2025 CLB Requirement Explained - कनाडा के नए भाषा परीक्षा नियम और SOWP के लिए जरूरी CLB जानकारी
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Time of India
08-08-2025
- Time of India
2025 CLB Requirement Explained - कनाडा के नए भाषा परीक्षा नियम और SOWP के लिए जरूरी CLB जानकारी
Canada New Language Test Rule for Spousal Work Permit (SOWP) | 2025 CLB Requirement Explained - कनाडा के नए भाषा परीक्षा नियम और SOWP के लिए जरूरी CLB जानकारी
Indian Express
12-06-2025
- Indian Express
Knowledge Nugget: UNFPA State of World Population Report 2025 – Must-know insights for UPSC
Take a look at the essential concepts, terms, quotes, or phenomena every day and brush up your knowledge. Here's your knowledge nugget for today. (Relevance: UPSC has asked questions on population, government policies to utlise demographic dividends, and key terms associated with it. Check them in the post-read questions. In this regard, understanding the SOWP Report 2025 is important for your UPSC exam.) The 2025 State of World Population (SOWP) Report was released by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). This year's report, 'The real fertility crisis: The pursuit of reproductive agency in a changing world' has called for a shift from panic over falling fertility to addressing unmet reproductive goals. The report draws on academic research and new data from a UNFPA–YouGov survey spanning 14 countries, including India. 1. According to the report, one in three adult Indians (36%) face unintended pregnancies, while 30% experience unfulfilled desire for having either more or fewer children, and 23% face both. 2. SOWP Report 2025 underlines that millions of individuals are unable to realise their real fertility goals. This is the real crisis, not underpopulation or overpopulation. And, the answer lies in greater reproductive agency – a person's ability to make free and informed choices about sex, contraception, and starting a family. 3. One in five people globally expect not to have the number of children they desire. The key drivers include the prohibitive cost of parenthood, job insecurity, housing, concerns over the state of the world, and the lack of a suitable partner. A toxic blend of economic precarity and sexism plays a role in many of these issues, the report shows. 4. In the case of India, financial limitations are one of the biggest barriers to reproductive freedom. Nearly four in 10 people say financial limitations are stopping them from having the families they want. Job insecurity (21%), housing constraints (22%), and the lack of reliable childcare (18%) are making parenthood feel out of reach. 5. Health barriers like poor general well-being (15%), infertility (13%), and limited access to pregnancy-related care (14%) add further strain. Many are also holding back due to growing anxiety about the future—from climate change to political and social instability. 6. According to United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA, 2024), India is now the world's most populous nation, with nearly 1.5 billion people – a number expected to grow to about 1.7 billion before it begins falling, around 40 years from now. Why is it called UNFPA? High fertility and low fertility duality case of India 1. Replacement-level fertility is commonly defined as 2.1 births per woman, which is the rate at which a population size remains the same from one generation to the next. India has reached the replacement-level fertility of 2.0, but the report pointed out that many people, especially women, still face significant barriers to making free and informed decisions about their reproductive lives and significant disparities persist across regions and states. These barriers create what the report identifies as India's 'high fertility and low fertility duality.' 2. Fertility has fallen below the replacement level (2.1) in 31 states/UTs, but remains high in Bihar (3.0), Meghalaya (2.9), and Uttar Pradesh (2.7). Urban-rural gaps persist, and seven states have yet to reach replacement TFR in rural areas. In Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Delhi, many couples delay or skip childbirth due to costs and work-life conflict, especially among educated middle-class women. This duality reflects differences in economic opportunities, access to healthcare, education levels, and prevailing gender and social norms. Issue of Infertility in India The report highlighted that Infertility remains under-prioritised in India. Infertility needs to be considered for inclusion under the government's health insurance schemes, as suggested in the report. An estimated 27.5 million Indian couples face infertility, yet public sector services are limited, while private care remains expensive and largely confined to urban centres. 📍Positive Growth of Population: When the birth rate is more than the death rate between two points of time or when people from other countries migrate permanently to a region, it is called positive growth of population. 📍Negative Growth of Population: When there is a decrease in population between two points of time due to a fall in birth rate below the death rate or people migrate to other countries, it is called negative growth of population. 📍Density of Population: The number of persons per unit area is called the density of population. According to the 2011 Census, India's population density is 382 persons per square kilometer, and in states, Bihar has the highest density at 1106 persons per square kilometer. In 1951, it was 117 persons/sq km. What is the demographic dividend? FYI: The dependency ratio is equal to the population below 15 or above 64, divided by the population in the 15-64 age group. This is usually expressed as a percentage. The working-age population is generally defined as those aged 15-64 years. 📍Period of population explosion: The sudden increase in the population of the country is called a population explosion. In India, the decade of 1951-1981 is referred to as the period of population explosion. During this period, the average annual growth rate was as high as 2.2 percent. 📍Fertility Rate: The fertility rate refers to the number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group, usually taken to be 15 to 49 years. Total fertility rate (TFR) 📍Total Fertility Rate (TFR): According to the website of OECD, the total fertility rate in a specific year is defined as the total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years and give birth to children in alignment with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates (1) The total fertility rate in an economy is defined as: (UPSC CSE 2024) (a) the number of children born per 1000 people in the population in a year. (b) the number of children born to couple in their lifetime in a given population. (c) the birth rate minus death rate. (d) the average number of live births a woman would have by the end of her child-bearing age. (2) India is regarded as a country with 'Demographic Dividend''. This is due to– (UPSC CSE 2011) (a) Its high population in the age group below 15 years. (b) Its high population in the age group of 15-64 years. (c) Its high population in the age group above 65 years. (d) Its high total population. (Source: NCERT, 'Millions unable to realise reproductive goals': UNFPA State of World Population Report 2025 reveals crisis of fertility aspirations, India becomes world's most populous nation: What's behind the population numbers?) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for May 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Khushboo Kumari is a Deputy Copy Editor with The Indian Express. She has done her graduation and post-graduation in History from the University of Delhi. At The Indian Express, she writes for the UPSC section. She holds experience in UPSC-related content development. You can contact her via email: ... Read More
Indian Express
12-06-2025
- Indian Express
World Day Against Child Labour 2025: Date, theme, quotes, significance — all you need to know
World Day Against Child Labour: World Day Against Child Labour is a global observance marked on June 12 every year, serving as a crucial reminder to build a world free of child labour, where children worldwide are not forced into work at the expense of their education and well-being. Child labour can be defined as any work that is unconstitutional for a child's age by physical or mental abilities. In India, its constitution explicitly prohibits minors under the age of 14 from working in mines, factories, or dangerous occupations. Similarly, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines a child, under the age of 18, as someone who should not engage in hazardous work. In 2024, nearly 138 million children were engaged in child labour. Though progress has been made since 2020, millions are still being denied their right to learn, play and and simply be children. UNICEF and @ilo are urging governments to take — UNICEF (@UNICEF) June 11, 2025 Falling on Thursday, June 12, 2025, this year marks the 26th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour. It provides an opportunity for stakeholders to strengthen the implementation of the main conventions on child labour: Convention No. 182 and Convention No. 138 on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment or Work. However, despite advancements to eliminate child labour, UNICEF highlights that it continues to impact nearly 138 million children worldwide, with 54 million of these engaged in hazardous work. This is why the 2025 observance will be marked under the theme, 'Progress is clear, but there's more to do: let's speed up efforts!' with this year's theme highlighting both the progress made and the imperative of increasing efforts to fulfil global commitments. The significance behind the World Day Against Child Labour lies in its capacity to promote and strengthen the worldwide appeal to eliminate child labour. While child labour remains one of the most provoking human rights issues today, denying millions of children worldwide their right to education, health, and fundamental freedom, here are some quotes to share to spread awareness and advocate for a world free of child labour. Children should have pens in their hands, not tools. – Kailash Satyarthi Every child deserves a childhood free from exploitation and abuse. – Malala Yousafzai The only way to end child labour is to ensure that all children have access to education and opportunities. – ILO Director-General Child labour perpetuates poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, population growth, and other social problems. – Kailash Satyarthi There is no justification for child labour. The child is the future of our nation. Let us allow him to develop physically, mentally, and morally. – Mahatma Gandhi There can be no keener revelation of a society's soul than how it treats its children. – Nelson Mandela
