behind the strike
ATGMs use shaped-charge warheads that focus explosive energy in a single direction to penetrate thick armour. More advanced systems feature tandem warheads:
The first charge defeats Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA)
The second charge penetrates the main armour underneath
Many systems also offer top-attack mode, where missiles strike the turret roof—typically the weakest part of a tank.
Why modern ATGMs are so deadly in warfare
Can tanks survive an ATGM hit? It depends on the defences
Tanks today deploy multiple defensive technologies, including:
ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour): Plates that explode to neutralise shaped charges
Slat or cage armour: Metal grilles that cause premature detonation
Smoke screens and evasive manoeuvres: To evade targeting
Electronic jamming and decoys: To mislead incoming missiles
APS (Active Protection Systems): Like Israel's Trophy or Russia's Afghanit, which track and destroy incoming missiles mid-air
Though no tank is invincible, these layers drastically improve survivability.
Why ATGMs are critical in India's ground warfare strategy
ATGMs are cost-effective, easy to deploy, and high-impact tools for infantry. They:
Enable foot soldiers to take down tanks
Reduce the need for artillery or air support
Are ideal for both conventional and asymmetric warfare
As such, India is increasing investments not only in ATGM tech, but also in countermeasures and training for troops.
Global combat use: Where ATGMs have made a battlefield impact
ATGMs have played key roles in modern military conflicts, including:
Ukraine: Javelins and NLAWs helped halt Russian tank advances
As tanks evolve, so do missiles—keeping the tank-vs-missile arms race alive.
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