Egypt's NRRA Chief: We Monitor Radiation Levels Around the Clock, Possess Advanced Infrastructure to Ensure Top Safety Standards
Egypt's Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority (NRRA) is maintaining round-the-clock monitoring of radiation levels nationwide as well as in neighboring regions, according to Dr. Sami Shaaban, Chairman of the NRRA.
His remarks come amid heightened regional tensions and reflect Egypt's commitment to nuclear safety and environmental protection.
Dr. Shaaban explained that the NRRA is responsible for regulating all nuclear and radiological activities across Egypt to ensure public safety. The Authority continuously tracks background radiation levels through a network of monitoring stations distributed throughout the country.
It also issues regulatory guidelines for licensed activities, reviews technical documentation, inspects sites, and conducts both scheduled and surprise inspections to enforce compliance with safety standards.
Amid recent regional developments, the NRRA has intensified its monitoring activities, extending surveillance beyond Egypt's borders to track radiation levels in countries such as Syria, Gulf states, and European Union nations. The Authority submits regular reports on these efforts to the Egyptian Cabinet.
Egypt's nuclear regulatory system relies on a robust infrastructure and organizational structure, comprising three main regulatory sectors: the Nuclear Facilities Safety Sector, the Radiological Facilities and Sources Safety Sector, and the Nuclear Security Safeguards Sector. Supporting departments include quality management, legal affairs, a Center of Excellence, cooperation and public relations, technical support and laboratories, and a Situation Assessment Center.
The NRRA operates advanced laboratories equipped with cutting-edge technology for analysis and measurements, enabling precise regulatory decisions. It also provides technical and scientific support to other regulatory bodies at the national level.
Dr. Shaaban highlighted that the Authority benefits from full support from the Egyptian state, reflected in technical collaborations with international partners, including Russia and European Union countries.
He added that the NRRA has implemented an integrated electronic performance management system based on good governance principles, ensuring institutional efficiency and transparency.
He also underscored the crucial role of the NRRA's Center of Excellence in developing and enhancing the skills of technical personnel.
"The Center conducts professional assessments and identifies specific training needs for each regulatory sector, strengthening the Authority's capacity to carry out its oversight and regulatory functions with high professionalism," he concluded.
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Egypt Independent
3 hours ago
- Egypt Independent
The first genome sequenced from ancient Egypt reveals surprising ancestry, scientists say
CNN — In a long-sought first, researchers have sequenced the entire genome of an ancient Egyptian person, revealing unprecedented insight about the ancestry of a man who lived during the time when the first pyramids were built. The man, whose remains were found buried in a sealed clay pot in Nuwayrat, a village south of Cairo, lived sometime between 4,500 and 4,800 years ago, which makes his DNA the oldest ancient Egyptian sample yet extracted. The researchers concluded that 80 percent of his genetic material came from ancient people in North Africa while 20 percent traced back to people in West Asia and the Mesopotamia region. Their findings, published Wednesday in the journal Nature, offer new clues to suggest there were ancient cultural connections between ancient Egypt and societies within the Fertile Crescent, an area that includes modern-day Iraq (once known as Mesopotamia), Iran and Jordan. While scientists have suspected these connections, before now the only evidence for them was archaeological, rather than genetic. The scientists also studied the man's skeleton to determine more about his identity and found extensive evidence of hard labor over the course of a long life. 'Piecing together all the clues from this individual's DNA, bones and teeth have allowed us to build a comprehensive picture,' said lead study author Dr. Adeline Morez Jacobs, visiting research fellow at England's Liverpool John Moores University, in a statement. 'We hope that future DNA samples from ancient Egypt can expand on when precisely this movement from West Asia started.' Pottery and other artifacts have suggested that Egyptians may have traded goods and knowledge across neighboring regions, but genetic evidence of just how closely different ancient civilizations mingled has been harder to pin down because conditions such as heat and humidity quickly degrade DNA, according to the study authors. This man's remains, however, were unusually well-preserved in their burial container, and the scientists were able to extract DNA from one of the skeleton's teeth. While the findings only capture the genetic background of one person, experts said additional work could help answer an enduring question about the ancestry of the first Egyptians who lived at the beginning of the longest-lasting known civilization. A pottery vessel containing the man's remains was discovered in 1902. Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool Decoding a DNA puzzle Swedish geneticist Svante Pääbo, who won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 2022 for sequencing the first Neanderthal genome, made pioneering attempts 40 years ago to extract and study DNA from ancient Egyptian remains, but he was unable to sequence a genome. Poor DNA preservation consistently posed an obstacle. Since then, the genomes of three ancient Egyptian people have been only partially sequenced by researchers using 'target-enriched sequencing' to focus on specific markers of interest in the specimens' DNA. The remains used in that work date back to a more recent time in Egyptian history, from 787 BC to AD 23. It was ultimately improvements in technology over the past decade that paved the way for the authors of the new study to finally sequence an entire ancient Egyptian genome. 'The technique we used for this study is generally referred to as 'shotgun sequencing,' which means we sequence all DNA molecules isolated from the teeth, giving us coverage across the whole genome,' wrote study coauthor Dr. Linus Girdland-Flink, a lecturer in biomolecular archaeology at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, in an email. 'Our approach means that any future researcher can access the whole genome we published to find additional information. This also means there is no need to return to this individual for additional sampling of bone or tooth material.' The man, who died during a time of transition between Egypt's Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods, was not mummified before burial because it was not yet standard practice — and that likely preserved his DNA, the researchers said. 'It may have been a lucky circumstance — perhaps we found the needle in the haystack,' Girdland-Flink said. 'But I think we will see additional genomes published from ancient Egypt over the coming years, possibly from individuals buried in ceramic pots.' While Egypt's overall climate is hot, the region has relatively stable temperatures, a key factor for long-term genetic preservation, Girdland-Flink said. That climate, the clay pot used for burial and the rock tomb it was placed in all played a role in preventing the man's DNA from deteriorating, he said. The clay pot was found inside a tomb cut into the rock at Nuwayrat, south of Cairo. Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool Tracing unique ancestry For their analysis, the researchers took small samples of the root tips of one of the man's teeth. They analyzed the cementum, a dental tissue that locks the teeth into the jaw, because it is an excellent tool for DNA preservation, Girdland-Flink said. Of the seven DNA extracts taken from the tooth, two were preserved enough to be sequenced. Then, the scientists compared the ancient Egyptian genome with those of more than 3,000 modern people and 805 ancient individuals, according to the study authors. Chemical signals called isotopes in the man's tooth recorded information about the environment where he grew up and the diet he consumed as a child as his teeth grew. The results were consistent with a childhood spent in the hot, dry climate of the Nile Valley, consuming wheat, barley, animal protein and plants associated with Egypt. But 20 percent of the man's ancestry best matches older genomes from Mesopotamia, suggesting that the movement of people into Egypt at some point may have been fairly substantial, Girdland-Flink. Dental anthropologist and study coauthor Joel Irish also took forensic measurements of the man's teeth and cranium, which matched best with a Western Asian individual. Irish is a professor in the School of Biological and Environmental Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University. The study provides a glimpse into a crucial time and place for which there haven't been samples before, according to Iosif Lazaridis, a research associate in the department of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University. Lazaridis was not involved with the new study but has done research on ancient DNA samples from Mesopotamia and the Levant, the eastern Mediterranean area that includes modern-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan and parts of Turkey. The remains are now kept at World Museum Liverpool. Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool Researchers have long questioned whether the Egyptians from the beginnings of the Dynastic civilization were indigenous North Africans or Levantine, Lazaridis said. 'What this sample does tell us is that at such an early date there were people in Egypt that were mostly North African in ancestry, but with some contribution of ancestry from Mesopotamia,' Lazaridis said. 'This makes perfect sense geographically.' Lazaridis said he hopes it's the beginning of more research on Egypt, acknowledging that while mummification helped preserve soft tissue in mummies, the chemical treatments used in the mummification process were not ideal for ancient DNA preservation. 'I think it is now shown that it is feasible to extract DNA from people from the beginnings of Egyptian civilization and the genetic history of Egypt can now begin to be written,' he said. A mysterious burial By studying the man's skeleton, the team was able to determine that he was just over 5 feet tall and between 44 and 64 years old, likely closer to the end of that range — 'which is incredibly old for that time period, probably like 80s would be today,' Irish said. Genetic analysis suggests he had brown eyes and hair and dark skin. And his bones told another tale: just how hard he labored in life, which seems at odds with the ceremonial way he was buried within the ceramic vessel. Indications of arthritis and osteoporosis were evident in his bones, while features within the back of his skull and vertebra showed he was looking down and leaning forward for much of his lifetime, Irish said. Muscle markings show he was holding his arms out in front of him for extended periods of time and carrying heavy materials. The sit bones of his pelvis were also incredibly inflated, which occurs when someone sits on a hard surface over decades. There were also signs of substantial arthritis within his right foot. Irish looked over ancient Egyptian imagery of different occupations, including pottery making, masonry, soldering, farming and weaving, to figure out how the man might have spent his time. 'Though circumstantial these clues point towards pottery, including use of a pottery wheel, which arrived in Egypt around the same time,' Irish said. 'That said, his higher-class burial is not expected for a potter, who would not normally receive such treatment. Perhaps he was exceptionally skilled or successful to advance his social status.' Before the pottery wheel and writing systems were shared between cultures, domesticated plants and animals spread across the Fertile Crescent and Egypt in the sixth millennium BC, as societies transitioned from being hunter-gatherers to living in permanent settlements. Now, the study team wonders whether human migrations were also part of that shift. Additional ancient genomes from Egypt, Africa and the Fertile Crescent could supply answers about who lived where and when. 'This is just one piece of the puzzle that is human genetic variation: each person who ever lived — and their genome — represents a unique piece in that puzzle,' Girdland-Flink said in an email. 'While we will never be able to sequence everyone's genome, my hope is that we can gather enough diverse samples from around the world to accurately reconstruct the key events in human history that have shaped who we are today.' Sign up for CNN's Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more.
See - Sada Elbalad
3 days ago
- See - Sada Elbalad
US Set to Release Billions of Flies to Fight Flesh-Eating Parasite
Israa Farhan The United States is preparing to release billions of sterilized flies over southern Texas and northern Mexico in an urgent effort to control the spread of a deadly flesh-eating parasite that threatens livestock, wildlife, and even humans. This large-scale biological program, led by the US Department of Agriculture, targets the New World screwworm, a parasitic larva that invades the tissue of warm-blooded animals, causing severe infections and, in many cases, death. The government's strategy involves breeding male flies, sterilizing them using radiation, and releasing them into affected areas by aircraft. Once in the wild, the sterile males mate with native females, resulting in infertile eggs and a dramatic reduction in the screwworm population over time. Experts say this technique is highly effective and environmentally safe, avoiding the widespread use of chemical insecticides. It has been successfully used in the past, helping to eradicate the screwworm from the United States and other countries north of Panama. A dedicated sterile fly production facility in Panama has supplied flies to contain outbreaks for decades. However, the reappearance of the parasite in southern Mexico late last year prompted new action. In November, the United States temporarily halted Mexican livestock imports after detecting the parasite but resumed shipments in February under stricter inspection protocols. Despite these measures, the parasite has continued advancing northward, raising alarms among US agricultural authorities. The screwworm, scientifically named Cochliomyia hominivorax, poses a severe threat to livestock industries. It can also affect wild animals and humans, burrowing into skin and causing life-threatening damage. With the current outbreak, the USDA is accelerating fly distribution to prevent a repeat of past infestations, which once took decades and billions of dollars to overcome. read more Gold prices rise, 21 Karat at EGP 3685 NATO's Role in Israeli-Palestinian Conflict US Expresses 'Strong Opposition' to New Turkish Military Operation in Syria Shoukry Meets Director-General of FAO Lavrov: confrontation bet. nuclear powers must be avoided News Iran Summons French Ambassador over Foreign Minister Remarks News Aboul Gheit Condemns Israeli Escalation in West Bank News Greek PM: Athens Plays Key Role in Improving Energy Security in Region News One Person Injured in Explosion at Ukrainian Embassy in Madrid News China Launches Largest Ever Aircraft Carrier Sports Former Al Zamalek Player Ibrahim Shika Passes away after Long Battle with Cancer Videos & Features Tragedy Overshadows MC Alger Championship Celebration: One Fan Dead, 11 Injured After Stadium Fall Lifestyle Get to Know 2025 Eid Al Adha Prayer Times in Egypt Business Fear & Greed Index Plummets to Lowest Level Ever Recorded amid Global Trade War News Flights suspended at Port Sudan Airport after Drone Attacks Videos & Features Video: Trending Lifestyle TikToker Valeria Márquez Shot Dead during Live Stream News Shell Unveils Cost-Cutting, LNG Growth Plan Technology 50-Year Soviet Spacecraft 'Kosmos 482' Crashes into Indian Ocean News "Tensions Escalate: Iran Probes Allegations of Indian Tech Collaboration with Israeli Intelligence"
Al-Ahram Weekly
4 days ago
- Al-Ahram Weekly
Unveiling ancient Egypt: 4,800-year-old genome rewrites history - Ancient Egypt
In a groundbreaking scientific discovery, an international research team has successfully sequenced the first whole ancient Egyptian genome from an individual who lived 4,500 to 4,800 years ago – the oldest DNA sample from Egypt to date. The study, published today in the journal Nature, reveals that 80 percent of his ancestry is related to ancient people in North Africa and 20 percent to ancient people in West Asia. The finding significantly reinforces the scientific understanding of human migration out of Africa and the historical intermingling of populations between ancient Egyptians and other civilisations throughout history. Unravelling the secrets of an ancient potter At a press conference attended by Ahram Online, Dr Adeline Morez Jacobs, Visiting Research Fellow, explained that the remains, which belonged to a man, were preserved without mummification in a pottery vessel within a mountain in Upper Egypt. This unique preservation method was crucial, as it maintained the dental cells in excellent condition over millennia, enabling the successful extraction of genetic material. This achievement marks the first and oldest complete genome of an Egyptian from the period following the unification of the Egyptian kingdom and the construction of the pyramids, specifically between 2700 and 2600 BCE. Addressing questions about the possibility of extrapolating these findings from a single individual to represent the genome of Egyptians during the Old Kingdom, the research team clarified that they conducted several studies on the skeleton, examining his teeth and dietary patterns. The results indicate that the man lived and died in the Nile River basin. Furthermore, visible markers on his arm, thigh, and foot bones suggest that he engaged in muscle-intensive work that required prolonged sitting, such as pottery making. His unique burial in a pottery vessel also points to a distinguished social status within ancient Egyptian society. Archaeological context at the Nuwayrat site. a, Rock-cut tombs at Nuwayrat enclosing the pottery vessel containing the pottery coffin burial. b, An impression of the rock-cut tomb based on the archaeologist John Garstang's description, with the pottery coffin burial in the south burial chamber. c, Pottery coffin and archaeological remains of the Nuwayrat individual, as discovered in 1902. Images courtesy of the Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool. As in Morez, A. (2025). Nature. Collaboration and challenges in ancient DNA research The international research team has expressed keen interest in collaborating with Egyptian scientists involved in the Royal Mummies Genome Project. This collaboration aims to share scientific expertise in extracting genetic material, a particularly challenging endeavour when dealing with mummified remains due to the mixture of tissues with chemical preservation agents. In a related vein, the international team had previously announced in February their research on extracting genetic material from 94 ancient Egyptian bodies, which were transferred from tombs in the mountains of Armant and Nuwayrat to the Liverpool Museum in Britain in the early 20th century. Pontus Skoglund, Group Leader of the Ancient Genomics Laboratory at the Francis Crick Institute and co-senior author, highlighted the significant challenges scientists face in extracting ancient DNA. He explained that hot and humid conditions are major detrimental factors that impede the preservation of genetic material in ancient Egyptian remains. "This difficulty is compounded in mummified bodies due to the interaction of embalming materials with body tissues. Conversely, the preservation of the man's body in a pottery vessel deep within the mountain for thousands of years provided moderate and dry environmental conditions that prevented the degradation of his genetic material over such a long period," he said. Pottery vessel in which the Nuwayrat individual was discovered. Image courtesy of the Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool. As in Morez, A. (2025). Nature. A potter's life etched in bone According to the study, skeletal analysis revealed the individual was a male of average height, likely a potter, evidenced by signs indicating prolonged sitting in a specific posture with extended arms and legs on a hard surface. He also suffered from severe arthritis in his neck. While circumstantial, this aligns with the demands of pottery. This theory is further supported by unusual wear patterns on several toe bones and the arch of his right foot, which likely indicates that he operated a potter's wheel. These skeletal markers correspond to the postures depicted for potters in ancient tomb paintings. "The facial reconstruction of this ancient Egyptian relied on the expertise of the Liverpool John Moores University Face Lab and international anthropologist Caroline Wilkinson, who have experience in this field. The markings on the skeleton are clues to the individual's life and lifestyle – his seat bones are expanded in size, his arms showed evidence of extensive movement back and forth, and there's substantial arthritis in just the right foot. Though circumstantial, these clues point towards pottery, including use of a pottery wheel, which arrived in Egypt around the same time. That said, his higher-class burial is not expected for a potter, who would not normally receive such treatment. Perhaps he was exceptionally skilled or successful to advance his social status," Joel Irish, Professor of Anthropology and Archaeology at Liverpool John Moores University, stated. Facial reconstruction of the individual from Nuwayrat using 3D scan data of the skull and analysis of the bones. The skull and idea of his face are overlaid to create one image. Credit: Caroline Wilkinson, Liverpool John Moores University. As in Morez, A. (2025). Nature. Egyptian scientists weigh in Dr Khaled Amer, principal investigator of the Egyptian Genome Project, emphasised the importance of this recently published research. He noted that the ability to extract a complete genome from the teeth of an Egyptian who lived between 4,500 and 4,800 years ago is a pivotal technical achievement, representing the oldest such case in the study of ancient Egyptian genomes. Moreover, this study focuses on an ordinary ancient Egyptian, not a member of the nobility. "This type of research has been ongoing for years in several research centres worldwide, involving prominent scientists like Swedish scientist Svante Pääbo, who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2022, and the Max Planck Institute in Germany (2017), which published on Egyptian mummies from 1400 BCE to 400 CE," he told Ahram Online. "Generally, any international research published on the ancient Egyptian genome is beneficial and supports our national project," Amer added. He highlighted the Science and Technology Academy's ongoing efforts in the Egyptian Genome Project, which the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research initiated in 2021. The project is carried out in coordination with relevant ministries, including the Ministries of Defence, Health and Population, Tourism and Antiquities, and Youth and Sports. It is implemented by the Medical Research and Regenerative Medicine Centre in collaboration with a consortium of governmental and private universities, research centres, and non-governmental organisations. The project plans to analyse the genomes of 200 royal mummies over five years in cooperation with the National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation. "We have already successfully extracted 22 samples from nine mummies in the previous phase, and their genomes have been studied. We are currently in the data analysis phase," Amer added. In processing the data, the scientists rely on advanced software and high-speed computers in coordination with data centres at the Ministry of Defence. They anticipate publishing the complete genomes of nine royal mummies internationally soon. The findings from their genome research on mummies can be compared with population genome research to identify the degree of genetic similarity and changes that have occurred in Egyptians over time, compared to their royal ancestors. Furthermore, Amer explained that the research will be conducted in collaboration with an international research centre for ancient Egyptian genome sequencing. He added that the Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research, as well as the President of the Academy of Scientific Research, support this collaboration. Moreover, Amer noted the establishment of two modern centres for analysing genomic study data in Egypt, boasting high computational power and large storage capacity to accelerate research pace and results. Dr Yehia Zakaria Gad, Professor of Molecular Genetics at the National Research Centre and Scientific Supervisor of the ancient DNA lab at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation (NMEC), remarked, "The recently published paper represents a significant step in the field of molecular Egyptology, as it marks the first time a complete ancient Egyptian genome has been sequenced. Extracting these results from an individual who lived during the Old Kingdom is a major technical achievement, as he lived prior to the peak of mummification techniques (Dynasties 18 to 22) that offered superior body preservation. Furthermore, the social status of the individual studied in the current work does not align with the royal families who received the best post-mortem embalming treatment." Gad also noted that comparing the genomic data of this ancient Egyptian with that of various ethnic groups across a vast timeline showed that he carried significant genetic contributions from North African genomes, with a smaller proportion from the Fertile Crescent. However, as the article mentions, the studied individual is just one person, and his genetic profile represents his family lineage, which should not lead to broad generalisations about the genetic makeup of ancient or modern Egyptians. The limited published works on genetic studies of ancient and modern Egyptian citizens indicate a highly diverse population that carries genetic contributions from many human groups throughout its recorded history spanning over 5,000 years. This is linked to Egypt's position as an important hub and melting pot for many of the world's ethnicities throughout history. Dr Tarek Taha, a Genetics Consultant and member of the Scientific Committee for the Egyptian Genome Project, highlighted the significant international interest in archaeological genetics related to Egypt, especially with recent technological advancements contributing to improved genetic sequencing analysis. He explained that the general goal of mummy genome research is to trace human origins and genetic intermingling across history. "For instance, in Egypt, they previously conducted genomic studies on 11 mummies from Tutankhamun's family to determine kinship and family trees among kings and queens. Over time, genomics has evolved from merely studying the mummy's genetic material to examining the surrounding environment and the bacterial or viral genes present with the mummy, which can explain the cause of death and whether it was linked to a disease. Indeed, these studies helped determine that Tutankhamun died from malaria and some genetic diseases resulting from consanguineous marriage," he said. Taha added that the Egyptian government fully funds and supports the Egyptian Reference Genome Project, which encompasses ancient and modern Egyptians, and that the project is carried out strictly by Egyptian scientists and research entities. He indicated that the Egyptian team will soon publish their research in prestigious scientific journals. However, Taha cautioned against generalising conclusions drawn from a single study, from a single sample, and a single location. After all, the studied genes belong to only one commoner from the Old Kingdom. "It is difficult to generalise the genetic origins of ancient Egyptians based on the analysis of a single sample's genome, particularly as it is possible that the individual whose results were obtained was a foreign visitor living in ancient Egypt during that period. Therefore, it is crucial for research to continue on more samples, mummified and non-mummified, to achieve a better assessment of the genetic origins of ancient Egyptians and their connection to factors of influence and interaction with all races in different parts of the world," he added. Geographic location of the Nuwayrat cemetery (red dot), and the previously sequenced Third Intermediate period individuals from Abusir-el Meleq (purple diamond). Credit: Adeline Morez. As in Morez, A. (2025). Nature. Pottery vessel in which the Nuwayrat individual was discovered. Image courtesy of the Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool. As in Morez, A. (2025). Nature. Rock-cut tombs at Nuwayrat enclosing the pottery vessel containing the pottery coffin burial. Image courtesy of the Garstang Museum of Archaeology, University of Liverpool. As in Morez, A. (2025). Nature. Follow us on: Facebook Instagram Whatsapp Short link:
