logo
Saga Of Tejas - The Fighter Jet That Will Replace The Mighty MiG-21

Saga Of Tejas - The Fighter Jet That Will Replace The Mighty MiG-21

NDTV2 days ago
The mighty MiG-21, after serving the air force for 62 years, will retire and get replaced by the newer Tejas fighter jets. An idea conceived in the late 1980s, but several delays, developments and changes in technology pushed MiG-21's retirement.
There are only two squadrons - 36 MiG-21s in service. The No. 3 Squadron, Cobras, and the No. 23 Squadron, Panthers, both at the Nal Air Base in Rajasthan, are homes of the remaining MiG-21 Bison. These squadrons will get the upgraded Tejas Mark 1A once the MiGs are phased out of active service in September this year.
The Tejas fighter jets are with two squadrons of the Indian Air Force - No. 45, the Flying Daggers and No. 18, the Flying Bullets. An order for more Tejas MK1A has been placed with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, but has not yet been delivered, a delay even flagged by the chief of the IAF, Air Chief Marshal AP Singh.
In 1983, the development of LCA was sanctioned, and the Centre constituted the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in 1984. Around Rs 560 crore were sanctioned for the programme, with the Centre giving a timeline of eight to 10 years to develop an aircraft. The project was assessed to be completed by 2004, but even after 30 years, the Tejas, in full numbers, is yet to be inducted.
Tejas Mk1A Goes Airborne
On March 28 last year, Group Captain KK Venugopal (Retired), a test pilot, took the Tejas Mk1A to the skies and was airborne for 15 minutes. The sortie was the first successful flight of the MK1A version of the fighter jet.
Group Captain Sunit Krishna, a test pilot of the LCA Tejas Mk1, spoke to NDTV India and said, "With time, the technology has to be improved and have to be integrated. The Indian Air Force wanted new systems to be integrated into the Tejas so that it could be in service for the next three decades."
"The aircraft might look similar from the outside, but new electronics, processors, display systems, and the hardware of fly-by-wire systems have been integrated...To list out, it has new AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) radar, air-to-ground, air-to-air modes and self-protection jammers, and the mission computer in MK1A is new and indigenous. The aircraft is future-ready," Group Captain Krishna said.
The design of an aircraft poses limitations to integrating new systems. The HAL has incorporated the latest technology with slight modifications in the design to give a newer aircraft.
The new variant will have almost 50 per cent more indigenous content than its predecessor. The MK1A version will have 40 more improvements than the previous one. The Tejas Mk1A will have the advanced Israel EL/M-2025 AESA Radar. It will soon be replaced by the Uttam AESA Radar, indigenously developed by Bharat Electronics Limited and HAL.
The Uttam Radar can track multiple targets and reportedly has a range of more than 200 km to give the aircraft a 360-degree scanned view of its surroundings. It will be used in the later variants like Tejas Mk2 and the Twin Engine Deck-Based Fighters (TEDBF).
The HAL has maintained a commonality between the Mk1 and Mk1A variants. The new version will have enhanced situational awareness with a slightly bigger canopy and changes in the jet aerodynamics to improve its manoeuvrability.
Mk1A will have around nine hard points on its underbelly to carry various types of weaponry like the Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles, Air-to-Air/Ground missiles, and Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air missiles (ASRAAM). External self-protection jammer pods will allow the aircraft to engage in electronic warfare.
An indigenously developed digital fly-by-wire flight control computer was integrated into the Tejas jet. Fly-by-wire systems in aircraft replace mechanical flight controls with an electronic interface
"In a significant development towards Tejas Mk1A programme, the digital fly-by-wire flight control computer (DFCC) was integrated into prototype LSP7 and successfully flown on February 19," the defence ministry said.
"The Tejas Mk1A will have an advanced electronic RADAR, warfare and communication systems, additional combat capability and improved maintenance features," HAL said.
The new Electronic Warfare Suite consists of a Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) system & Advanced Self Protection Jammer (ASPJ) pod will be installed into MK1A. The purpose of the system is to protect the aircraft against ground-based acquisition radars, fire control radars, anti-aircraft artillery and airborne multimode radars.
The Indian Air Force has ordered 83 Tejas Mk1A variants in a Rs 36,468 crore deal with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. In November 2023, the Defence Acquisition Council cleared the project to acquire 97 more Tejas jets for the Indian Air Force. The Tejas are powered by American General Electric's F-404 engines, but the firm is running behind schedule by two years. "We are working with our partner HAL and suppliers to resolve constraints and deliver F404-IN20 engines for the LCA Mk1 programme," Financial Express reported, quoting GE Aerospace.
The Tejas Saga - Crash Course On LCA's History
Air Marshal Philip Rajkumar, an exceptional fighter pilot and former director ADA, has chronicled the journey of Tejas, giving one of the most detailed accounts of the fighter aircraft's journey. Air Marshal Rajkumar, in his book, 'The Tejas Saga', writes that the LCA programme commenced in 1969 when then Defence Minister C Subramaniam recommended India should develop a roadmap in aeronautics and build an indigenous fighter jet, helicopter and cargo aircraft. The committee felt that self-reliance in aviation was needed.
60 years since the HAL HF-24 Marut first flew.
Photos from the collection of Pushpindar Singh Chopra. The Marut was possibly his all time favourite aircraft. pic.twitter.com/JYQDet96Rk
— Angad Singh (@zone5aviation) June 17, 2021
However, the India-Pakistan war in 1971 and sanctions post the Pokhran-1 nuclear test pushed the programme, along with political changes in India. Though the HF-24, also known as Marut, was developed by HAL in the 1960s but the underpowered fighter jet, which was intended to be a supersonic fighter, became obsolete by the 1980s, and the age of fourth-generation fighters that have speed, agility, better avionics and guided weapons had begun.
LCA Becomes Tejas
In January 2001, the Technology Demonstrator-1 (TD-1) was airborne for the first time, a significant moment in India's fighter aviation history. However, the scheduled date of completion was December 1996. The LCA programme was rechristened as 'Tejas'. But the delays are not entirely due to bureaucratic hurdles but also because of evolving technology.
It was initially planned to phase out MIG-21s in the 1990s once Tejas is ready, but HAL had experience of developing Marut, an older generation aircraft, and building a Tejas to compete with modern fighters like the MiG-29, Mirages meant jumping from 1st generation Marut to 4th generation Tejas.
The delay in executing the LCA project is often credited to the development of Multi Mode Radar, Flight control system, Digital Electronic Engine Control, integration of Kaveri engine on LCA, and the up-gradation of MiG-Bis aircraft. The import of Su-30 MKI aircraft to cover the shortfall in fighter aircraft. This was even highlighted in the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) report in 1999. The report said the delays did impact the IAF's operational preparedness.
Further delays meant the aircraft had to be upgraded to 4+ generation multirole fighter aircraft, which meant pole vaulting from knowledge and experience of building a 1st generation aircraft to the latest technology. The TD-1, which was airborne, was much different from the Tejas in service.
Despite delays, engineers at the Aeronautical Development Agency (HAL), DRDO, and HAL have worked to build a purely indigenous supersonic fighter jet.
The ADA had proposed an indigenous jet fuel starter, gearbox, avionics software development and mechanical systems, development of the Carbon Fibre Composite (CFC) Wing, Multi-Mode Radar, etc. The sanctions placed by US on India in 1998 in the aftermath of the Pokhran-II nuclear tests, compelled engineers at ADA to develop the digital flight control system.
The Indian Air Force has a sanctioned squadron strength of 41, but only 31 squadrons are operational. The ageing fleet of the IAF means a further drop in numbers if Tejas is not delivered on time to replace Jaguars, MiG-29s, Mirage-2000s.
Regarding delays in the LCA project, a representative of the Air Force, who deposed before a Standing Committee on Defence (2022-2023), said, "We had made an aircraft before this. The last aircraft that we designed was Marut. So, after a gap of 30 years plus, we are now trying to make a fighter aircraft in-house. We took a giant leap."
"We could have gone for some middle-level or one-generation below aircraft. LCA is a four-plus generation aircraft. We could have gone for a third-generation aircraft with conventional controls and with all the rudimentary dials in old avionics, but we had to catch up with technology. I think it was a very good step taken, though we have taken much longer than we should have," the representative added.
Orange background

Try Our AI Features

Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:

Comments

No comments yet...

Related Articles

Full clearance for Dhruv helicopter fleet pending amid ongoing review
Full clearance for Dhruv helicopter fleet pending amid ongoing review

India Today

time6 hours ago

  • India Today

Full clearance for Dhruv helicopter fleet pending amid ongoing review

The Indian military's fleet of Dhruv helicopters, grounded for over three months following a series of crashes, is still undergoing phased clearances as a comprehensive review continues. Despite some helicopters returning to operational duty, the full fleet of around 330 remains under scrutiny as the investigation into technical faults Dhruv, manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), is considered the backbone of India's rotary-wing operations, with over 180 operated by the Army alone, including 60 weaponised Rudra Indian Air Force operates 75, the Navy 24, and the Coast Guard 19. While the helicopters that have received flight clearance are currently undertaking missions across services, HAL is proceeding cautiously, clearing only those units deemed safe after thorough checks. A source told India Today that not all helicopters have received flying clearance as HAL continues its review and is approving aircraft in a phased manner. The Army resumed operations of its cleared helicopters in response to heightened security requirements following the deadly attack in entire fleet was grounded after a Dhruv helicopter of the Coast Guard crashed in Porbandar, marking the latest in a series of incidents that have plagued the platform in recent Aero India in February, HAL Chairman and Managing Director Dr DK Sunil shared details from the initial crash investigation, revealing that a crack in the swash plate-a critical component controlling the rotor blades-had been defect investigation team is still probing the cause of the crack, and HAL awaits the final report to determine whether further inspections or changes are needed across the ruling out a design flaw in the helicopter itself, Dr Sunil pointed to possible gaps in training and maintenance. He said that over the past 25 years, 28 Dhruv helicopters have these, 13 were due to technical issues, 13 to human error, and two remain unexplained. Despite the accidents, the Dhruv fleet has collectively logged significant flying hours, underlining its central role in military extended grounding of the fleet was a serious setback for the armed forces and Coast Guard. Similar suspensions occurred in 2023 after a series of crashes across multiple service October 2024, an Indian Air Force Dhruv crashed into water during relief efforts in Bihar due to engine failure. In September that year, a Coast Guard helicopter went down in the Arabian incidents have taken place near Mumbai, Kochi, Jammu, and Pathankot. One of the most tragic crashes occurred in Arunachal Pradesh in October 2022, where a Rudra variant crash claimed the lives of two officers and three the investigation still underway, the Dhruv fleet remains only partially operational. The outcome of the final report will be key to determining whether systemic changes in maintenance protocols or pilot training are required to restore full confidence in the platform and prevent future accidents.- EndsMust Watch

End of an Era: MiG-21's 62-Year Service Owes Less to Soviet Engineering, More to 'Desi Jugaad'
End of an Era: MiG-21's 62-Year Service Owes Less to Soviet Engineering, More to 'Desi Jugaad'

The Wire

time8 hours ago

  • The Wire

End of an Era: MiG-21's 62-Year Service Owes Less to Soviet Engineering, More to 'Desi Jugaad'

MiG-21's farewell won't just signal the retirement of a Cold War relic, but the departure of a fighter that, over decades, became thoroughly Indian in spirit. New Delhi: Few combat aircraft globally can match a service life as prolonged – and improbable – as the MiG-21's 62 years in the Indian Air Force (IAF), whose final two squadrons of around 30-odd platforms are being retired at a formal ceremony in Chandigarh on September 19. This extraordinary longevity was underpinned almost entirely by jugaad, the Indian military's inimitable culture of improvisation, ingenuity, and engineering fixes that kept these single-engine fighters flying far beyond expectations and well outside their original flight envelope and mission parameters. Through a mix of technical improvisation and squadron-level ingenuity that included integration of improved radars, indigenously developed and off-the-shelf avionics and modern missile systems, the IAF's numerous MiG-21 (NATO designation: 'Fishbed') variants evolved operationally far beyond their original Soviet design. Few supersonic jets of any era have operated such a broad mission spectrum And, over time, entire IAF base-level ecosystems grew around supporting these fighters, doing more with less to transform the MiG-21s into multi-role workhorses capable of flying reconnaissance, ground-attack, interception, precision-strike missions and air policing roles, all acknowledged admiringly by fighter pilots from around the world. Few supersonic jets of any era, let alone those from the 1960s, have operated such a broad mission spectrum, with MiG-21 fighters serving effectively in the 1965, 1971, and 1999 wars with Pakistan, in the Balakot strikes of 2019, and more recently in Operation Sindoor. Beginning with the first Mikoyan-Gurevich-designed MiG-21F-13/Type 74 in 1963, some 870 variants of the fighter entered IAF service thereafter, the majority licence-produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in Bangalore. MiG-21 inductions continued until the mid-1980s, with this fighter type eventually comprising nearly 60% of the IAF's combat fleet till the 1990s. The MiG-21s performance envelope was notable for its era: a top speed of Mach 2.1, operational ceiling of over 50,000 feet, and a rapid climb rate. But its range and payload were modest, and its early variants had rudimentary avionics, limited visibility, and posed challenging handling at low speeds. Veterans said the fighter was primarily a 'pilot's aircraft' – unforgiving of error and with minimal tolerance for laxity. Over the decades, some 450 MiG-21s had crashed, killing between 170 and 200 pilots – as well as several civilians on the ground – according to official statistics, earning the fighter ignominious labels in the Indian media such as 'flying coffins' and 'widow makers'. Multiple investigations had revealed that, apart from pilot error, many of these crashes had stemmed largely from ageing airframes, engine failures, and the relentless demands placed on a platform long past its technological prime. But eventually it was compulsion, not choice, that kept the IAF flying MiG-21s despite mounting mishaps – mainly to sustain squadron numbers. Although proposals to phase them out began surfacing as early as 2019, persistent delays in developing indigenous fighters and slow procurement of replacements left the IAF with little option but to continue with MiG-21s to fill critical operational gaps by extended their total technical life (TTL) and take on roles far beyond their original design intent. Chronic delay in indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme One key reason behind the MiG-21's extended service was the chronic delay in the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme, launched in 1983 specifically to replace it. As a stopgap, the IAF upgraded 125 MiG-21 'Bis' fighters to 'Bison' standard in the late 1990s, incorporating a mix of Indian, Russian, French, and Israeli radar, avionics and assorted other related systems onto the fighter. These upgraded MiG-21 Bisons are the ones finally being retired in September, and their exit will reduce the IAF's fighter fleet to just 29 squadrons, well below the sanctioned strength of 42.5, underscoring the mounting strain on its operational efficiency. And though the fighters' original Tumansky R-25 engines were not replaced, they were modified with enhanced accessory drives and ancillary systems to support the heavier, electronics-laden platform. Its avionics too saw a significant boost with the integration of the lightweight Russian 'Super Kopyo' multi-mode radar and the Totem 221G ring-laser gyro inertial navigation system from France's Sextant Avionique. These were linked to a locally developed navigation and attack computer, with weapon delivery cues displayed to the pilot via a modern Head-Up Display (HUD). The upgrade also included EWS-21 radar warning receivers from Thales, Israeli countermeasure dispensers, onboard video recording systems, and indigenous electronic countermeasures (ECM). The MiG-21 Bison was also capable of deploying a much wider range of ordnance, including Russian R-73 and R-77 air-to-air missiles with ranges of 40 to 100 km, Kh-31 medium-range air-to-surface missiles, and the GSh-23 twin-barrel 23mm cannon. Meanwhile, Wing Cdr Amit Giri, a veteran MIG-21 pilot, declared that though designed as a short-range interceptor, the IAF had 'upped the game by using the MiG-21 in almost every role imaginable'. Writing in the Financial Express in late 2021, he stated that these missions had included bombing, interception, reconnaissance, providing escort to bombers over enemy territory and also training rookie pilots. He said MiG-21s had even comprised part of large force engagements (LFEs), executed to deceive the enemy and conceal the real intent regarding intended targets, thereby forcing the opposing side to deploy a large defending package to its operational disadvantage. IAF's skills in operationalising technical and operational 'jugaad' 'Let alone Western air forces, even the Russians could never have imagined the role of a MiG-21 in LFE,' Wing Cdr Giri said in a silent tribute to the IAF's skills in operationalising technical and operational 'jugaad' and optimising its war-fighting skills. However, he conceded that the IAF's continued reliance on the MiG-21 was driven more by necessity than by tactical preference. With a 'humongous amount of sky to protect,' a trickle of fighter acquisitions from abroad, and delays in indigenous development, the IAF had little choice but to shape its strategy and tactics around platforms like the MiG-21. In short, the Soviet fighter remained an analogue survivor in a digital age, but one that had stayed too long. And, as the MiG-21 takes its final bow in Chandigarh in a few weeks, its farewell won't just signal the retirement of a Cold War relic, but the departure of a fighter that, over decades, became thoroughly Indian in spirit. Its 62-year service owes less to Soviet engineering and more to the power of desi jugaad – the Indian military's unsung force multiplier. The Wire is now on WhatsApp. Follow our channel for sharp analysis and opinions on the latest developments.

British F-35's Recovery Reminds Of Daring Rescue Of Mirage 2000 Jet From Mauritius
British F-35's Recovery Reminds Of Daring Rescue Of Mirage 2000 Jet From Mauritius

NDTV

timea day ago

  • NDTV

British F-35's Recovery Reminds Of Daring Rescue Of Mirage 2000 Jet From Mauritius

New Delhi: The evacuation of a stranded British F-35B jet from Thiruvananthapuram on Tuesday rekindled memories of a similar problem the Indian Air Force faced two decades ago - one of its Mirage-2000 jets was badly damaged and stuck in Mauritius for 22 days before a risky and audacious operation succeeded in flying it back to India. Incidentally, it also landed in Thiruvananthapuram. The little known mission to bring back the plane will go down in India's aviation history as one of the most celebrated demonstrations of piloting skills, courage and technical ingenuity of IAF engineers who made the aircraft airworthy in a short time after it had suffered extensive damage because of a belly landing in Mauritius. It also put the spotlight on the grit and planning skill of the pilot, Sqn Ldr Jaspreet Singh, who braved dangerous weather and conducted three mid-air refuellings to bring back the repaired Mirage. He flew non-stop for five hours and 10 minutes on October 26, 2004 over the desolate Indian Ocean, where any malfunction en route would have meant almost certain disaster. "I remember that day as clearly as if it was yesterday," Jaspreet, who took retirement from the IAF in 2018, told PTI. "I was confident of undertaking this risky flight across the ocean as I had full faith in the team of exceptional technical personnel who had worked non-stop over two weeks to repair the aircraft," he said. "Military aviation is all about taking calculated risks when the mission demands, preparing for all possible contingencies and having your backup plans in place," he said. The French-built Mirage-2000 had crash-landed on October 4 at the Sir Seewoosagur-Ramgoolam International Airport in Port Louis after taking part in an air show. The belly landing had damaged the aircraft extensively, especially the underbelly auxiliary fuel tanks, the airframe, avionics and cockpit instrumentation. On the other hand, the USD 110 million F-35B jet suffered a technical snag while on a maritime exercise in the Indian Ocean and had to make an emergency landing at the Thiruvananthapuram international airport on June 14. The jet was part of the HMS Prince of Wales Carrier Strike Group of the British Royal Navy. A team of British engineers was flown in to fix the stealth fighter jet, and it finally took off for Darwin, Australia on Tuesday morning after almost 37 days. Similarly, a group of engineers, pilots and one IL-76 transport aircraft with spares and one IL-78 refuelling tanker aircraft flew from India to Port Louis, Mauritius to fix the Mirage and help bring it back. The rectification team made the aircraft ready for ground runs by October 13 and the Mirage did its first test flight on October 14, just 10 days after the landing accident. The team was faced with a task that had no precedence, given that Mirage-2000 is not cleared by the manufacturer Dassault to do a no-wheels landing, even in an emergency. Recalling the mission, an IAF officer said that Jaspreet, then posted with a fighter squadron in the Central sector, was specially chosen as the pilot to fly the aircraft back to India. The ferry route is over one of the most desolate stretches of the Indian Ocean and even for a fully serviceable single engine fighter it is considered a highly challenging task, said the officer. The fact that the ferry would also involve multiple air to air refuelling added to the overall degree of difficulty, he said. Once the aircraft had been repaired, Jaspreet carried out one taxi test and three air test sorties between October 12 and 19, during which multiple problems were revealed related to its fly-by-wire system, rudder, data display screen, throttle, brakes and fuel gauges. The 2126 nautical mile (nearly 4000 kilometer) flight to India was initially planned for October 20, but severe weather in the second half of the route, ruled out air-to-air refueling. "The inclement weather ensured that one Mirage 2000, one IL-78, one IL-76, and more than 50 IAF personnel were now stranded with the possibility that the wait could go on for weeks," said Jaspreet. However, on the morning of October 25, satellite pictures revealed that the first 1000 nautical miles (NM) of the flight route from Mauritius to TVM was clear, allowing three air to air refuelling. With the window of opportunity closing, Air Headquarters signed off for the ferry flight to take off on October 26, 2004. Jaspreet and the fighter took off at 7.55 am from a wet runway with very little fuel so as not to over stress the airframe. He entered the clouds almost immediately. But he had to ensure the first refuelling 11 minutes after take-off. There was zero margin for error. None was made. The Mirage refuelled in time and climbed safely to 25,000 feet. A second refuelling was also done successfully. Since refuelling was not possible in the final leg because of bad weather, the team came up with a plan: Jaspreet would top up fuel from the IL-78 while still 1100 NM short of Thiruvananthapuram and climb to a level above 40,000 feet to fly unaided the rest of the way. Flying at a higher altitude and optimum speed, the Mirage would consume less fuel. But it also meant flying the last 2 hours at 43,000 feet at 0.92 mach speed (or 0.92 per cent of the speed of sound). This was well beyond what the aircraft had been flight tested for. If the calculations were wrong or if a malfunction resulted in higher fuel consumption, the Mirage would have been in trouble. Explaining the feat, an expert said the single engine, single pilot Mirage jet undertook the transoceanic flight with no alternative airfields to land (in case of an emergency), travelling alone in a radar-less airspace with no direct radio contact with ground control and with bad weather which would have prevented any search and rescue operation over the ocean in case of an ejection. Along the way things were not smooth for Jaspreet. One of its radio sets failed, the fuel gauges gave incorrect indications and the oxygen almost finished in the cockpit. Yet the Mirage landed safely at Thiruvananthapuram at 2.50 pm. The next day, Jaspreet flew the Mirage to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited airfield in Bengaluru where it was fully repaired and returned to operational service almost four months later. Jaspreet was conferred the 'Vayu Sena' (Gallantry) medal by the President of India for his sincerity, exceptional courage and professionalism beyond the call of duty. "The ferry of Mirage-2000 across a stretch of 2126 nautical miles was one of the most challenging, daring and risky peacetime operations ever undertaken by a fighter aircraft in the history of the IAF," Singh's citation reads. Documenting the mission, an internal note of the IAF said: "Given the situation, not too many air forces in the world would have been bold enough to attempt this ferry. The IAF needs to be proud of this mission and the professionalism and courage shown by its personnel." PTI MPB VJ DV DV

DOWNLOAD THE APP

Get Started Now: Download the App

Ready to dive into a world of global content with local flavor? Download Daily8 app today from your preferred app store and start exploring.
app-storeplay-store