Professor warns vaping can cause irreversible scarring to the lungs
Health experts have warned that vapin can scar your lungs for life, after a number of reports of people suffering with 'popcorn lung'. Officially known as bronchiolitis obliterans, popcorn lung is a serious and irreversible disease that damages the tiny airways in the lungs, leading to persistent coughing, wheezing, fatigue and breathlessness.
The term 'popcorn lung' dates back to the early 2000s when several workers at a microwave popcorn factory developed lung problems after inhaling a chemical called diacetyl – the same ingredient used to give popcorn its rich, buttery taste.
Diacetyl, or 2,3-butanedione, is a flavouring agent that becomes a toxic inhalant when aerosolised. It causes inflammation and scarring in the bronchioles (the smallest branches of the lungs), making it increasingly difficult for air to move through.
Donal O'Shea, Professor of Chemistry at RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, said: " While diacetyl is the most infamous cause, popcorn lung can also be triggered by inhaling other toxic chemicals, including volatile carbonyls like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde – both of which have also been detected in e-cigarette vapours."
He added: "There's no cure for popcorn lung. Once the lungs are damaged, treatment is limited to managing symptoms.
"This can include bronchodilators, steroids, and in extreme cases, lung transplantation. For this reason, prevention – not treatment – is the best and only defence.
Professor O'Shea told The Conversation: "E-liquids may contain nicotine, but they also include a chemical cocktail designed to appeal to users. Many of these flavouring agents are approved for use in food. That doesn't mean they're safe to inhale."
When chemicals are inhaled, they go straight into the lungs – and from there, directly into the bloodstream, reaching vital organs like the heart and brain within seconds. Experts estimate there are over 180 different flavouring agents used in e-cigarette products.
When heated, many of these chemicals break down into new compounds – some of which have never been tested for inhalation safety.
Professor O'Shea said: " Diacetyl, though removed from some vape products, is still found in others. And its substitutes – acetoin and 2,3-pentanedione – may be just as harmful.
"Even if diacetyl isn't the sole culprit, cumulative exposure to multiple chemicals and their byproducts could increase the risk of popcorn lung and other respiratory conditions.
"This was tragically echoed in the story of the American teen who developed the disease. Her case is reminiscent of the 2019 Evali crisis (e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury), which saw 68 deaths and over 2,800 hospitalisations in the US.
"That outbreak was eventually linked to vitamin E acetate – a thickening agent in some cannabis vape products. When heated, it produces a highly toxic gas called ketene.
"More recent studies are raising alarm bells about vaping's impact on young people's respiratory health. A multi-national study found that adolescents who vape report significantly more respiratory symptoms, even when adjusting for smoking status.
"Certain flavour types, nicotine salts, and frequency of use were all linked to these symptoms.
"It's clear that history is repeating itself. Just as workplace safety rules were overhauled to protect popcorn factory workers, we now need similar regulatory urgency for the vaping industry – especially when it comes to protecting the next generation.
"Popcorn and vaping might seem worlds apart, but they're connected by a common thread: exposure to inhaled chemicals that were never meant for the lungs. The danger lies not in what these chemicals are when eaten, but in what they become when heated and inhaled.
"If we apply the lessons from industrial safety to today's vaping habits – particularly among young people – we could avoid repeating the same mistakes. Regulations, clear labelling, stricter ingredient testing, and educational campaigns can help minimise the risks.
"Until then, stories like that of the American teen serve as powerful reminders that vaping, despite its fruity flavours and sleek designs, is not without consequence. Sometimes, what seems harmless can leave damage that lasts a lifetime."
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